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Randy Thornhill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Male Parental Care, differential Parental investment by females and sexual selection ☆
Animal Behaviour, 1998Co-Authors: Anders Pape Møller, Randy ThornhillAbstract:Males play a variable Parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male Parental Care to extensive male Care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male Parental Care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male Parental Care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male Care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in Parental Care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female Parental Care and other aspects of Parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of Parental Care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female Parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential Parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male Care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized.
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male Parental Care differential Parental investment by females and sexual selection
Animal Behaviour, 1998Co-Authors: Anders Pape Møller, Randy ThornhillAbstract:Males play a variable Parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male Parental Care to extensive male Care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male Parental Care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male Parental Care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male Care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in Parental Care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female Parental Care and other aspects of Parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of Parental Care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female Parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential Parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male Care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized.
Anders Pape Møller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Male Parental Care, differential Parental investment by females and sexual selection ☆
Animal Behaviour, 1998Co-Authors: Anders Pape Møller, Randy ThornhillAbstract:Males play a variable Parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male Parental Care to extensive male Care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male Parental Care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male Parental Care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male Care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in Parental Care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female Parental Care and other aspects of Parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of Parental Care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female Parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential Parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male Care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized.
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male Parental Care differential Parental investment by females and sexual selection
Animal Behaviour, 1998Co-Authors: Anders Pape Møller, Randy ThornhillAbstract:Males play a variable Parental role in reproduction, ranging from no male Parental Care to extensive male Care. Females may acquire either direct or indirect fitness benefits from their mate choice, and direct fitness benefits include male Parental Care. Theoreticians have traditionally emphasized direct fitness benefits to females in species with extensive male Parental Care. We review the literature and show extensive variation in the patterns of male Care, related to the attractiveness of males to females. At one extreme of this continuum, females invest differentially in Parental Care, investing more when paired with attractive males. The costs of female Parental Care and other aspects of Parental investment may be balanced by benefits in terms of more attractive sons and/or more viable offspring. At the other extreme, in species with extensive direct fitness benefits, males with preferred sexual phenotypes provide the largest relative share of Parental Care. A comparative study of birds revealed that the extent of the differential female Parental investment was directly related to the frequency of extra-pair paternity. Since extra-pair paternity may arise mainly as a consequence of female choice for indirect fitness benefits, this result supports our prediction that differential Parental investment is prevalent in species where females benefit indirectly from their mate choice. The consequences for sexual selection theory of these patterns of male Care in relation to male attractiveness are emphasized.
Stephen T. Trumbo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of Parental Care in invertebrates
2012Co-Authors: Stephen T. TrumboAbstract:The tremendous diversity of social behaviour among the invertebrates is an asset and a challenge. There is richness in both the number of phylogenetic lineages that have evolved extended Parental Care and the forms of Care provided by parents. Fifty families of insects in more than a dozen orders have evolved Parental Care (Costa 2006), and sixteen separate lineages of arthropods exhibit paternal Care (Tallamy 2001; Nazareth and Machado 2009). There are three principal avenues for progress in evolutionary biology: new theory to test, new technology for measurement, and new subject matter. This last avenue is still wide open for students of Parental Care in invertebrates. Among birds and mammals, extended Parental Care is universal (Chapter 4) and most forms of Care have been well studied. On the other hand, new species and new forms of Care in the invertebrates are being discovered yearly, permitting a creative interplay between inductive and deductive approaches. The non-eusocial invertebrates are where we will find the subject matter for understanding the origins of Parental Care, transitions between types of Care, and manipulable systems for testing theories. Broad phylogenetic comparisons will permit testing of the ecological factors that favour different social solutions, and also whether convergent Parental behaviour is built upon convergent physiological mechanisms. More narrow comparisons will reveal how closely related species can take widely divergent social paths. For studies of single species, invertebrates offer many pragmatic advantages over vertebrates. First, most invertebrates live in a very different sensory world than humans. While this imposes barriers to our understanding, it also allows manipulations, such as observation under red light, that have minimal effect on experimental subjects. Second, the smaller size and shorter lives of many invertebrates make it practical to follow large numbers of subjects over their lifetime, often in the laboratory. Third, many invertebrates are also suitable subjects for selection experiments and genetic analysis, which will eventually allow an understanding of how interactions between genes and developmental environments produce the tremendous variation in Parental Care and social behaviour. According to broad definitions of Parental Care, Care includes all Parental traits that enhance offspring fitness (Chapter 1). For the purpose of discussing the origins and transitions of extended Care in the present chapter, consideration is confined primarily to post-fertilization traits that increase offspring fitness, beyond the temporary housing and passage of the fertilized egg within the female. Viviparity and ovoviviparity will therefore be discussed, but the amount of yolk in an egg and selection of an oviposition site will not. After an overview of the forms of Parental Care, the origins, transitions, and loss of Parental Care will be discussed, including male versus female Care. Lastly, the microbiology of Care is salient for appreciating the complexity of social invertebrates and needs to be integrated into our understanding of Parental Care. The physiology of Care is not treated here because this topic was covered in a prior review (Trumbo 2002).
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Hormonal Regulation of Parental Care in Insects
Hormones Brain and Behavior, 2002Co-Authors: Stephen T. TrumboAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates the potential of insects for hormonal studies of Care. The diversity of Parental Care among insects can be exploited by both narrow and broad phylogenetic comparisons. In many cases, Parental species are closely related to nonParental species, providing clear examples of how the physiology of a nonParental ancestor might have been modified during the evolution of subsocial behavior. One key to comprehending the role of a hormone in Parental Care will be to understand its effects outside the Parental period and its function in closely related species without Care. Broad phylogenetic comparisons of taxa employing the same hormones and endocrine glands provide answers to the question of whether convergent social behavior is based on convergent physiology. Among insects, there is a striking variation in the level of juvenile hormone (JH) during Parental Care. JH is typically considered a gonadotropic hormone in adults, having a role both in directing vitellogenesis in the fat body and in facilitating the uptake of vitellogenin.
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Parental Care in Invertebrates
Advances in the Study of Behavior, 1996Co-Authors: Stephen T. TrumboAbstract:Publisher Summary Ecological and physiological analyses of invertebrate Parental Care need to be integrated. This chapter reviews the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that control the onset, intensity, and termination of Parental Care; and the use of invertebrates to address Parental Care theory. This approach is taken to demonstrate that mechanistic studies of invertebrate Parental behavior will provide insight as well as experimental tools for ecologists, to fill gaps in the coverage of invertebrates, and to reveal the potential for the use of invertebrate models in tests of Parental Care theory. Broad phylogenetic comparisons have the potential to address how physiology constrains the expression of Parental Care. Parental Care in numerous independent phylogenetic lines of insects is regulated by the same neural and endocrine structures. Individuals from selected genetic lines can be employed to examine the physiological differences between individuals with varying tendencies to express Parental behavior; genetic lines also will be useful in field experiments investigating the ecological trade-offs of adopting alternative patterns of investment. The effects of development on the expression of Care have been neglected as well. The ease with which the developmental environment of many immature invertebrates can be manipulated suggests that the lack of understanding is caused by neglect and not by experimental barriers.
Anders Berglund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ups and downs of Parental Care
Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Anders BerglundAbstract:More than 20 years have passed since the appearance of a classic publication on Parental Care by Tim Clutton-Brock, The Evolution of Parental Care [1], which was well received in its time [2]. Since then, the field of Parental Care research has developed and diversified rapidly, and the appearance of a new book on the subject, even with the same title, is timely. This new book, edited by Nick Royle, Per Terje Smiseth, and Matthias Kolliker, brilliantly captures the development of the field and also provides challenges for the future.
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The evolution of Parental Care
Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1992Co-Authors: Anders BerglundAbstract:Parental Care: why, who and how much? Book review of "The evolution of Parental Care" by T. H. Clutton-Brock
Mart R. Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The evolution of Parental Care.
The Quarterly review of biology, 2005Co-Authors: Mart R. GrossAbstract:ABSTRACT Our understanding of Parental Care behavior can be significantly advanced through the application of Williams’s Principle, which states that reproduction has not only a benefit but also a cost to lifetime fitness. My laboratory has formalized Williams’s Principle into the relative value theorem and found that its application to fishes, the taxa with the most diverse patterns of Parental Care, can help to explain which sex provides Care and how much. In fishes, it is often the male that provides Parental Care, not because the male obtains greater benefits from this Care, but probably because he pays fewer costs. Fish dynamically adjust their investment into Parental Care according to the number of offspring in their brood, past investment, genetic relatedness, and alternative mating opportunities, all of which affect the value of current offspring relative to potential future offspring. These results may also help us understand the joy and the challenges of Parental Care in humans.
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Dynamic adjustment of Parental Care in response to perceived paternity.
Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2001Co-Authors: Bryan D. Neff, Mart R. GrossAbstract:Theories of Parental Care evolution predict that genetic relatedness will be an important variable in the amount of Care a parent provides. However, current inferences of relatedness–based Parental investment from studies in humans and birds remain challenged. No study has yet demonstrated Parental Care adjustment in a manner uncomplicated by life–history correlates or experimental design. We now present a unique test that controls for individual life histories and demonstrates paternity–related dynamic adjustments in Parental Care. Brood–rearing male bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) that are cuckolded to a varying degree will either increase or decrease their Parental investment in response to changing information on paternity during brood development. Specifically, as Parental males detect paternity lost to cuckolders and, hence, a reduction in the value of their brood, they adaptively lower their level of Parental Care. Conversely, if they detect that their paternity is higher than previously assessed, they adaptively raise their level of Parental Care. This dynamic adjustment during brood rearing indicates the importance of genetic relatedness in Parental investment decisions and provides needed empirical support for theoretical predictions.
