The Experts below are selected from a list of 168 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Alana Barton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Women and Community Punishment: The Probation Hostel as a Semi-Penal Institution for Female Offenders
2004Co-Authors: Alana BartonAbstract:Semi-Penal Institutions (for example reformatories, asylums and refuges) were originally developed during the late 18th and early 19th Century, their primary aim being to reform 'deviant' women back to acceptable and appropriate standards of femininity. This article will argue that many of the significant features of the early semi-Penal Institutions can be found in contemporary Institutions for women, specifically probation hostels. This article will identify three defining characteristics of the original semi-Penal Institutions and, by drawing on original empirical research conducted in the early 1990s, apply them to a women's probation hostel. Through this analysis the article will highlight some themes of continuity in the history of 'community' punishment for women.
-
women and community punishment the probation hostel as a semi Penal Institution for female offenders
Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 2004Co-Authors: Alana BartonAbstract:Semi-Penal Institutions (for example reformatories, asylums and refuges) were originally developed during the late 18th and early 19th Century, their primary aim being to reform 'deviant' women back to acceptable and appropriate standards of femininity. This article will argue that many of the significant features of the early semi-Penal Institutions can be found in contemporary Institutions for women, specifically probation hostels. 1 This article will identify three defining characteristics of the original semi- Penal Institutions and, by drawing on original empirical research conducted in the early 1990s, apply them to a women's probation hostel. Through this analysis the article will highlight some themes of continuity in the history of 'community' punishment for women. Scholars have traditionally contextualised the regulation and discipline of women within two distinct sites of social control: the prison (Carlen 1983, 1985; Dobash, Dobash and Gutteridge 1986; Genders and Player 1987; Faith 1993; Howe 1994; Bosworth 1999) and the domestic sphere (Dahl and Snare 1978; Smart and Smart 1978; Kelly 1987; Smart 1992). There is, however, a third arena that has effectively been overlooked in much of the existing literature. For over 200 years, a whole range of Institutions have existed for women, Institutions that were neither 'formal' in the sense of a prison, nor 'informal' in the sense of the home and family, but which nonetheless utilised a hybrid of the regulatory methods and disciplinary techniques employed in both the custodial and domestic arenas. These Institutions were originally developed during the 18th and 19th Centuries in order to accommodate the increasing number of 'exceptional cases' within the prison system (Weiner 1990, p.321). Exceptional cases included juveniles, drunkards, 'imbeciles', 'lunatics' and vagrants but it was predominantly women who became the target of this form of intervention. Consequently a plethora of non-Penal, semi-incarcerative Institutions, such as homes, refuges and reformatories were established; their primary purpose being the containment, supervision, control and, most impor- tantly, the normalisation of 'deviant' women (both 'criminal' and 'non- criminal') back to acceptable standards of feminine behaviour. These
-
Women and Community Punishment: The Probation Hostel as a Semi‐Penal Institution for Female Offenders
The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 2004Co-Authors: Alana BartonAbstract:Semi-Penal Institutions (for example reformatories, asylums and refuges) were originally developed during the late 18th and early 19th Century, their primary aim being to reform ‘deviant’ women back to acceptable and appropriate standards of femininity. This article will argue that many of the significant features of the early semi-Penal Institutions can be found in contemporary Institutions for women, specifically probation hostels. This article will identify three defining characteristics of the original semi-Penal Institutions and, by drawing on original empirical research conducted in the early 1990s, apply them to a women's probation hostel. Through this analysis the article will highlight some themes of continuity in the history of ‘community’ punishment for women.
J. Preston Harley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Frequency of XYY males in Wisconsin State correctional Institutions
Clinical genetics, 2008Co-Authors: Richard F. Daly, J. Preston HarleyAbstract:Karyotyping of 3011 males at five Wisconsin state correctional Institutions revealed that 1 % had a chromosome abnormality. The frequency of occurrence of the XYY complement was about 5 times that for newborn males. Approximately the same rate was found among 2556 males in the three Penal Institutions for adults. The frequency of XYY at the Institution for juvenile offenders was about ten times background. The relatively low frequency of XYY (0.38 %) found at the mental-Penal Institution may have been due to previous sampling done there. Of the 16 XYY males discovered, only two were below the 85th percentile for height. A relatively low frequency of XYY was found among black males. Our data contradict the notion that a high rate for XYY among adult males in Penal settings may be due to a disproportionately large number of tall men in prisons.
Jennifer L. Eberhardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Racial Disparities in Incarceration Increase Acceptance of Punitive Policies
Psychological science, 2014Co-Authors: Rebecca C. Hetey, Jennifer L. EberhardtAbstract:During the past few decades, punitive crime policies have led to explosive growth in the United States prison population. Such policies have contributed to unprecedented incarceration rates for Blacks in particular. In this article, we consider an unexamined relationship between racial disparities and policy reform. Rather than treating racial disparities as an outcome to be measured, we exposed people to real and extreme racial disparities and observed how this drove their support for harsh criminal-justice policies. In two experiments, we manipulated the racial composition of prisons: When the Penal Institution was represented as "more Black," people were more concerned about crime and expressed greater acceptance of punitive policies than when the Penal Institution was represented as "less Black." Exposure to extreme racial disparities, then, can lead people to support the very policies that produce those disparities, thus perpetuating a vicious cycle.
Richard F. Daly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Frequency of XYY males in Wisconsin State correctional Institutions
Clinical genetics, 2008Co-Authors: Richard F. Daly, J. Preston HarleyAbstract:Karyotyping of 3011 males at five Wisconsin state correctional Institutions revealed that 1 % had a chromosome abnormality. The frequency of occurrence of the XYY complement was about 5 times that for newborn males. Approximately the same rate was found among 2556 males in the three Penal Institutions for adults. The frequency of XYY at the Institution for juvenile offenders was about ten times background. The relatively low frequency of XYY (0.38 %) found at the mental-Penal Institution may have been due to previous sampling done there. Of the 16 XYY males discovered, only two were below the 85th percentile for height. A relatively low frequency of XYY was found among black males. Our data contradict the notion that a high rate for XYY among adult males in Penal settings may be due to a disproportionately large number of tall men in prisons.
Jamie Bartram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
A systematic scoping review of environmental health conditions in Penal Institutions.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2019Co-Authors: Wilson Guo, Ryan Cronk, Elissa Scherer, Rachel Oommen, John Brogan, Mohamed Sarr, Jamie BartramAbstract:Abstract Adequate environmental health conditions in Penal Institutions are necessary to protect and promote the health of prisoners and prison workers. We conducted a scoping systematic review to: describe the environmental health conditions in Penal Institutions and the associated exposures and health outcomes; identify effective approaches to prevent environmental health concerns; and identify evidence gaps on environmental health in Penal Institution populations. PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and ProQuest were searched. Peer-reviewed studies that reported original data and on environmental health conditions and/or exposures in Penal Institutions were included. Seventy-three studies met these criteria. The most common risk factor identified was contaminated food and/or beverages prepared or handled in the Institution's kitchen. Overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and a lack of, or sharing of, soap and other hygiene products increased the risk of adverse health outcomes. Common responses included isolating infectious patients, educating prisoners and prison staff on improved sanitation and hygiene practices, improving ventilation, and disinfecting contaminated surfaces and/or water sources. Inadequate environmental health conditions in Penal Institutions are common, and adversely impact the health of prisoners and prison staff, yet are preventable. Few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries, biasing our results. The development and implementation of national guidelines for essential environmental health in prisons, monitoring of conditions, and greater accountability of facility managers are needed to secure the health, rights, and well-being of prisoners.