The Experts below are selected from a list of 15 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Hugh F. Durrant-whyte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human-robot communication for collaborative decision making - A probabilistic approach
Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2010Co-Authors: Tobias Kaupp, Alexei Makarenko, Hugh F. Durrant-whyteAbstract:Humans and robots need to exchange information if the objective is to achieve a task collaboratively. Two questions are considered in this paper: what and when to communicate. To answer these questions, we developed a human-robot communication framework which makes use of common probabilistic robotics representations. The data stored in the representation determines what to communicate, and probabilistic inference mechanisms determine when to communicate. One application domain of the framework is collaborative human-robot decision making: robots use decision theory to select actions based on perceptual information gathered from their sensors and human Operators. In this paper, Operators are regarded as remotely located, valuable information sources which need to be managed carefully. Robots decide when to query Operators using Value-Of-Information theory, i.e. humans are only queried if the expected benefit of their observation exceeds the cost of obtaining it. This can be seen as a mechanism for adjustable autonomy whereby adjustments are triggered at run-time based on the uncertainty in the robots' beliefs related to their task. This semi-autonomous system is demonstrated using a navigation task and evaluated by a user study. Participants navigated a robot in simulation using the proposed system and via classical teleoperation. Results show that our system has a number of advantages over teleoperation with respect to Performance, Operator workload, usability, and the users' perception of the robot. We also show that despite these advantages, teleoperation may still be a preferable driving mode depending on the mission priorities. Crown Copyright © 2010.
Mica R Endsley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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design of automation for telerobots and the effect on Performance Operator situation awareness and subjective workload
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2000Co-Authors: David B Kaber, Emrah Onal, Mica R EndsleyAbstract:In this article we review and assess human-centered level of automation (LOA), an alternate approach to traditional, technology-centered design of automation in dynamic-control systems. The objective of human-controlled LOA is to improve human-machine Performance by taking into account both Operator and technological capabilities. Automation literature has shown that traditional automation can lead to problems in Operator situation awareness (SA) due to the out-of-the (control) loop Performance problem, which may lead to a negative impact on overall systems Performance. Herein we address a standing paucity of research into LOA to deal with these problems. Various schemes of generic control system function allocations were developed to establish a LOA taxonomy. The functions allocated to a human Operator, a computer, or both, included monitoring system variables, generating process plans, selecting an “optimal” plan and implementing the plan. Five different function allocation schemes, or LOAs, were empirically investigated as to their usefulness for enhancing telerobot system Performance and Operator SA, as well as reducing workload. Human participants participated in experimental trials involving a high fidelity, interactive simulation of a telerobot performing nuclear materials handling at the various LOAs. Automation failures were attributed to various simulated system deficiencies necessitating Operator detection and correction to return to functioning at an automated mode. Operator Performance at each LOA, and during the failure periods, was evaluated. Operator SA was measured using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, and perceived workload was measured using the NASA-Task Load Index. Results demonstrated improvements in human-machine system Performance at higher LOAs (levels involving greater computer control of system functions) along with lower Operator subjective workload. However, under the same conditions, Operator SA was reduced for certain types of system problems and reaction time to, and Performance during, automation failures was substantially lower. Performance during automation failure was best when participants had been functioning at lower, intermediate LOAs (levels involving greater human control of system functions). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tobias Kaupp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human-robot communication for collaborative decision making - A probabilistic approach
Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2010Co-Authors: Tobias Kaupp, Alexei Makarenko, Hugh F. Durrant-whyteAbstract:Humans and robots need to exchange information if the objective is to achieve a task collaboratively. Two questions are considered in this paper: what and when to communicate. To answer these questions, we developed a human-robot communication framework which makes use of common probabilistic robotics representations. The data stored in the representation determines what to communicate, and probabilistic inference mechanisms determine when to communicate. One application domain of the framework is collaborative human-robot decision making: robots use decision theory to select actions based on perceptual information gathered from their sensors and human Operators. In this paper, Operators are regarded as remotely located, valuable information sources which need to be managed carefully. Robots decide when to query Operators using Value-Of-Information theory, i.e. humans are only queried if the expected benefit of their observation exceeds the cost of obtaining it. This can be seen as a mechanism for adjustable autonomy whereby adjustments are triggered at run-time based on the uncertainty in the robots' beliefs related to their task. This semi-autonomous system is demonstrated using a navigation task and evaluated by a user study. Participants navigated a robot in simulation using the proposed system and via classical teleoperation. Results show that our system has a number of advantages over teleoperation with respect to Performance, Operator workload, usability, and the users' perception of the robot. We also show that despite these advantages, teleoperation may still be a preferable driving mode depending on the mission priorities. Crown Copyright © 2010.
Dietrich Manzey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of automated decision aids on Performance Operator behaviour and workload in a simulated supervisory control task
Ergonomics, 2009Co-Authors: Stefan Rottger, Krisztina Bali, Dietrich ManzeyAbstract:In studies reporting automation effects on overall system Performance and on the Operator, the methods used to measure workload often did not appropriately reflect the complexity of this construct. The present study addresses the impact of automation on Operator workload and behaviour in process control fault management. Workload effects were assessed with subjective, cardiovascular and secondary task Performance indicators. Interactions with the interface of the process control simulation directed at gathering information and controlling the system were recorded. Automation made Operators more efficient, allowing faster fault management with less information sampling and control actions. Subjective workload ratings were significantly lower in the assisted conditions as compared to manual, which was not reflected in cardiovascular and secondary task measures. Participants' information sampling activity did not differ between medium and high level of automation. Results suggest that participants paid constantly high attention to their task even with highly automated support.
David B Kaber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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design of automation for telerobots and the effect on Performance Operator situation awareness and subjective workload
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2000Co-Authors: David B Kaber, Emrah Onal, Mica R EndsleyAbstract:In this article we review and assess human-centered level of automation (LOA), an alternate approach to traditional, technology-centered design of automation in dynamic-control systems. The objective of human-controlled LOA is to improve human-machine Performance by taking into account both Operator and technological capabilities. Automation literature has shown that traditional automation can lead to problems in Operator situation awareness (SA) due to the out-of-the (control) loop Performance problem, which may lead to a negative impact on overall systems Performance. Herein we address a standing paucity of research into LOA to deal with these problems. Various schemes of generic control system function allocations were developed to establish a LOA taxonomy. The functions allocated to a human Operator, a computer, or both, included monitoring system variables, generating process plans, selecting an “optimal” plan and implementing the plan. Five different function allocation schemes, or LOAs, were empirically investigated as to their usefulness for enhancing telerobot system Performance and Operator SA, as well as reducing workload. Human participants participated in experimental trials involving a high fidelity, interactive simulation of a telerobot performing nuclear materials handling at the various LOAs. Automation failures were attributed to various simulated system deficiencies necessitating Operator detection and correction to return to functioning at an automated mode. Operator Performance at each LOA, and during the failure periods, was evaluated. Operator SA was measured using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, and perceived workload was measured using the NASA-Task Load Index. Results demonstrated improvements in human-machine system Performance at higher LOAs (levels involving greater computer control of system functions) along with lower Operator subjective workload. However, under the same conditions, Operator SA was reduced for certain types of system problems and reaction time to, and Performance during, automation failures was substantially lower. Performance during automation failure was best when participants had been functioning at lower, intermediate LOAs (levels involving greater human control of system functions). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.