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Mark S. Horswill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Computer-based hazard Perception Test scores are associated with the frequency of heavy braking in everyday driving
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2018Co-Authors: Andrew Hill, Mark S. Horswill, John Whiting, Marcus WatsonAbstract:Computer-based hazard Perception Tests are used in a number of countries as part of the driver licensing processes, and hence evaluating the validity of such Tests is crucial. One strategy for assessing the validity of the scores generated by a hazard Perception Test is to determine whether they can predict on-road driving performance. Only a few prior studies have attempted this, all relying on the subjective ratings of an examiner who was present during a single brief drive and was not blind to the driver's demographic characteristics, potentially contaminating the outcomes. Additionally, only one such study focused on the most relevant participant group with respect to the validity of Tests used in licencing processes, namely young drivers. We sought to remedy this situation in the present project by measuring young drivers' performance over an extended period of everyday driving via g-force triggered video cameras ("dashcams") installed in their own vehicles. As a precursor to the dashcam study itself, we developed a new computerized hazard Perception Test and assessed the validity of its scores by more traditional means (Study 1). As expected, Test scores distinguished between high-risk and lower-risk driver groups, and correlated with scores on an established hazard Perception Test previously shown to predict crash risk. In the subsequent dashcam study (Study 2), the frequency of heavy-braking events (controlling for distance driven) was used as a more objective measure of driving performance. Results indicated that drivers with higher rates of heavy braking had slower hazard Perception response times, further supporting the use of these scores as a valid measure of drivers' ability to exercise hazard Perception skill during real driving. More generally, this study also demonstrates the viability of using low-cost off-the-shelf dashcams to measure real-world driving behaviour.
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Can a video-based hazard Perception Test used for driver licensing predict crash involvement?
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2015Co-Authors: Mark S. Horswill, Andrew Hill, Mark WettonAbstract:In 2008, the state of Queensland in Australia introduced a video-based hazard Perception Test as part of the licensing process for new drivers. A key validity check for such a Test is whether scores are associated with crash involvement. We present data demonstrating that drivers who failed the hazard Perception Test (based on a ROC curve-derived pass mark) were 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6%, 48%] more likely to be involved in an active crash (defined as a crash occurring while the driver’s vehicle was moving but they were not engaged in parking or reversing) during a one year period following the Test (controlling for driving exposure, age, and sex). Failing drivers were also 17% (95% CI 6%, 29%) more likely to have been involved in active crashes prior to the Test, in the period since obtaining their provisional license. These data support the proposal that the hazard Perception Test is a valid measure of crash-related driving performance.
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The effects of driving experience on responses to a static hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark WettonAbstract:Novice drivers exhibit deficits in hazard Perception that are likely to increase their risk of collisions. We developed a static hazard Perception Test that presents still images to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision. Responses to these scenes were obtained for young adult novice (N=29) and experienced drivers (N=27). Additionally, participants rated the hazard risk and clutter of each scene. Novice drivers rated traffic conflicts as less hazardous and responded more slowly to them. Using a subset of 21 scenes, we were able to discriminate novice and experienced young adult drivers with a classification accuracy of 78% and a scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of .91. The potential applications of this research include the development of standardized hazard Perception Tests that can be used for driver evaluation, training and licensure.
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The development and validation of a hazard Perception Test for use in driver licensing.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Mark Wetton, Andrew Hill, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:Drivers' hazard Perception is the ability to identify dangerous situations on the road ahead. We detail the development and validation of a new computer-based hazard Perception Test to be used for driver licensing purposes in Queensland, Australia. We proposed five principles of effective hazard Perception Test creation, which we used to guide development of the Test. In Study 1, the video-based instructions for the Test were found to be intelligible to non-native English-speakers with an effective English reading age of 10 years. In Study 2, experienced drivers were found to be faster at responding to hazards in the Test than learner drivers (independent of simple reaction time or ability to use the response device), providing evidence for Test validity. We found no evidence of gender, income, or educational differences in hazard Perception scores. The results of both experiments confirm the efficacy of the five principles, and provide support for the validity of the QT-HPT and its suitability for use in the graduated driver licensing system.
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Developing A North American Static Hazard Perception Test
Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011Co-Authors: John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Charles T. Scialfa, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:The authors examined the ability of young novice (M = .19 yrs experience) and experienced drivers (M = 5.1 yrs experience) to identify and localize frequently encountered roadway hazards using static images taken in western Canada. Dependent measures also included subjective ratings of hazard risk and scene clutter. Novice drivers reacted to roadway hazards more slowly while rating them as being less hazardous than young, experienced drivers. Using a small subset of scenes, it was determined that a brief hazard Perception Test employing static images could classify individuals with high accuracy (78%) and good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .91).
Mark Wetton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Can a video-based hazard Perception Test used for driver licensing predict crash involvement?
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2015Co-Authors: Mark S. Horswill, Andrew Hill, Mark WettonAbstract:In 2008, the state of Queensland in Australia introduced a video-based hazard Perception Test as part of the licensing process for new drivers. A key validity check for such a Test is whether scores are associated with crash involvement. We present data demonstrating that drivers who failed the hazard Perception Test (based on a ROC curve-derived pass mark) were 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6%, 48%] more likely to be involved in an active crash (defined as a crash occurring while the driver’s vehicle was moving but they were not engaged in parking or reversing) during a one year period following the Test (controlling for driving exposure, age, and sex). Failing drivers were also 17% (95% CI 6%, 29%) more likely to have been involved in active crashes prior to the Test, in the period since obtaining their provisional license. These data support the proposal that the hazard Perception Test is a valid measure of crash-related driving performance.
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The effects of driving experience on responses to a static hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark WettonAbstract:Novice drivers exhibit deficits in hazard Perception that are likely to increase their risk of collisions. We developed a static hazard Perception Test that presents still images to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision. Responses to these scenes were obtained for young adult novice (N=29) and experienced drivers (N=27). Additionally, participants rated the hazard risk and clutter of each scene. Novice drivers rated traffic conflicts as less hazardous and responded more slowly to them. Using a subset of 21 scenes, we were able to discriminate novice and experienced young adult drivers with a classification accuracy of 78% and a scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of .91. The potential applications of this research include the development of standardized hazard Perception Tests that can be used for driver evaluation, training and licensure.
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The development and validation of a hazard Perception Test for use in driver licensing.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Mark Wetton, Andrew Hill, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:Drivers' hazard Perception is the ability to identify dangerous situations on the road ahead. We detail the development and validation of a new computer-based hazard Perception Test to be used for driver licensing purposes in Queensland, Australia. We proposed five principles of effective hazard Perception Test creation, which we used to guide development of the Test. In Study 1, the video-based instructions for the Test were found to be intelligible to non-native English-speakers with an effective English reading age of 10 years. In Study 2, experienced drivers were found to be faster at responding to hazards in the Test than learner drivers (independent of simple reaction time or ability to use the response device), providing evidence for Test validity. We found no evidence of gender, income, or educational differences in hazard Perception scores. The results of both experiments confirm the efficacy of the five principles, and provide support for the validity of the QT-HPT and its suitability for use in the graduated driver licensing system.
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A hazard Perception Test for novice drivers
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, Micheline C. Deschênes, Jennifer Ference, Jessica Boone, Mark WettonAbstract:We developed a hazard Perception Test, modeled on that used currently in several Australian states, that presents short video scenes to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision between the "camera" vehicle and another road user. After eliminating those scenes that were problematic (e.g., many observers did not recognize the hazard), we predicted driver group (novice vs. experienced drivers of similar age) on the basis of individual differences in reaction time, miss rate and false alarm rate. Novices were significantly slower in responding to hazards, even after controlling for age and simple reaction time. After selecting those scenes with the larger group differences, an 18-scene Test that would be useful for mass Testing exhibited even larger experience effects. There was good reliability in the resulting scale. Results suggest that this brief Test of hazard Perception can discriminate groups that differ in driving experience. Implications for driver licensing, evaluation and training are discussed.
Charles T. Scialfa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hazard Perception Test (HPT): A Pilot Study in Brazil
Proceedings of the 9th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2017, 2017Co-Authors: Egas Caparelli-daquer, Tais Santana, Sheila T.d. Cordazzo, Heloisa Cordazzo, Charles T. ScialfaAbstract:Traffic collisions are a major cause of violent death and disability worldwide (Goldman & Ausiello, 2009). In developing countries, mortality rates are significantly higher when compared to other countries. In Brazil, official data show 23.4 fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to 10.6 in the United States and 6.0 in Canada (Global Status Report on Road Safety, 2015). Driving requires specific motor and cognitive skills, such hazard Perception. The Hazard Perception Test (HPT) assesses a drivers\u27 ability to identify or anticipate dangerous situations in traffic (Horswill & McKenna, 2004) and taps into different cognitive processes, such as speed to detect the hazard, judgment of hazard severity, and decision-making. The HPT has been directly associated with the risk of collision (Darby et al, 2009; McKenna & Horswill, 1999; Quimby et al, 1986; Wells et al, 2008). Many countries, such as Australia and Great Britain, have made hazard Perception a regular component of the driving Test. In Brazil, however, candidates undergo an exam that has the characteristics of a clinical screening and does not assess context-specific cognitive abilities. Thus, there is a clear demand for clinical procedures with greater diagnostic sensitivity that address fundamental abilities such as hazard Perception. The goal of the study was to employ an adapted version of the static Hazard Perception Test (s-HPT) under standardized Brazilian conditions. Results indicated that drivers\u27 ability to perceive hazards is clearly dependent on variables such as expertise, age, and gender. The results are in accordance with previous studies conducted in other countries
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Short-term reliability of a brief hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2014Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Rosemary S Pereverseff, David BorkenhagenAbstract:Hazard Perception Tests (HPTs) have been successfully implemented in some countries as a part of the driver licensing process and, while their validity has been evaluated, their short-term stability is unknown. This study examined the short-term reliability of a brief, dynamic version of the HPT. Fifty-five young adults (Mage=21yrs) with at least two years of post-licensing driving experience completed parallel, 21-scene HPTs with a one-month interval separating each Test. Minimal practice effects (∼0.1s) were manifested. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) averaged 0.73 for the two forms. The correlation between the two Tests was 0.55 (p Language: en
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The effects of driving experience on responses to a static hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark WettonAbstract:Novice drivers exhibit deficits in hazard Perception that are likely to increase their risk of collisions. We developed a static hazard Perception Test that presents still images to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision. Responses to these scenes were obtained for young adult novice (N=29) and experienced drivers (N=27). Additionally, participants rated the hazard risk and clutter of each scene. Novice drivers rated traffic conflicts as less hazardous and responded more slowly to them. Using a subset of 21 scenes, we were able to discriminate novice and experienced young adult drivers with a classification accuracy of 78% and a scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of .91. The potential applications of this research include the development of standardized hazard Perception Tests that can be used for driver evaluation, training and licensure.
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Developing A North American Static Hazard Perception Test
Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011Co-Authors: John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Charles T. Scialfa, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:The authors examined the ability of young novice (M = .19 yrs experience) and experienced drivers (M = 5.1 yrs experience) to identify and localize frequently encountered roadway hazards using static images taken in western Canada. Dependent measures also included subjective ratings of hazard risk and scene clutter. Novice drivers reacted to roadway hazards more slowly while rating them as being less hazardous than young, experienced drivers. Using a small subset of scenes, it was determined that a brief hazard Perception Test employing static images could classify individuals with high accuracy (78%) and good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .91).
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A hazard Perception Test for novice drivers
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, Micheline C. Deschênes, Jennifer Ference, Jessica Boone, Mark WettonAbstract:We developed a hazard Perception Test, modeled on that used currently in several Australian states, that presents short video scenes to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision between the "camera" vehicle and another road user. After eliminating those scenes that were problematic (e.g., many observers did not recognize the hazard), we predicted driver group (novice vs. experienced drivers of similar age) on the basis of individual differences in reaction time, miss rate and false alarm rate. Novices were significantly slower in responding to hazards, even after controlling for age and simple reaction time. After selecting those scenes with the larger group differences, an 18-scene Test that would be useful for mass Testing exhibited even larger experience effects. There was good reliability in the resulting scale. Results suggest that this brief Test of hazard Perception can discriminate groups that differ in driving experience. Implications for driver licensing, evaluation and training are discussed.
David Borkenhagen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Short-term reliability of a brief hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2014Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Rosemary S Pereverseff, David BorkenhagenAbstract:Hazard Perception Tests (HPTs) have been successfully implemented in some countries as a part of the driver licensing process and, while their validity has been evaluated, their short-term stability is unknown. This study examined the short-term reliability of a brief, dynamic version of the HPT. Fifty-five young adults (Mage=21yrs) with at least two years of post-licensing driving experience completed parallel, 21-scene HPTs with a one-month interval separating each Test. Minimal practice effects (∼0.1s) were manifested. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) averaged 0.73 for the two forms. The correlation between the two Tests was 0.55 (p Language: en
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The effects of driving experience on responses to a static hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark WettonAbstract:Novice drivers exhibit deficits in hazard Perception that are likely to increase their risk of collisions. We developed a static hazard Perception Test that presents still images to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision. Responses to these scenes were obtained for young adult novice (N=29) and experienced drivers (N=27). Additionally, participants rated the hazard risk and clutter of each scene. Novice drivers rated traffic conflicts as less hazardous and responded more slowly to them. Using a subset of 21 scenes, we were able to discriminate novice and experienced young adult drivers with a classification accuracy of 78% and a scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of .91. The potential applications of this research include the development of standardized hazard Perception Tests that can be used for driver evaluation, training and licensure.
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Developing A North American Static Hazard Perception Test
Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011Co-Authors: John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Charles T. Scialfa, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:The authors examined the ability of young novice (M = .19 yrs experience) and experienced drivers (M = 5.1 yrs experience) to identify and localize frequently encountered roadway hazards using static images taken in western Canada. Dependent measures also included subjective ratings of hazard risk and scene clutter. Novice drivers reacted to roadway hazards more slowly while rating them as being less hazardous than young, experienced drivers. Using a small subset of scenes, it was determined that a brief hazard Perception Test employing static images could classify individuals with high accuracy (78%) and good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .91).
Micheline C. Deschênes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of driving experience on responses to a static hazard Perception Test.
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2011Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark WettonAbstract:Novice drivers exhibit deficits in hazard Perception that are likely to increase their risk of collisions. We developed a static hazard Perception Test that presents still images to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision. Responses to these scenes were obtained for young adult novice (N=29) and experienced drivers (N=27). Additionally, participants rated the hazard risk and clutter of each scene. Novice drivers rated traffic conflicts as less hazardous and responded more slowly to them. Using a subset of 21 scenes, we were able to discriminate novice and experienced young adult drivers with a classification accuracy of 78% and a scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of .91. The potential applications of this research include the development of standardized hazard Perception Tests that can be used for driver evaluation, training and licensure.
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Developing A North American Static Hazard Perception Test
Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment Training and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011Co-Authors: John Lyon, David Borkenhagen, Charles T. Scialfa, Micheline C. Deschênes, Mark S. HorswillAbstract:The authors examined the ability of young novice (M = .19 yrs experience) and experienced drivers (M = 5.1 yrs experience) to identify and localize frequently encountered roadway hazards using static images taken in western Canada. Dependent measures also included subjective ratings of hazard risk and scene clutter. Novice drivers reacted to roadway hazards more slowly while rating them as being less hazardous than young, experienced drivers. Using a small subset of scenes, it was determined that a brief hazard Perception Test employing static images could classify individuals with high accuracy (78%) and good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .91).
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A hazard Perception Test for novice drivers
Accident; analysis and prevention, 2010Co-Authors: Charles T. Scialfa, Mark S. Horswill, Micheline C. Deschênes, Jennifer Ference, Jessica Boone, Mark WettonAbstract:We developed a hazard Perception Test, modeled on that used currently in several Australian states, that presents short video scenes to observers and requires them to indicate the presence of a traffic conflict that would lead to a collision between the "camera" vehicle and another road user. After eliminating those scenes that were problematic (e.g., many observers did not recognize the hazard), we predicted driver group (novice vs. experienced drivers of similar age) on the basis of individual differences in reaction time, miss rate and false alarm rate. Novices were significantly slower in responding to hazards, even after controlling for age and simple reaction time. After selecting those scenes with the larger group differences, an 18-scene Test that would be useful for mass Testing exhibited even larger experience effects. There was good reliability in the resulting scale. Results suggest that this brief Test of hazard Perception can discriminate groups that differ in driving experience. Implications for driver licensing, evaluation and training are discussed.