The Experts below are selected from a list of 7518 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Andreas Glockner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spontaneous cooperation for prosocials but not for proselfs social value orientation moderates spontaneous cooperation behavior
2016Co-Authors: Dorothee Mischkowski, Andreas GlocknerAbstract:Cooperation is essential for the success of societies and there is an ongoing debate whether individuals have therefore developed a general spontaneous tendency to cooperate or not. Findings that cooperative behavior is related to shorter decision times provide support for the spontaneous cooperation effect, although contrary results have also been reported. We show that cooperative behavior is better described as Person × Situation Interaction, in that there is a spontaneous cooperation effect for prosocial but not for proself Persons. In three studies, one involving population representative samples from the US and Germany, we found that cooperation in a public good game is dependent on an Interaction between individuals’ social value orientation and decision time. Increasing deliberation about the dilemma Situation does not affect Persons that are selfish to begin with, but it is related to decreasing cooperation for prosocial Persons that gain positive utility from outcomes of others and score high on the related general Personality trait honesty/humility. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous cooperation hypothesis has to be qualified in that it is limited to Persons with a specific Personality and social values. Furthermore, they allow reconciling conflicting previous findings by identifying an important moderator for the effect.
Dorothee Mischkowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spontaneous cooperation for prosocials but not for proselfs social value orientation moderates spontaneous cooperation behavior
2016Co-Authors: Dorothee Mischkowski, Andreas GlocknerAbstract:Cooperation is essential for the success of societies and there is an ongoing debate whether individuals have therefore developed a general spontaneous tendency to cooperate or not. Findings that cooperative behavior is related to shorter decision times provide support for the spontaneous cooperation effect, although contrary results have also been reported. We show that cooperative behavior is better described as Person × Situation Interaction, in that there is a spontaneous cooperation effect for prosocial but not for proself Persons. In three studies, one involving population representative samples from the US and Germany, we found that cooperation in a public good game is dependent on an Interaction between individuals’ social value orientation and decision time. Increasing deliberation about the dilemma Situation does not affect Persons that are selfish to begin with, but it is related to decreasing cooperation for prosocial Persons that gain positive utility from outcomes of others and score high on the related general Personality trait honesty/humility. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous cooperation hypothesis has to be qualified in that it is limited to Persons with a specific Personality and social values. Furthermore, they allow reconciling conflicting previous findings by identifying an important moderator for the effect.
Manfred Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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proposal of a nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation nips model
2013Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Mario Gollwitzer, Anna Baumert, Gabriela Blum, Tobias Gschwendner, Wilhelm Hofmann, Tobias RothmundAbstract:Marshall and Brown (2006) proposed a Traits as Situational Sensitivities (TASS) Model, which implies a systematic Person × Situation Interaction. We review this model and show that it suffers from several limitations. We extend and modify the model in order to obtain a symmetric pattern of levels and effects for both Person and Situation factors. Our suggestions result in a general Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model. The NIPS model bears striking similarities to the Rasch model. Based on the symmetric nature of the NIPS model, we generalize the concept of weak and strong Situations to individuals and propose the concepts of weak and strong Persons. Finally, we discuss psychological mechanisms that might explain the NIPS pattern and offer ideas for future research.
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synergistic Person Situation Interaction in distributive justice judgment and allocation behaviour
2004Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Clara SabbaghAbstract:Abstract Traditional models of distributive justice behaviour have focused predominantly on either Person-specific or context-specific explanations. We suggest supplementing these models by including Interaction effects between functionally equivalent Situation and Person factors. Two experiments were conducted to replicate results from a previous vignette experiment in which the effect of Situational information that would justify an unequal distribution of burdens was lower for individuals with a positive attitude toward the equality principle than for individuals with a negative attitude toward this principle. The results of the present experiments are consistent with this finding. Again, Situational information that would justify an unequal distribution of outcomes had a weaker effect for participants with a favourable attitude toward equality than for participants with an unfavourable attitude. Based on these results and results from other research domains, we concluded that the synergistic Person × Situation Interaction is a general phenomenon that deserves more attention in theory and research. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude-congruent Situation schemas that may account for synergistic Interactions in justice behaviour are discussed.
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synergistic Person Situation Interaction in distributive justice behavior
2003Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Michael Eid, Jurgen MaesAbstract:A Person × Situation Interaction is synergistic when a Personality trait amplifies the effect of a Situational factor. The present study tested how individuals’ justice attitudes and Situational factors jointly affect the allocation of financial burdens. Six insurance cases were described to 80 participants. Economic status of client (high, low) and responsibility of client for damage of the insured (high, low) were manipulated between subjects. Participants suggested a percentage of the total costs that they considered a fair contribution by the client. In accordance with the synergistic model, justice attitude (Person factor) and responsibility for damage (Situation factor) interacted and explained 5% of the variance of the dependent variable. With increasing negativity of attitude toward equality, the effect of responsibility was larger. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude congruent Situation schemas, that may account for syn...
Jurgen Maes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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synergistic Person Situation Interaction in distributive justice behavior
2003Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Michael Eid, Jurgen MaesAbstract:A Person × Situation Interaction is synergistic when a Personality trait amplifies the effect of a Situational factor. The present study tested how individuals’ justice attitudes and Situational factors jointly affect the allocation of financial burdens. Six insurance cases were described to 80 participants. Economic status of client (high, low) and responsibility of client for damage of the insured (high, low) were manipulated between subjects. Participants suggested a percentage of the total costs that they considered a fair contribution by the client. In accordance with the synergistic model, justice attitude (Person factor) and responsibility for damage (Situation factor) interacted and explained 5% of the variance of the dependent variable. With increasing negativity of attitude toward equality, the effect of responsibility was larger. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude congruent Situation schemas, that may account for syn...
Jesus Alonsotapia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of goal orientations from the Person Situation Interaction perspective
2021Co-Authors: Jesus Alonsotapia, Nieves Garcia HerraizAbstract:The objective of this study is twofold: to analyze the role of different task Situations in the activation of goals and goal orientations and, to make it possible to achieve such an objective to support theoretically, develop, and previously validate the Situated Goals Questionnaire for secondary and high school students (SGQ-SHS). A total of 1,010 Secondary and High School Students from Madrid (Spain) participated in the study. Data analysis using confirmatory techniques, as well as ANOVA and regression techniques, showed the effect of the type of task on the degree to which students declare to pursue different goals – as suggested by the Person-Situation Interaction model –, the relationship between goals, expectancies, and self-regulation styles, as well as the validity of the measures developed for predicting achievement (self-estimated mean grade).
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assessment of learning goals in university students from the perspective of Person Situation Interaction the situated goals questionnaire sgq u evaluacion de las metas de aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios desde la perspectiva de la interaccion Persona situacion el cuestionario de metas situadas cms u
2018Co-Authors: Jesus Alonsotapia, Carmen Nieto, Enrique Merinotejedor, Juan Antonio Huertas, Miguel A RuizAbstract:Academic behaviour takes place in a context in which the nature of class activities and Interactions can influence the student’s motivation to learn. So, in order to study this influence, it is nec...
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coping assessment from the perspective of the Person Situation Interaction development and validation of the situated coping questionnaire for adults scqa
2016Co-Authors: Jesus Alonsotapia, Miguel A Ruiz, Rocio Rodriguezrey, Helena Garridohernansaiz, Carmen NietoAbstract:Background: Although coping strategies are considered to contribute to resilience to adversity, their use is not stable, but varies depending on the specific adversity. However, to date, most of the questionnaires assessing coping do not consider its Situational character. The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Situated Coping Questionnaire for Adults (SCQA), which assesses coping in the face of five different kinds of adverse contexts to take into account its Situational dimension. Methods: A total of 430 Spanish adults (256 from the general population, 77 people suffering from cancer or HIV, and 97 parents of children with cancer or developmental problems) completed the SCQA and two resilience questionnaires (the Brief Resilience Scale and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) for validation purposes. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed the superiority of the Person-Situation model; the Situation influences the degree to which people use specific coping strategies; however, coping is also stable to some extent. Regression analyses showed that coping strategies contribute to predict resilience, supporting the validity of the SCQA. The questionnaire and its sub-scales showed adequate reliability. Conclusion: The SCQA is deemed a reliable and valid means of situated coping assessment for use in several populations.
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a model for assessing coping and its relation to resilience in adolescence from the perspective of Person Situation Interaction
2016Co-Authors: Mercedes Villasana, Jesus Alonsotapia, Miguel A RuizAbstract:The Person–Situation Interaction model suggests that the nature of stressful Situations moderates the activation of coping strategies and styles, and that this Interaction affects resilience. To support these hypotheses, this study pursued two objectives, to develop and validate the Person–Situation Coping Questionnaire for Adolescents (PSCQA), designed for assessing the “Person–Situation” Interaction when using coping strategies, and to analyse the relationships between coping styles (CS) and resilience (Rs). 1083 Spanish Secondary-Education students filled in the coping questionnaire, and a resilience one. Data fit analysis using confirmatory techniques (CFA & PALV) supported hypotheses concerning the be-factor structural model including the moderator effect of the kinds of stressing Situation on the use of coping strategies, and hypotheses concerning the relationship between the two coping styles identified – emotion-centred and problem-solving centred CS – and resilience. Results imply that CS predicts Rs, but also that the differential sensibility to each kind of adverse Situation contributes to activate coping strategies in different degrees.
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resilience assessment importance of identifying the Person Situation Interaction
2014Co-Authors: Helena Hernansaizgarrido, Jesus Alonsotapia, Rocio Rodriguezrey, M A Ruizdiaz, C NietovizcainoAbstract:It has been noted that people can show resilience when facing a kind of adversity but not with others, and also show it in different degrees. Still, there is no measure of adult resilience in different contexts. Previous research with teenagers indicates the adequacy of a contextual model – thus, we aim to validate a subjective contextual resilience test for adults. In our correlational study, we developed a 20 item scale with five problem areas: work, close Persons relationships, own health, close Person health and economy. It was completed along with CDRISC10 by 416 adults. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of a “5 specific x 1 general” factor model using AMOS, and reliability and correlation analyses. Results show that the 5x1 factor structure is well defined (X2/df=2.06; GFI=.93; CFI=.95; RMSEA=.05). The general scale (GS) has an excellent reliability (?=.90) as well as the subscales (ranging from ?=.71 to .83). The GS-CDRISC10 correlation is good (r=.45). Important implications for research and intervention are derived, such as the vital need of assessing resilience in different contexts and researching the resilience-promoting processes most adequate for each one.