The Experts below are selected from a list of 28152 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kenneth S Henry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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divergent auditory nerve encoding deficits between two common etiologies of sensorineural hearing loss
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Kenneth S Henry, Mark Sayles, Ann E Hickox, Michael G HeinzAbstract:Speech intelligibility can vary dramatically between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss based on the audiogram. These perceptual differences, despite equal audiometric-threshold elevation, are often assumed to reflect central-Processing variations. Here, we compared Peripheral-Processing in auditory-nerve fibers of male chinchillas between two prevalent hearing-loss etiologies: metabolic hearing loss (MHL) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). MHL results from age-related reduction of the endocochlear potential due to atrophy of the stria vascularis. MHL in the present study was induced using furosemide, which provides a validated model of age-related MHL in young animals by reversibly inhibiting the endocochlear potential. Effects of MHL on Peripheral Processing were assessed using Wiener-kernel (system-identification) analyses of single auditory-nerve fiber responses to broadband noise, for direct comparison to previously published auditory-nerve responses from animals with NIHL. Wiener-kernel analyses show that even mild NIHL causes grossly abnormal coding of low-frequency stimulus components. In contrast, for MHL the same abnormal coding was only observed with moderate-severe loss. For equal sensitivity loss, coding impairment was substantially less severe with MHL than with NIHL, probably due to greater preservation of the tip-to-tail ratio of cochlear frequency tuning with MHL compared to NIHL rather than different intrinsic auditory-nerve properties. Differences in Peripheral neural coding between these two pathologies [sbond] the more severe of which, NIHL, is preventable [sbond] likely contribute to individual speech-perception differences. Our results underscore the need to minimize noise overexposure and for strategies to personalize diagnosis and treatment for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Differences in speech perception ability between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss are often assumed to reflect central neural Processing differences. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Peripheral neural Processing of complex sounds differs dramatically between the two most common etiologies of hearing loss. Greater Processing impairment with noise-induced compared to an age-related (metabolic) hearing-loss etiology may explain heightened speech-perception difficulties in people overexposed to loud environments. These results highlight the need for public policies to prevent noise-induced hearing loss — an entirely avoidable hearing-loss etiology — and for personalized strategies to diagnose and treat sensorineural hearing loss.
Robert Ennis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transitions between central and Peripheral vision create spatial temporal distortions a hypothesis concerning the perceived break of the curveball
PLOS ONE, 2010Co-Authors: Arthur G Shapiro, Changbing Huang, Emily Knight, Robert EnnisAbstract:Background The human visual system does not treat all parts of an image equally: the central segments of an image, which fall on the fovea, are processed with a higher resolution than the segments that fall in the visual periphery. Even though the differences between foveal and Peripheral resolution are large, these differences do not usually disrupt our perception of seamless visual space. Here we examine a motion stimulus in which the shift from foveal to Peripheral viewing creates a dramatic spatial/temporal discontinuity. Methodology/Principal Findings The stimulus consists of a descending disk (global motion) with an internal moving grating (local motion). When observers view the disk centrally, they perceive both global and local motion (i.e., observers see the disk's vertical descent and the internal spinning). When observers view the disk Peripherally, the internal portion appears stationary, and the disk appears to descend at an angle. The angle of perceived descent increases as the observer views the stimulus from further in the periphery. We examine the first- and second-order information content in the display with the use of a three-dimensional Fourier analysis and show how our results can be used to describe perceived spatial/temporal discontinuities in real-world situations. Conclusions/Significance The perceived shift of the disk's direction in the periphery is consistent with a model in which foveal Processing separates first- and second-order motion information while Peripheral Processing integrates first- and second-order motion information. We argue that the perceived distortion may influence real-world visual observations. To this end, we present a hypothesis and analysis of the perception of the curveball and rising fastball in the sport of baseball. The curveball is a physically measurable phenomenon: the imbalance of forces created by the ball's spin causes the ball to deviate from a straight line and to follow a smooth parabolic path. However, the curveball is also a perceptual puzzle because batters often report that the flight of the ball undergoes a dramatic and nearly discontinuous shift in position as the ball nears home plate. We suggest that the perception of a discontinuous shift in position results from differences between foveal and Peripheral Processing.
Michael G Heinz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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divergent auditory nerve encoding deficits between two common etiologies of sensorineural hearing loss
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Kenneth S Henry, Mark Sayles, Ann E Hickox, Michael G HeinzAbstract:Speech intelligibility can vary dramatically between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss based on the audiogram. These perceptual differences, despite equal audiometric-threshold elevation, are often assumed to reflect central-Processing variations. Here, we compared Peripheral-Processing in auditory-nerve fibers of male chinchillas between two prevalent hearing-loss etiologies: metabolic hearing loss (MHL) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). MHL results from age-related reduction of the endocochlear potential due to atrophy of the stria vascularis. MHL in the present study was induced using furosemide, which provides a validated model of age-related MHL in young animals by reversibly inhibiting the endocochlear potential. Effects of MHL on Peripheral Processing were assessed using Wiener-kernel (system-identification) analyses of single auditory-nerve fiber responses to broadband noise, for direct comparison to previously published auditory-nerve responses from animals with NIHL. Wiener-kernel analyses show that even mild NIHL causes grossly abnormal coding of low-frequency stimulus components. In contrast, for MHL the same abnormal coding was only observed with moderate-severe loss. For equal sensitivity loss, coding impairment was substantially less severe with MHL than with NIHL, probably due to greater preservation of the tip-to-tail ratio of cochlear frequency tuning with MHL compared to NIHL rather than different intrinsic auditory-nerve properties. Differences in Peripheral neural coding between these two pathologies [sbond] the more severe of which, NIHL, is preventable [sbond] likely contribute to individual speech-perception differences. Our results underscore the need to minimize noise overexposure and for strategies to personalize diagnosis and treatment for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Differences in speech perception ability between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss are often assumed to reflect central neural Processing differences. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Peripheral neural Processing of complex sounds differs dramatically between the two most common etiologies of hearing loss. Greater Processing impairment with noise-induced compared to an age-related (metabolic) hearing-loss etiology may explain heightened speech-perception difficulties in people overexposed to loud environments. These results highlight the need for public policies to prevent noise-induced hearing loss — an entirely avoidable hearing-loss etiology — and for personalized strategies to diagnose and treat sensorineural hearing loss.
Jont B Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification of perceptual cues for consonant sounds and the influence of sensorineural hearing loss on speech perception
2010Co-Authors: Feipeng Li, Jont B AllenAbstract:A common problem for people with hearing loss is that they can hear the noisy speech, with the assistance of hearing aids, but still they cannot understand it. To explain why, the following two questions need to be addressed: (1) What are the perceptual cues making up speech sounds? (2) What are the impacts of different types of hearing loss on speech perception? For the first question, a systematic psychoacoustic method is developed to explore the perceptual cues of consonant sounds. Without making any assumptions about the cues to be identified, it measures the contribution of each subcomponent to speech perception by time truncating, high/low-pass filtering, or masking the speech with white noise. In addition, AI-gram, a tool that simulates auditory Peripheral Processing, is developed to show the audible components of a speech sound on the basilar membrane. For the second question, speech perception experiments are used to determine the difficult sounds for the hearing-impaired listeners. In a case study, an elderly subject (AS) with moderate to severe sloping hearing loss, trained in linguistics, volunteered for the pilot study. Results show that AS cannot hear /ka/ and /ga/ with her left ear, because of a cochlear dead region from 2 to 3.5 kHz, where we show that the perceptual cues for /ka/ and /ga/ are located. In contrast, her right ear can hear these two sounds with low accuracy. NAR-L improves the average score by 10%, but it has no effect on the two inaudible consonants.
Jesko L Verhey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peripheral and central aspects of auditory across frequency Processing
Brain Research, 2008Co-Authors: Stephan M A Ernst, Jesko L VerheyAbstract:Many natural sounds such as, e.g., speech show common level fluctuations across frequency. It is generally assumed that the auditory system uses this spectro-temporal information to group the frequency components into auditory objects although the exact physiological mechanism is still not fully understood. The aim of the present study is to disentangle the relative contribution of Peripheral and central aspects of this across-frequency Processing using psychophysical experiments and modelling. The study focuses on two different psychophysical phenomena which are thought to be related to the ability to compare information across frequency: comodulation masking release (CMR), i.e., a release from masking of a sinusoidal signal due to the addition of a comodulated off-frequency masker component to the masker component at the signal frequency, and comodulation detection difference (CDD), i.e., the reduced ability of the auditory system to detect a masked signal if masker and signal share the same envelope. The comparison between model predictions and experimental results indicates that a considerable amount of these effects can be accounted for by Peripheral Processing alone. This is confirmed by experimental results with confounding across-frequency information about the grouping of the different frequencies into auditory objects.