The Experts below are selected from a list of 18 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jean M. L. Richardson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The behavioral response of larval amphibians (Ranidae) to threats from predators and Parasites.
PloS one, 2012Co-Authors: Dorina Szuroczki, Jean M. L. RichardsonAbstract:Organisms are exposed to strong selective pressures from several sources, including predators and pathogens. Response to such interacting selective pressures may vary among species that differ in life history and ecology in predictable ways. We consider the impact of multiple enemies (fish predators and trematode Parasites) on the behavior of larvae of three anuran species (Lithobates (=Rana) sylvaticus, L. clamitans and L. catesbeianus). We show that the three ranid species differ in response to the trade-off imposed by the simultaneous presence of fish predators and trematode Parasites in the environment. Two more permanent pond breeders (L. clamitans and L. catesbeianus), which commonly encounter Parasites and fish, increased activity when in the combined presence of Parasites and a fish predator, resulting in a relatively lower Parasite Encystment rate. In contrast, the temporary pond breeder (L. sylvaticus), which does not commonly encounter fish in the wild, decreased activity in the combined presence of a fish predator and Parasites similar to when only the predator was present. For L. sylvaticus, this suggests that the presence of an unknown predator poses a greater threat than Parasites. Further, the presence of fish along with Parasites increased the susceptibility of both L. sylvaticus and L. clamitans to trematode infection, whereas Parasite infection in L. catesbeianus was unaffected by the presence of fish. Unpalatability to fish may allow some species to respond more freely to attacking Parasites in the presence of fish. The results from this study highlight the importance of considering multiple selective pressures faced by organisms and how this shapes their behavior.
Dorina Szuroczki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The behavioral response of larval amphibians (Ranidae) to threats from predators and Parasites.
PloS one, 2012Co-Authors: Dorina Szuroczki, Jean M. L. RichardsonAbstract:Organisms are exposed to strong selective pressures from several sources, including predators and pathogens. Response to such interacting selective pressures may vary among species that differ in life history and ecology in predictable ways. We consider the impact of multiple enemies (fish predators and trematode Parasites) on the behavior of larvae of three anuran species (Lithobates (=Rana) sylvaticus, L. clamitans and L. catesbeianus). We show that the three ranid species differ in response to the trade-off imposed by the simultaneous presence of fish predators and trematode Parasites in the environment. Two more permanent pond breeders (L. clamitans and L. catesbeianus), which commonly encounter Parasites and fish, increased activity when in the combined presence of Parasites and a fish predator, resulting in a relatively lower Parasite Encystment rate. In contrast, the temporary pond breeder (L. sylvaticus), which does not commonly encounter fish in the wild, decreased activity in the combined presence of a fish predator and Parasites similar to when only the predator was present. For L. sylvaticus, this suggests that the presence of an unknown predator poses a greater threat than Parasites. Further, the presence of fish along with Parasites increased the susceptibility of both L. sylvaticus and L. clamitans to trematode infection, whereas Parasite infection in L. catesbeianus was unaffected by the presence of fish. Unpalatability to fish may allow some species to respond more freely to attacking Parasites in the presence of fish. The results from this study highlight the importance of considering multiple selective pressures faced by organisms and how this shapes their behavior.
Jason T Hoverman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immediate and lag effects of pesticide exposure on Parasite resistance in larval amphibians
Parasitology, 2017Co-Authors: Katherine M Pochini, Jason T HovermanAbstract:Across host-Parasite systems, there is evidence that pesticide exposure increases Parasite loads and mortality following infection. However, whether these effects are driven by reductions in host resistance to infection or slower rates of Parasite clearance is often unclear. Using controlled laboratory experiments, we examined the ability of larval northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) to resist and clear trematode (Echinoparyphium sp.) infections following exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. Northern leopard frogs exposed to 1 mg L-1 of carbaryl had 61% higher Parasite loads compared with unexposed individuals, while there was no immediate effect of carbaryl on Parasite Encystment in American toads. However, when tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl and moved to freshwater for 14 days before the Parasite challenge, we recovered 37 and 63% more Parasites from carbaryl-exposed northern leopard frogs and American toads, respectively, compared with the control. No effects on clearance were found for either species. Collectively, our results suggest that pesticide exposure can reduce the ability of amphibians to resist Parasite infections and that these effects can persist weeks following exposure. It is critical for researchers to incorporate species interactions into toxicity studies to improve our understanding of how contaminants affect ecological communities.
Katherine M Pochini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immediate and lag effects of pesticide exposure on Parasite resistance in larval amphibians
Parasitology, 2017Co-Authors: Katherine M Pochini, Jason T HovermanAbstract:Across host-Parasite systems, there is evidence that pesticide exposure increases Parasite loads and mortality following infection. However, whether these effects are driven by reductions in host resistance to infection or slower rates of Parasite clearance is often unclear. Using controlled laboratory experiments, we examined the ability of larval northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) to resist and clear trematode (Echinoparyphium sp.) infections following exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. Northern leopard frogs exposed to 1 mg L-1 of carbaryl had 61% higher Parasite loads compared with unexposed individuals, while there was no immediate effect of carbaryl on Parasite Encystment in American toads. However, when tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl and moved to freshwater for 14 days before the Parasite challenge, we recovered 37 and 63% more Parasites from carbaryl-exposed northern leopard frogs and American toads, respectively, compared with the control. No effects on clearance were found for either species. Collectively, our results suggest that pesticide exposure can reduce the ability of amphibians to resist Parasite infections and that these effects can persist weeks following exposure. It is critical for researchers to incorporate species interactions into toxicity studies to improve our understanding of how contaminants affect ecological communities.
William A Hopkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of malathion on embryonic development and latent susceptibility to trematode Parasites in ranid tadpoles.
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Sarah A. Budischak, Lisa K. Belden, William A HopkinsAbstract:We investigated the effects of embryonic exposure to the widely used organophosphate malathion (15-600 g/L) on the early development and latent susceptibility of pickerel frog (Rana palustris) tadpoles to the trematode Parasite Echinostoma trivolvis. The latent effects of contaminant exposure are rarely examined but could have important implications for individual survival and population viability. Malathion decreased hatching success by 6.5% and viability rates by 17% at 600 g/L, which is a lower concentration than previously documented for anuran embryos. Incidence of malformations increased from 0.5% in controls to 11.2% in the 600-g/L malathion treatment. The primary malformations documented in the two highest pesticide concentrations were ventralization and axial shortening. After seven weeks of development in water with no malathion, tadpoles previously exposed as embryos for only 96 h to 60 and 600 g/L malathion suffered increased Parasite Encystment rates when compared to controls. Our research identifies embryonic development as a sensitive window for establishing latent susceptibility to infection in later developmental stages.
