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Mark F Lenzenweger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a Parallel Process latent growth model of narcissistic personality disorder symptoms and normal personality traits
Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment, 2019Co-Authors: Emily A Dowgwillo, Aaron L Pincus, Mark F LenzenwegerAbstract:Although evidence from a number of longitudinal studies indicates a marked change in narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) symptoms over time, few studies have examined other psychological systems that may be related to this change. The current study uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders to examine how change in NPD symptoms is related to change in normal personality trait trajectories using Parallel Process growth curve modeling. A total of 250 students provided information on their personality traits and NPD symptoms on 3 occasions over the course of 4 years. Results suggest that cross-sectionally, NPD symptoms are positively correlated with dominance, neuroticism, and openness. Longitudinally, however, NPD symptoms decrease in Parallel with increases in conscientiousness and decreases in neuroticism. Importantly, these longitudinal relationships are not a simple replication of the cross-sectional relationships between these 2 systems. Rather, this pattern of change is consistent with trait profiles suggesting maturation in young adults and has implications for the temporal stability of NPD as a construct and the theoretical relationship between normal personality traits and personality disorder more generally. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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a Parallel Process growth model of avoidant personality disorder symptoms and personality traits
Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment, 2013Co-Authors: Aidan G C Wright, Aaron L Pincus, Mark F LenzenwegerAbstract:The core pathology of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) centers on a keen sensitivity to interpersonal rejection, exquisite fears of humiliation and judgment, and accordingly, avoidance of social and interpersonal situations, especially when it involves new people or new situations (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The symptoms of AVPD, like all personality disorders (PDs), have historically been construed as highly stable. However, recent empirical findings from prospective longitudinal studies suggest that symptoms of PDs generally, and AVPD specifically, demonstrate instability and plasticity over time (Grilo et al., 2004; Johnson et al., 2000; Lenzenweger, 1999; Shea et al., 2002; Zanarini, Frankenburg, Hennen, & Silk, 2003). These results immediately raise questions about which other aspects of psychological functioning are associated with an individual’s AVPD symptom trajectory. Identifying other psychological systems that change in tandem with AVPD would provide strong evidence for systems that play a causal or maintenance role in the disorder (cf., Lenzenweger & Willett, 2007 for a discussion relating personality change to PD change). We propose that basic personality traits demonstrate just this pattern, and we test whether individual trajectories in AVPD and personality traits are dynamically linked over time. A recent literature review found that, of the currently recognized PD diagnoses, AVPD was among the most prevalent and impairing across clinical and community samples, leading to the recommendation that it be retained as a diagnostic construct in DSM-5 (Skodol et al., 2011). However, of the PDs to be retained in DSM-5, AVPD has received relatively less empirical attention, which argues for more research that will elucidate the nature and mechanisms of the disorder. One proposal suggests that the diagnostic features of AVPD can be understood as rigid and maladaptive manifestations of basic personality dimensions (Alden, Laposa, Taylor, & Ryder, 2002). Indeed, cross-sectionally, AVPD is associated with low trait Dominance and Affiliation (Wiggins & Pincus, 1989) and socially-avoidant interpersonal problems (Pincus & Wiggins, 1990). Additionally, two recent meta-analyses of the associations between PDs and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits have found that AVPD shows a strong positive relationship with neuroticism, or the tendency to experience negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, anger, depression, guilt), and a strong negative relationship with extraversion,1 or the tendency to be outgoing, gregarious, and experience positive emotions (Saulsman & Page, 2004; Samuel & Widiger, 2008). Importantly, these are among the strongest effect sizes for any of the PDs. Nevertheless, the wealth of cross-sectional associations cannot speak to the longitudinal relationship between basic personality traits and AVPD, about which very little is known. Prospective longitudinal studies in both clinical and non-clinical samples reveal that there are significant average declines in AVPD symptoms when considered as dimensions of pathology (Lenzenweger, 1999), and significant declines in the number of individuals meeting diagnostic threshold in AVPD (50% after two years; Grilo et al., 2004). However, not all individual’s decline in the number of AVPD criteria they meet over time, and a subset remain stable, while others increase over time. This is illustrated in Figure 1, which plots the estimated individual AVPD trajectories of the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (LSPD, Lenzenweger, 1999; 2006) participants, the sample analyzed in this study. The empirical literature on stability and change in normal range personality traits and the Processes they represent has developed separately from that of PD, but striking similarities have emerged. Once thought to be entirely stable (James, 1890), it is now understood that an individual’s personality traits are indeed highly stable, but not fixed (Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbuaer, 2006). Rates of mean change in broad personality traits are modest but significant, and this normative change masks significant interindividual heterogeneity in individual trajectories around the population’s mean rate of change (Mroczek & Spiro, 2003; Vaidya Gray, Haig, Mroczek, & Watson, 2008; Wright, Pincus, & Lenzenweger, 2011). Figure 1 Plot of Individual Ordinary Least Squares Growth Trajectories Thus, the finding that both AVPD and basic personality traits are not as stable as once thought suggests that the observed cross-sectional relationship between the two may extend to a developmental relationship across time. To date, this question remains mostly unexplored and therefore the developmental relationship between these systems remains unknown.2 If the rate of change in AVPD and personality were shown to be significantly related, it would represent an important advance in the science of personality and its pathology, suggesting that these constructs are developmentally linked. This would provide strong evidence in favor of a unified science of personality and psychopathology, allowing for more confident assertions that normal personality traits and PD comprise manifestations of the same psychological system (Depue & Lenzenweger, 2005; Pincus & Hopwood, in press; Widiger & Trull, 2007).
Ran D. Balicer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hospital workers willingness to report to duty in an influenza pandemic through threat and efficacy based assessment
BMC Public Health, 2010Co-Authors: Ran D. Balicer, Daniel J Barnett, Carol B Thompson, Christina L Catlett, Christopher M Watson, Natalie L Semon, Howard Gwon, Jonathan M LinksAbstract:Background Hospital-based providers' willingness to report to work during an influenza pandemic is a critical yet under-studied phenomenon. Witte's Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been shown to be useful for understanding adaptive behavior of public health workers to an unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among hospital staff.
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assessment of local public health workers willingness to respond to pandemic influenza through application of the extended Parallel Process model
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel J Barnett, Ran D. Balicer, Carol B Thompson, Natalie L Semon, Douglas J Storey, Saad B Omer, Steve Bayer, Lorraine V Cheek, Kerry W Gateley, Kathryn M LanzaAbstract:Background: Local public health agencies play a central role in response to an influenza pandemic, and understanding the willingness of their employees to report to work is therefore a critically relevant concern for pandemic influenza planning efforts. Witte’s Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been found useful for understanding adaptive behavior in the face of unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among local public health workers. We thus aim to use the EPPM as a lens for examining the influences of perceived threat and efficacy on local public health workers’ response willingness to pandemic influenza. Methodology/Principal Findings: We administered an online, EPPM-based survey about attitudes/beliefs toward emergency response (Johns Hopkins,Public Health Infrastructure Response Survey Tool), to local public health employees in three states between November 2006 – December 2007. A total of 1835 responses were collected for an overall response rate of 83%. With some regional variation, overall 16% of the workers in 2006-7 were not willing to ‘‘respond to a pandemic flu emergency regardless of its severity’’. Local health department employees with a perception of high threat and high efficacy – i.e., those fitting a ‘concerned and confident’ profile in the EPPM analysis – had the highest declared rates of willingness to respond to an influenza pandemic if required by their agency, which was 31.7 times higher than those fitting a ‘low threat/low efficacy’ EPPM profile. Conclusions/Significance: In the context of pandemic influenza planning, the EPPM provides a useful framework to inform nuanced understanding of baseline levels of – and gaps in – local public health workers’ response willingness. Within local health departments, ‘concerned and confident’ employees are most likely to be willing to respond. This finding may allow public health agencies to design, implement, and evaluate training programs focused on emergency response attitudes in health departments.
Daniel J Barnett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hospital workers willingness to report to duty in an influenza pandemic through threat and efficacy based assessment
BMC Public Health, 2010Co-Authors: Ran D. Balicer, Daniel J Barnett, Carol B Thompson, Christina L Catlett, Christopher M Watson, Natalie L Semon, Howard Gwon, Jonathan M LinksAbstract:Background Hospital-based providers' willingness to report to work during an influenza pandemic is a critical yet under-studied phenomenon. Witte's Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been shown to be useful for understanding adaptive behavior of public health workers to an unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among hospital staff.
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assessment of local public health workers willingness to respond to pandemic influenza through application of the extended Parallel Process model
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel J Barnett, Ran D. Balicer, Carol B Thompson, Natalie L Semon, Douglas J Storey, Saad B Omer, Steve Bayer, Lorraine V Cheek, Kerry W Gateley, Kathryn M LanzaAbstract:Background: Local public health agencies play a central role in response to an influenza pandemic, and understanding the willingness of their employees to report to work is therefore a critically relevant concern for pandemic influenza planning efforts. Witte’s Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been found useful for understanding adaptive behavior in the face of unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among local public health workers. We thus aim to use the EPPM as a lens for examining the influences of perceived threat and efficacy on local public health workers’ response willingness to pandemic influenza. Methodology/Principal Findings: We administered an online, EPPM-based survey about attitudes/beliefs toward emergency response (Johns Hopkins,Public Health Infrastructure Response Survey Tool), to local public health employees in three states between November 2006 – December 2007. A total of 1835 responses were collected for an overall response rate of 83%. With some regional variation, overall 16% of the workers in 2006-7 were not willing to ‘‘respond to a pandemic flu emergency regardless of its severity’’. Local health department employees with a perception of high threat and high efficacy – i.e., those fitting a ‘concerned and confident’ profile in the EPPM analysis – had the highest declared rates of willingness to respond to an influenza pandemic if required by their agency, which was 31.7 times higher than those fitting a ‘low threat/low efficacy’ EPPM profile. Conclusions/Significance: In the context of pandemic influenza planning, the EPPM provides a useful framework to inform nuanced understanding of baseline levels of – and gaps in – local public health workers’ response willingness. Within local health departments, ‘concerned and confident’ employees are most likely to be willing to respond. This finding may allow public health agencies to design, implement, and evaluate training programs focused on emergency response attitudes in health departments.
Jonathan M Links - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hospital workers willingness to report to duty in an influenza pandemic through threat and efficacy based assessment
BMC Public Health, 2010Co-Authors: Ran D. Balicer, Daniel J Barnett, Carol B Thompson, Christina L Catlett, Christopher M Watson, Natalie L Semon, Howard Gwon, Jonathan M LinksAbstract:Background Hospital-based providers' willingness to report to work during an influenza pandemic is a critical yet under-studied phenomenon. Witte's Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been shown to be useful for understanding adaptive behavior of public health workers to an unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among hospital staff.
Christina L Catlett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hospital workers willingness to report to duty in an influenza pandemic through threat and efficacy based assessment
BMC Public Health, 2010Co-Authors: Ran D. Balicer, Daniel J Barnett, Carol B Thompson, Christina L Catlett, Christopher M Watson, Natalie L Semon, Howard Gwon, Jonathan M LinksAbstract:Background Hospital-based providers' willingness to report to work during an influenza pandemic is a critical yet under-studied phenomenon. Witte's Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been shown to be useful for understanding adaptive behavior of public health workers to an unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among hospital staff.
