The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ken Shirasu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how to resist Parasitic Plants pre and post attachment strategies
Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2021Co-Authors: Maxwell R Fishman, Ken ShirasuAbstract:The lifecycle of Parasitic Plants can be divided into pre-attachment and post-attachment phases that equate to free living and Parasitic stages. Similarly, plant resistance to Parasitic Plants can be defined as pre-attachment and post-attachment resistance. Parasitic Plants rely on host cues for successful host invasion. During pre-attachment resistance, changes in the composition of host signals can disrupt Parasitic plant development and ultimately host invasion. Recent studies have only now begun to elucidate the genetic elements in the host that promote pre-attachment resistance. In comparison, new research points to post-attachment resistance using the common molecular mechanisms utilized by the plant immune system during plant-pathogen interactions. In kind, Parasitic Plants secrete proteinaceous and RNA-based effectors post-attachment to subvert the host immune system.
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Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by Parasitic Plants.
Science advances, 2020Co-Authors: Songkui Cui, Juliane K Ishida, Ken Shirasu, Tomoya Kubota, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Shuji Shigenobu, Tomoko F. Shibata, Atsushi Toyoda, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Satoko YoshidaAbstract:Parasitic Plants form a specialized organ, a haustorium, to invade host tissues and acquire water and nutrients. To understand the molecular mechanism of haustorium development, we performed a forward genetics screening to isolate mutants exhibiting haustorial defects in the model Parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. We isolated two mutants that show prolonged and sometimes aberrant meristematic activity in the haustorium apex, resulting in severe defects on host invasion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the two mutants respectively have point mutations in homologs of ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), signaling components in response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Application of the ethylene signaling inhibitors also caused similar haustorial defects, indicating that ethylene signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation of parasite cells. Genetic disruption of host ethylene production also perturbs parasite invasion. We propose that Parasitic Plants use ethylene as a signal to invade host roots.
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host parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β 1 4 glucanase in the Parasitic plant phtheirospermum japonicum
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Kenichi Kurotani, Takanori Wakatake, Ken Shirasu, Yasunori Ichihashi, Koji Okayasu, Yu Sawai, Satoshi Ogawa, Takamasa Suzuki, Michitaka NotaguchiAbstract:Tissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic Plants establish symbiotic relationship with host Plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. While compatibility of tissue adhesion in plant grafting is often limited within close relatives, Parasitic Plants exhibit much wider compatibilities. For example, the Orobanchaceae Parasitic plant Striga hermonthica is able to infect Poaceae crop Plants, causing a serious agricultural loss. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasite plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species, such as Arabidopsis, a Brassicaceae plant. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Through gene clustering, we identified genes upregulated during these tissue adhesion processes, which include cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes. By comparing with a transcriptome dataset of interfamily grafting between Nicotiana and Arabidopsis, we identified 9 genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species. Among them, we showed a gene encoding secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in Plants.
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induced cell fate transitions at multiple cell layers configure haustorium development in Parasitic Plants
Development, 2018Co-Authors: Takanori Wakatake, Satoko Yoshida, Ken ShirasuAbstract:The haustorium in Parasitic Plants is an organ specialized for invasion and nutrient uptake from host plant tissues. Despite its importance, the developmental processes of haustoria are mostly unknown. To understand the dynamics of cell fate change and cellular lineage during haustorium development, we performed live imaging-based marker expression analysis and cell-lineage tracing during haustorium formation in the model facultative root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum Our live-imaging analysis revealed that haustorium formation was associated with induction of simultaneous cell division in multiple cellular layers, such as epidermis, cortex and endodermis. In addition, we found that procambium-like cells, monitored by cell type-specific markers, emerged within the central region of the haustorium before xylem connection to the host plant. Our clonal analysis of cell lineages showed that cells in multiple cellular layers differentiated into procambium-like cells, whereas epidermal cells eventually transitioned into specialized cells interfacing with the host plant. Thus, our data provide a cell fate transition map during de novo haustorium organogenesis in Parasitic Plants.
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Host lignin composition affects haustorium induction in the Parasitic Plants Phtheirospermum japonicum and Striga hermonthica.
New Phytologist, 2018Co-Authors: Songkui Cui, Syogo Wada, Ken Shirasu, Yuki Tobimatsu, Yuri Takeda, Simon B. Saucet, Toshiyuki Takano, Toshiaki Umezawa, Satoko YoshidaAbstract:Parasitic Plants in the family Orobanchaceae are destructive weeds of agriculture worldwide. The haustorium, an essential Parasitic organ used by these Plants to penetrate host tissues, is induced by host-derived phenolic compounds called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). The origin of HIFs remains unknown, although the structures of lignin monomers resemble that of HIFs. Lignin is a natural phenylpropanoid polymer, commonly found in secondary cell walls of vascular Plants. We therefore investigated the possibility that HIFs are derived from host lignin. Various lignin-related phenolics, quinones and lignin polymers, together with nonhost and host Plants that have different lignin compositions, were tested for their haustorium-inducing activity in two Orobanchaceae species, a facultative parasite, Phtheirospermum japonicum, and an obligate parasite, Striga hermonthica. Lignin-related compounds induced haustoria in P. japonicum and S. hermonthica with different specificities. High concentrations of lignin polymers induced haustorium formation. Treatment with laccase, a lignin degradation enzyme, promoted haustorium formation at low concentrations. The distinct lignin compositions of the host and nonhost Plants affected haustorium induction, correlating with the response of the different Parasitic Plants to specific types of lignin-related compounds. Our study provides valuable insights into the important roles of lignin biosynthesis and degradation in the production of HIFs.
Koichi Yoneyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Strigolactones as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants.
Plant & cell physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Koichi Yoneyama, Kaori Yoneyama, Ayman A. Awad, Xiaonan Xie, Yasutomo TakeuchiAbstract:Witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are the two most devastating root Parasitic Plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae and are causing enormous crop losses throughout the world. Seeds of these root parasites will not germinate unless they are exposed to chemical stimuli, 'germination stimulants' produced by and released from plant roots. Most of the germination stimulants identified so far are strigolactones (SLs), which also function as host recognition signals for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a novel class of plant hormones inhibiting shoot branching. In this review, we focus on SLs as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants. In addition, we discuss how quantitative and qualitative differences in SL exudation among sorghum cultivars influence their susceptibility to Striga.
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7 oxoorobanchyl acetate and 7 oxoorobanchol as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants from flax linum usitatissimum
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kaori Yoneyama, Yoichi Yamada, Xiaonan Xie, Junya Kurita, Yuta Harada, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants produced by flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were purified and characterized. The root exudate of flax contained at least 8 active fractions, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses suggested that there were 6 strigolactones. Two of them were identified as orobanchol and orobanchyl acetate by comparing NMR and GC-MS and LC-MS/MS data with those of synthetic standards. One of the two novel strigolactones was purified and determined as 7-oxoorobanchyl acetate [((3aS,4S,8bS,E)-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2,7-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate) by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic, and ESI- and EI-MS spectrometric analyses. The other one was also purified and identified as 7-oxoorobanchol. The remaining two compounds could not been characterized due to their scarcity.
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fabacyl acetate a germination stimulant for root Parasitic Plants from pisum sativum
Phytochemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Xiaonan Xie, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kaori Yoneyama, Yoichi Yamada, Takao Yokota, Yuta Harada, Norio Fusegi, Satoshi Ito, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Abstract A germination stimulant, fabacyl acetate, was purified from root exudates of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its structure was determined as ent-2′-epi-4a,8a-epoxyorobanchyl acetate [(3aR,4R,4aR,8bS,E)-4a,8a-epoxy-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-decahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate], by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic, ESI- and EI–MS spectrometric, X-ray crystallographic analyses, and by comparing the 1H NMR spectroscopic data and relative retention times (RRt) in LC–MS and GC–MS with those of synthetic standards prepared from (+)-orobanchol and (+)-2′-epiorobanchol. The 1H NMR spectroscopic data and RRt of fabacyl acetate were identical with those of an isomer prepared from (+)-2′-epiorobanchol except for the opposite sign in CD spectra. This is the first natural ent-strigolactone containing an epoxide group. Fabacyl acetate was previously detected in root exudates of other Fabaceae Plants including faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).
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strigolactones host recognition signals for root Parasitic Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from fabaceae Plants
New Phytologist, 2008Co-Authors: Kaori Yoneyama, Hitoshi Sekimoto, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kohki Akiyama, Shin Ogasawara, Hideo Hayashi, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Summary • Both root Parasitic Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi take advantage of strigolactones, released from plant roots as signal molecules in the initial communication with host Plants, in order to commence parasitism and mutualism, respectively. • In this study, strigolactones in root exudates from 12 Fabaceae Plants, including hydroponically grown white lupin (Lupinus albus), a nonhost of AM fungi, were characterized by comparing retention times of germination stimulants on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with those of standards and by using tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). • All the plant species examined were found to exude known strigolactones, such as orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, and 5-deoxystrigol, suggesting that these strigolactones are widely distributed in the Fabaceae. It should be noted that even the nonmycotrophic L. albus exuded orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, 5-deoxystrigol, and novel germination stimulants. • By contrast to the mycotrophic Fabaceae plant Trifolium pratense, in which phosphorus deficiency promoted strigolactone exudation, neither phosphorus nor nitrogen deficiency increased exudation of these strigolactones in L. albus. Therefore, the regulation of strigolactone production and/or exudation seems to be closely related to the nutrient acquisition strategy of the Plants.
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biosynthetic considerations could assist the structure elucidation of host plant produced rhizosphere signalling compounds strigolactones for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Parasitic Plants
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Kumkum Rani, Koichi Yoneyama, Yukihiro Sugimoto, B Zwanenburg, Harro J. BouwmeesterAbstract:Parasitic Plants cause devastating losses to crop yields in several parts of the world. The root parasites, Striga and Orobanche species, use chemical signalling molecules that are exuded by the roots of Plants in extremely low concentrations, and that can induce germination of the seeds of these parasites, to detect the vicinity of a suitable host. The majority of the so far identified germination stimulants belong to the strigolactones. It was recently discovered that this class of compounds can also induce hyphal branching in the symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a process involved in root colonisation. The elucidation of the structure of new strigolactones is hindered by their low abundance and instability. In the present paper, we have used existing knowledge on the structure of strigolactones and combined it with recently obtained insight in the biosynthetic origin of these signalling compounds. This enabled us to postulate structures for strigolactones that have been isolated but for which so far the structure has not been elucidated, but also to propose structures of strigolactones that may be discovered in the future. Considering the strongly increased importance of the strigolactones, we expect that more groups will look for these compounds and also in systems so far not exploited. This could lead to the discovery of new strigolactones for which we expect the present biogenetic considerations will facilitate identification and structure elucidation.
Satoko Yoshida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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subtilase activity in intrusive cells mediates haustorium maturation in Parasitic Plants
Plant Physiology, 2021Co-Authors: Satoshi Ogawa, Satoko Yoshida, Juliane K Ishida, Takanori Wakatake, Thomas Spallek, Ryosuke Sano, Tetsuya Kurata, Taku Demura, Yasunori IchihashiAbstract:Parasitic Plants that infect crops are devastating to agriculture throughout the world. These parasites develop a unique inducible organ called the haustorium that connects the vascular systems of the parasite and host to establish a flow of water and nutrients. Upon contact with the host, the haustorial epidermal cells at the interface with the host differentiate into specific cells called intrusive cells that grow endophytically toward the host vasculature. Following this, some of the intrusive cells re-differentiate to form a xylem bridge (XB) that connects the vasculatures of the parasite and host. Despite the prominent role of intrusive cells in host infection, the molecular mechanisms mediating parasitism in the intrusive cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated differential gene expression in the intrusive cells of the facultative parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum in the family Orobanchaceae by RNA-sequencing of laser-microdissected haustoria. We then used promoter analyses to identify genes that are specifically induced in intrusive cells, and promoter fusions with genes encoding fluorescent proteins to develop intrusive cell-specific markers. Four of the identified intrusive cell-specific genes encode subtilisin-like serine proteases (SBTs), whose biological functions in Parasitic Plants are unknown. Expression of SBT inhibitors in intrusive cells inhibited both intrusive cell and XB development and reduced auxin response levels adjacent to the area of XB development. Therefore, we propose that subtilase activity plays an important role in haustorium development in P. japonicum.
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Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by Parasitic Plants.
Science advances, 2020Co-Authors: Songkui Cui, Juliane K Ishida, Ken Shirasu, Tomoya Kubota, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Shuji Shigenobu, Tomoko F. Shibata, Atsushi Toyoda, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Satoko YoshidaAbstract:Parasitic Plants form a specialized organ, a haustorium, to invade host tissues and acquire water and nutrients. To understand the molecular mechanism of haustorium development, we performed a forward genetics screening to isolate mutants exhibiting haustorial defects in the model Parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. We isolated two mutants that show prolonged and sometimes aberrant meristematic activity in the haustorium apex, resulting in severe defects on host invasion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the two mutants respectively have point mutations in homologs of ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), signaling components in response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Application of the ethylene signaling inhibitors also caused similar haustorial defects, indicating that ethylene signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation of parasite cells. Genetic disruption of host ethylene production also perturbs parasite invasion. We propose that Parasitic Plants use ethylene as a signal to invade host roots.
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Subtilase activity in the intrusive cells mediates haustorium maturation in Parasitic Plants
2020Co-Authors: Satoshi Ogawa, Satoko Yoshida, Juliane K Ishida, Takanori Wakatake, Yasunori Ichihashi, Thomas Spallek, Ryosuke Sano, Tetsuya Kurata, Taku Demura, Andreas SchallerAbstract:ABSTRACT Parasitic Plants that infect crops are devastating to agriculture throughout the world. They develop a unique inducible organ called the haustorium, which connects the vascular systems of the parasite and host to establish a flow of water and nutrients. Upon contact with the host, the haustorial epidermal cells at the interface with the host differentiate into specific cells called intrusive cells that grow endophytically towards the host vasculature. Then, some of the intrusive cells re-differentiate to form a xylem bridge that connects the vasculatures of the parasite and host. Despite the prominent role of intrusive cells in host infection, the molecular mechanisms mediating parasitism in the intrusive cells are unknown. In this study, we investigated differential gene expression in the intrusive cells of the facultative parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum in the family Orobanchaceae by RNA-Sequencing of laser-microdissected haustoria. We then used promoter analyses to identify genes that are specifically induced in intrusive cells, and used promoter fusions with genes encoding fluorescent proteins to develop intrusive cell-specific markers. Four of the intrusive cell-specific genes encode subtilisin-like serine proteases (SBTs), whose biological functions in Parasitic Plants are unknown. Expression of an SBT inhibitor in the intrusive cells inhibited their development, inhibited the development of the xylem bridge, and reduced auxin response levels near the site where the xylem bridge normally develops. Therefore, we propose that subtilase activity plays an important role in haustorium development in this Parasitic plant. One sentence summary Tissue-specific analysis showed that the subtilases specifically expressed in intrusive cells regulate auxin-mediated host-parasite connections in the Parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum.
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induced cell fate transitions at multiple cell layers configure haustorium development in Parasitic Plants
Development, 2018Co-Authors: Takanori Wakatake, Satoko Yoshida, Ken ShirasuAbstract:The haustorium in Parasitic Plants is an organ specialized for invasion and nutrient uptake from host plant tissues. Despite its importance, the developmental processes of haustoria are mostly unknown. To understand the dynamics of cell fate change and cellular lineage during haustorium development, we performed live imaging-based marker expression analysis and cell-lineage tracing during haustorium formation in the model facultative root parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum Our live-imaging analysis revealed that haustorium formation was associated with induction of simultaneous cell division in multiple cellular layers, such as epidermis, cortex and endodermis. In addition, we found that procambium-like cells, monitored by cell type-specific markers, emerged within the central region of the haustorium before xylem connection to the host plant. Our clonal analysis of cell lineages showed that cells in multiple cellular layers differentiated into procambium-like cells, whereas epidermal cells eventually transitioned into specialized cells interfacing with the host plant. Thus, our data provide a cell fate transition map during de novo haustorium organogenesis in Parasitic Plants.
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Host lignin composition affects haustorium induction in the Parasitic Plants Phtheirospermum japonicum and Striga hermonthica.
New Phytologist, 2018Co-Authors: Songkui Cui, Syogo Wada, Ken Shirasu, Yuki Tobimatsu, Yuri Takeda, Simon B. Saucet, Toshiyuki Takano, Toshiaki Umezawa, Satoko YoshidaAbstract:Parasitic Plants in the family Orobanchaceae are destructive weeds of agriculture worldwide. The haustorium, an essential Parasitic organ used by these Plants to penetrate host tissues, is induced by host-derived phenolic compounds called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). The origin of HIFs remains unknown, although the structures of lignin monomers resemble that of HIFs. Lignin is a natural phenylpropanoid polymer, commonly found in secondary cell walls of vascular Plants. We therefore investigated the possibility that HIFs are derived from host lignin. Various lignin-related phenolics, quinones and lignin polymers, together with nonhost and host Plants that have different lignin compositions, were tested for their haustorium-inducing activity in two Orobanchaceae species, a facultative parasite, Phtheirospermum japonicum, and an obligate parasite, Striga hermonthica. Lignin-related compounds induced haustoria in P. japonicum and S. hermonthica with different specificities. High concentrations of lignin polymers induced haustorium formation. Treatment with laccase, a lignin degradation enzyme, promoted haustorium formation at low concentrations. The distinct lignin compositions of the host and nonhost Plants affected haustorium induction, correlating with the response of the different Parasitic Plants to specific types of lignin-related compounds. Our study provides valuable insights into the important roles of lignin biosynthesis and degradation in the production of HIFs.
Yasutomo Takeuchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Strigolactones as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants.
Plant & cell physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Koichi Yoneyama, Kaori Yoneyama, Ayman A. Awad, Xiaonan Xie, Yasutomo TakeuchiAbstract:Witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are the two most devastating root Parasitic Plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae and are causing enormous crop losses throughout the world. Seeds of these root parasites will not germinate unless they are exposed to chemical stimuli, 'germination stimulants' produced by and released from plant roots. Most of the germination stimulants identified so far are strigolactones (SLs), which also function as host recognition signals for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a novel class of plant hormones inhibiting shoot branching. In this review, we focus on SLs as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants. In addition, we discuss how quantitative and qualitative differences in SL exudation among sorghum cultivars influence their susceptibility to Striga.
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7 oxoorobanchyl acetate and 7 oxoorobanchol as germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants from flax linum usitatissimum
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kaori Yoneyama, Yoichi Yamada, Xiaonan Xie, Junya Kurita, Yuta Harada, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Germination stimulants for root Parasitic Plants produced by flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were purified and characterized. The root exudate of flax contained at least 8 active fractions, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses suggested that there were 6 strigolactones. Two of them were identified as orobanchol and orobanchyl acetate by comparing NMR and GC-MS and LC-MS/MS data with those of synthetic standards. One of the two novel strigolactones was purified and determined as 7-oxoorobanchyl acetate [((3aS,4S,8bS,E)-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2,7-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate) by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic, and ESI- and EI-MS spectrometric analyses. The other one was also purified and identified as 7-oxoorobanchol. The remaining two compounds could not been characterized due to their scarcity.
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fabacyl acetate a germination stimulant for root Parasitic Plants from pisum sativum
Phytochemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Xiaonan Xie, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kaori Yoneyama, Yoichi Yamada, Takao Yokota, Yuta Harada, Norio Fusegi, Satoshi Ito, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Abstract A germination stimulant, fabacyl acetate, was purified from root exudates of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its structure was determined as ent-2′-epi-4a,8a-epoxyorobanchyl acetate [(3aR,4R,4aR,8bS,E)-4a,8a-epoxy-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-decahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate], by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic, ESI- and EI–MS spectrometric, X-ray crystallographic analyses, and by comparing the 1H NMR spectroscopic data and relative retention times (RRt) in LC–MS and GC–MS with those of synthetic standards prepared from (+)-orobanchol and (+)-2′-epiorobanchol. The 1H NMR spectroscopic data and RRt of fabacyl acetate were identical with those of an isomer prepared from (+)-2′-epiorobanchol except for the opposite sign in CD spectra. This is the first natural ent-strigolactone containing an epoxide group. Fabacyl acetate was previously detected in root exudates of other Fabaceae Plants including faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).
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strigolactones host recognition signals for root Parasitic Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from fabaceae Plants
New Phytologist, 2008Co-Authors: Kaori Yoneyama, Hitoshi Sekimoto, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Kohki Akiyama, Shin Ogasawara, Hideo Hayashi, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:Summary • Both root Parasitic Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi take advantage of strigolactones, released from plant roots as signal molecules in the initial communication with host Plants, in order to commence parasitism and mutualism, respectively. • In this study, strigolactones in root exudates from 12 Fabaceae Plants, including hydroponically grown white lupin (Lupinus albus), a nonhost of AM fungi, were characterized by comparing retention times of germination stimulants on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with those of standards and by using tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). • All the plant species examined were found to exude known strigolactones, such as orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, and 5-deoxystrigol, suggesting that these strigolactones are widely distributed in the Fabaceae. It should be noted that even the nonmycotrophic L. albus exuded orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, 5-deoxystrigol, and novel germination stimulants. • By contrast to the mycotrophic Fabaceae plant Trifolium pratense, in which phosphorus deficiency promoted strigolactone exudation, neither phosphorus nor nitrogen deficiency increased exudation of these strigolactones in L. albus. Therefore, the regulation of strigolactone production and/or exudation seems to be closely related to the nutrient acquisition strategy of the Plants.
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sorgomol germination stimulant for root Parasitic Plants produced by sorghum bicolor
Tetrahedron Letters, 2008Co-Authors: Kaori Yoneyama, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Yoichi Yamada, Dai Kusumoto, Yukihiro Sugimoto, Koichi YoneyamaAbstract:A novel strigolactone sorgomol, germination stimulant for root Parasitic Plants Striga and Orobanche, was isolated and structure was elucidated. Sorgomol was more active on Striga than on Orobanche and may be the immediate precursor of sorgolactone in the biosynthetic pathway of strigolactones.
James H Westwood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic Parasitic Plants
Plant Physiology, 2021Co-Authors: Inggin Chen, James H Westwood, Scott A Harding, Batbayar Nyamdari, Maria A Ortega, Kristen Clermont, Chungjui TsaiAbstract:Nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit flexible targeting of phylloquinone biosynthesis to facilitate plasma membrane redox signaling. Phylloquinone is a lipophilic naphthoquinone found predominantly in chloroplasts and best known for its function in photosystem I electron transport and disulfide bridge formation of photosystem II subunits. Phylloquinone has also been detected in plasma membrane (PM) preparations of heterotrophic tissues with potential transmembrane redox function, but the molecular basis for this noncanonical pathway is unknown. Here, we provide evidence of PM phylloquinone biosynthesis in a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. A nonphotosynthetic and nonplastidial role for phylloquinone is supported by transcription of phylloquinone biosynthetic genes during seed germination and haustorium development, by PM-localization of alternative terminal enzymes, and by detection of phylloquinone in germinated seeds. Comparative gene network analysis with photosynthetically competent parasites revealed a bias of P. aegyptiaca phylloquinone genes toward coexpression with oxidoreductases involved in PM electron transport. Genes encoding the PM phylloquinone pathway are also present in several photoautotrophic taxa of Asterids, suggesting an ancient origin of multifunctionality. Our findings suggest that nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit alternative targeting of phylloquinone for transmembrane redox signaling associated with parasitism.
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plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic Parasitic Plants
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Inggin Chen, James H Westwood, Scott A Harding, Batbayar Nyamdari, Maria A Ortega, Kristen Clermont, Chungjui TsaiAbstract:Phylloquinone is a lipophilic naphthoquinone found predominantly in chloroplasts and best known for its function in photosystem I electron transport and disulfide bridge formation of photosystem II subunits. Phylloquinone has also been detected in plasma membrane preparations of heterotrophic tissues with potential transmembrane redox function, but the molecular basis for this noncanonical pathway is unknown. Here we provide evidence of plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. A nonphotosynthetic and nonplastidial role for phylloquinone is supported by transcription of phylloquinone biosynthetic genes during seed germination and haustorium development, by plasma membrane-localization of alternative terminal enzymes, and by detection of phylloquinone in germinated seeds. Comparative gene network analysis with photosynthetically competent parasites revealed a bias of Phelipanche phylloquinone genes toward coexpression with oxidoreductases involved in plasma membrane electron transport. Genes encoding the plasma membrane phylloquinone pathway are also present in several photoautotrophic taxa of Asterids, suggesting an ancient origin of multifunctionality. Our findings suggest that nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit alternative targeting of phylloquinone for transmembrane redox signaling associated with parasitism.
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Molecular Dialog Between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts.
Annual review of phytopathology, 2019Co-Authors: Christopher R. Clarke, Michael P. Timko, John I. Yoder, Michael J. Axtell, James H WestwoodAbstract:Parasitic Plants steal sugars, water, and other nutrients from host Plants through a haustorial connection. Several species of Parasitic Plants such as witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orob...
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convergent evolution of strigolactone perception enabled host detection in Parasitic Plants
Science, 2015Co-Authors: Caitlin E. Conn, Satoko Yoshida, Ken Shirasu, Rohan Bythelldouglas, Drexel Neumann, Bryan Whittington, James H Westwood, Charles S Bond, Kelly A Dyer, David C. NelsonAbstract:Obligate Parasitic Plants in the Orobanchaceae germinate after sensing plant hormones, strigolactones, exuded from host roots. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the α/β-hydrolase D14 acts as a strigolactone receptor that controls shoot branching, whereas its ancestral paralog, KAI2, mediates karrikin-specific germination responses. We observed that KAI2, but not D14, is present at higher copy numbers in Parasitic species than in nonParasitic relatives. KAI2 paralogs in parasites are distributed into three phylogenetic clades. The fastest-evolving clade, KAI2d, contains the majority of KAI2 paralogs. Homology models predict that the ligand-binding pockets of KAI2d resemble D14. KAI2d transgenes confer strigolactone-specific germination responses to Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, the KAI2 paralogs D14 and KAI2d underwent convergent evolution of strigolactone recognition, respectively enabling developmental responses to strigolactones in angiosperms and host detection in parasites.
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RNA translocation between Parasitic Plants and their hosts.
Pest management science, 2009Co-Authors: James H Westwood, Jeannine K. Roney, Piyum A. Khatibi, Verlyn K. StrombergAbstract:Recent research indicates that RNA translocation occurs between certain Parasitic plant species and their hosts. The movement of at least 27 mRNAs has been demonstrated between hosts and Cuscuta pentagona Engelm., with the largest proportion of these being regulatory genes. Movement of RNAi signals has been documented from hosts to the parasites Triphysaria versicolor (Frisch & CA Mey) and Orobanche aegyptiaca (Pers.), demonstrating that the regulation of genes in one species can be influenced by transfer of RNA signals through a Parasitic association. This review considers the implications of these findings in light of present understanding of host-parasite connections and the growing body of evidence that RNAs are able to act as signal molecules that convey regulatory information in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Together, this suggests that Parasitic Plants can exchange RNAs with their hosts, and that this may be part of the coordinated growth and development that occurs during the process of parasitism. This phenomenon offers promise for new insights into Parasitic Plants, and new opportunities for the control of Parasitic weeds.
