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Cutler J Cleveland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • net energy from the Extraction of oil and gas in the united states
    Energy, 2005
    Co-Authors: Cutler J Cleveland
    Abstract:

    One technique for evaluating the costs of energy systems is net energy analysis, which compares the quantity of energy delivered to society by an energy system to the energy used directly and indirectly in the delivery process, a quantity called the energy return on investment (EROI). Such an investigation involves aggregating different energy flows. A variety of methods have been proposed, but none has received universal acceptance. This paper shows that the method of aggregation has crucial effects on the results of the analysis. It is argued that economic approaches such as the index or marginal product method are superior because they account for differences in quality among fuels. The thermal equivalent and quality-corrected EROI for Petroleum Extraction in the US show the same general pattern: a rise to a maximum in the early 1970s, a sharp decline throughout the 1970s, a recovery in the 1980s, and then another modest decline in the 1990s. However, the quality-corrected EROI is consistently much lower than the thermal equivalent EROI, and it declines faster and to a greater extent than the thermalequivalent EROI. The results indicate that quality corrections have important effects on the results of energy analyses. The overall decline in the EROI for Petroleum Extraction in the US suggests that depletion has raised the energy costs of Extraction. This is generally consistent with the overall pattern of oil Extraction, i.e. both Extraction and the EROI for Extraction show a decline since the early 1970s. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • net energy from the Extraction of oil and gas in the united states
    Energy, 2005
    Co-Authors: Cutler J Cleveland
    Abstract:

    One technique for evaluating the costs of energy systems is net energy analysis, which compares the quantity of energy delivered to society by an energy system to the energy used directly and indirectly in the delivery process, a quantity called the energy return on investment (EROI). Such an investigation involves aggregating different energy flows. A variety of methods have been proposed, but none has received universal acceptance. This paper shows that the method of aggregation has crucial effects on the results of the analysis. It is argued that economic approaches such as the index or marginal product method are superior because they account for differences in quality among fuels. The thermal equivalent and quality-corrected EROI for Petroleum Extraction in the US show the same general pattern: a rise to a maximum in the early 1970s, a sharp decline throughout the 1970s, a recovery in the 1980s, and then another modest decline in the 1990s. However, the quality-corrected EROI is consistently much lower than the thermal equivalent EROI, and it declines faster and to a greater extent than the thermal-equivalent EROI. The results indicate that quality corrections have important effects on the results of energy analyses. The overall decline in the EROI for Petroleum Extraction in the US suggests that depletion has raised the energy costs of Extraction. This is generally consistent with the overall pattern of oil Extraction, i.e. both Extraction and the EROI for Extraction show a decline since the early 1970s.

  • an exploration of alternative measures of natural resource scarcity the case of Petroleum resources in the u s
    Ecological Economics, 1993
    Co-Authors: Cutler J Cleveland
    Abstract:

    Abstract The concern about natural resource scarcity has traditionally focused on changes in the cost, quality, and availability of energy and material inputs to the production process. Ecological economists are increasingly concerned with an additional aspect of scarcity — the growing scarcity of environmental services that sustain human economic existence. The analysis here explores economic and biophysical indicators of natural resource scarcity. The indices are quantified for the Extraction of Petroleum resources in the U.S. The economic indicators are the market price of crude oil and natural gas, the unit (capital plus labor) cost of Extraction, and the average total cost of Extraction (dollars per Btu extracted). The biophysical index is the energy return on investment (EROI). All indices show a trend of decreasing and then increasing scarcity of Petroleum at the wellhead. The economic and biophysical cost indices indicate that the 1960s marked the transition from a decreasing to an increasing cost resource base. The market price of oil is influenced by nonscarcity forces to the extent that it does not reflect that turning point. The increase in the energy cost of Petroleum Extraction is in stark contrast to the changes in the energy cost of producing other goods and services in the U.S. economy, which generally declined in the last 20 years. The increase in the energy cost of Extraction has important economic implications. From 1954 to 1987, the fraction of total industrial output in the U.S. generated in the Petroleum Extraction sector declined almost 40%. Despite the declining share of its output, the Petroleum industry's share of direct energy use (fossil fuels and electricity) generally increased in that period. The result is a clear increase in the amount of energy diverted from other potential uses to secure an additional unit of output in the Petroleum sector. None of the indicators reflect to any degree substantial nonmarketed environmental cost of Petroleum Extraction. The biophysical perspective, however, emphasizes the coupling between physical scarcity and the demands that Extraction places on renewable resources and ecosystem services. The Extraction of one barrel-of-oil-equivalent, for example, requires 250 gallons of fresh water and emits more than 60 pounds of CO2, and these costs are increasing.

Mizaikoff B. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors in real-time
    'Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)', 2020
    Co-Authors: Mizaikoff B., Fortes P. R., Cardoso A. A., Petruci J. F. D., Raimundo I. M., Wilk A.
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the permissible exposure limit (during 8 hours) is 10 ppm. Concentrations of 20 ppm are the threshold for critical health issues. In workplace environments with human subjects frequently exposed to H2S, e. g., during Petroleum Extraction and refining, real-time monitoring of exposure levels is mandatory. Sensors based on electrochemical measurement principles, semiconducting metal-oxides, taking advantage of their optical properties, have been described for H2S monitoring. However, extended response times, limited selectivity, and bulkiness of the instrumentation are common disadvantages of the sensing techniques reported to date. Here, we describe for the first time usage of a new generation of compact gas cells, i.e., so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs), combined with a compact Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for advanced gas sensing of H2S. The principle of detection is based on the immediate UV-assisted conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into much more pronounced and distinctively responding SO2. A calibration was established in the range of 10-100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) at 3 ppm, which is suitable for occupational health monitoring purposes. The developed sensing scheme provides an analytical response time of less than 60 seconds. Considering the substantial potential for miniaturization using e. g., a dedicated quantum cascade laser (QCL) in lieu of the FTIR spectrometer, the developed sensing approach may be evolved into a hand-held instrument, which may be tailored to a variety of applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance, process analysis and clinical diagnostics, e. g., breath analysis1391198203CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); LLN

  • Monitoring Of Hydrogen Sulfide Via Substrate-integrated Hollow Waveguide Mid-infrared Sensors In Real-time
    2015
    Co-Authors: Flavio Da Silveira Petruci J., Wilk A., Fortes P.r., Raimundo I.m., Cardoso A.a., Mizaikoff B.
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the permissible exposure limit (during 8 hours) is 10 ppm. Concentrations of 20 ppm are the threshold for critical health issues. In workplace environments with human subjects frequently exposed to H2S, e.g., during Petroleum Extraction and refining, real-time monitoring of exposure levels is mandatory. Sensors based on electrochemical measurement principles, semiconducting metal-oxides, taking advantage of their optical properties, have been described for H 2S monitoring. However, extended response times, limited selectivity, and bulkiness of the instrumentation are common disadvantages of the sensing techniques reported to date. Here, we describe for the first time usage of a new generation of compact gas cells, i.e., so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs), combined with a compact Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for advanced gas sensing of H2S. The principle of detection is based on the immediate UV-assisted conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into much more pronounced and distinctively responding SO2. A calibration was established in the range of 10-100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) at 3 ppm, which is suitable for occupational health monitoring purposes. The developed sensing scheme provides an analytical response time of less than 60 seconds. Considering the substantial potential for miniaturization using e.g., a dedicated quantum cascade laser (QCL) in lieu of the FTIR spectrometer, the developed sensing approach may be evolved into a hand-held instrument, which may be tailored to a variety of applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance, process analysis and clinical diagnostics, e.g., breath analysis. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.1391198203DOE; U.S. Department of EnergyFang, G.J., Liu, Z.L., Liu, C.Q., Yao, K.L., (2000) Sens. Actuators, B, 66, pp. 46-48Chowdhuri, A., Gupta, V., Sreenivas, K., (2003) Sens. Actuators, B, 93, pp. 572-579Wang, Y., Yan, H., Wang, E.F., (2002) Sens. Actuators, B, 87, pp. 115-121Yu, C.B., Wang, Y.J., Hua, K.F., Xing, W., Lu, T.H., (2002) Sens. Actuators, B, 86, pp. 259-265Cardoso, A.A., Liu, H., Dasgupta, P.K., (1997) Talanta, 44, pp. 1099-1106Willer, U., Scheel, D., Kostjucenko, I., Bohling, C., Schade, W., Faber, E., (2002) Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 58, pp. 2427-2432Tarver, G.A., Dasgupta, P.K., (1995) Atmos. Environ., 29 (11), pp. 1291-1928Saunders, F., Larson, L., Tatum, V., (2002) AIHA J., 63 (3), pp. 317-325Toombs, C., Insko, M., Wintner, E., Deckwerth, T.L., Usansky, H., Jamil, K., Goldstein, B., Szabo, C., (2010) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69 (6), pp. 626-636Lawrence, N.S., Davis, J., Compton, R.G., (2000) Talanta, 52, pp. 771-784Ciaffoni, L., Peverall, R., Ritchie, G.A.D., (2011) J. Breath Res., 5 (2), pp. 1-11Petruci, J.F.S., Cardoso, A.A., (2013) Microchem. J., 106, pp. 368-372Insko, M.A., Deckwerth, T.L., Hill, P., Toombs, C.F., Szabo, C., (2009) Br. J. Pharmacol., 157 (6), pp. 944-951Springfield, J., Suarez, F., Majerus, G., Lenton, P.A., Furne, J.K., Levitt, M.D., (2001) J. Dent. Res., 80 (5), pp. 1441-1444Wang, L.-F., Sharples, T.-R., (2011) Chin. Phys. Lett., 28 (6), p. 067805Mori, T., Koga, M., Hikosaka, Y., Nonaka, T., Mishina, F., Sakai, Y., Koizumi, J., (1991) Water Sci. Technol., 23 (79), pp. 1275-1282Hendrickson, R.G., Chang, A., Hamilton, R.J., (2004) Am. J. Ind. Med., 45, pp. 346-350Guidotti, T.L., (2010) Int. J. Toxicol., 29 (6), pp. 569-581Guidotti, T.L., (1996) Occup. Med., 46 (5), pp. 367-371Simon, F., Giudici, R., Duy, C.N., Schelzig, H., Oetter, S., Groeger, M., Wachter, U., Calzia, E., (2008) Shock, 30 (4), pp. 359-364Prior, M.G., Sharma, A.K., Yong, S., Lopez, A., (1988) Can. J. Vet. Res., 52 (3), pp. 375-379Cardoso, A.A., (1990) Quim. Nova, 14, pp. 19-21Pandey, S.K., Kim, K.-K., (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, pp. 3020-3029Toda, K., Ohira, S.-I., Tanaka, T., Nishimura, T., Dasgupta, P.K., (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 1529-1536Pandey, S.K., Kim, K.-H., Tang, K.-A., (2012) Trends Anal. Chem., 32, pp. 87-99Chen, W., Kosterev, A.A., Tittel, F.K., Gao, X., Zhao, W., (2008) Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt., 90, pp. 311-315Varga, A., Bozoki, Z., Szakall, M., Szabo, G., (2006) Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt., 85, pp. 315-321Berglen, T.F., Berntsen, T.K., Isaken, I.S.A., Sundet, J.K., (2004) J. Geophys. Res., 109, p. 191310Lan-Yan, X., Ding-Hong, G., Jing, T., Wen-Bo, D., Hui-Qi, H., (2008) Chemosphere, 71, pp. 1774-1780Moradi, M., Daryan, J.T., Mohamadalizadeh, A., (2013) Fuel Process. Technol., 109, pp. 163-171Larsen, E.S., Hong, W.W., Spartz, M.L., (1997) Appl. Spectrosc., 51 (11), pp. 1656-1667Frey, C.M., Luxenburger, F., Droege, S., Mackoviak, V., Mizaikoff, B., (2011) Appl. Spectrosc., 65, pp. 1269-1273Charlton, C.M., Inberg, A., Croitoru, N., Mizaikoff, B., (2003) IEE Proc.-J: Optoelectron., 150, pp. 306-310Young, C., Menegazzo, N., Riley, A.E., Brons, C.H., Disanzo, F.P., Givens, J.L., Martin, J.L., Mizaikoff, B., (2011) Anal. Chem., 83 (16), pp. 6141-6147Kozodoy, R.L., Micheels, R.H., Harrington, J.A., (1996) Appl. Spectrosc., 50 (3), pp. 415-419Saggese, S.J., Harrington, J.A., Sigel Jr., G.H., (1991) Opt. Lett., 16, pp. 27-31Wilk, A., Carter, J.C., Chrisp, M., Manuel, A.M., Mirkarimi, P., Alameda, J.B., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Anal. Chem., , 10.1021/ac402391mPetruci, J.F.S., Fortes, P.R., Kokoric, V., Wilk, A., Raimundo Jr., I.M., Cardoso, A.A., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Sci. Rep., 3, p. 3174Cox, R.A., Sheppard, D., (1980) Nature, 284, pp. 330-331Rothman, L.S., Gordon, I.E., Barbe, A., Benner, D.C., Bernath, P.E., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Auwera, J.V., (2009) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, pp. 533-572Young, C., Kim, S.-S., Luzinova, Y., Weida, M., Arnone, D., Takeuchi, E., Day, T., Mizaikoff, B., (2009) Sens. Actuators, B, 140 (1), pp. 24-29Wörle, K., Seichter, F., Wilk, A., Armacost, C., Day, T., Godejohann, M., Wachter, U., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Anal. Chem., 8, pp. 2697-270

Bettina Hottmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Shipborne measurements of total OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula and its role in ozone chemistry
    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Eva Pfannerstill, Nijing Wang, Achim Edtbauer, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, John Crowley, Dirk Dienhart, Philipp Eger, Lisa Ernle, Horst Fischer, Bettina Hottmann
    Abstract:

    The Arabian Peninsula is characterized by high and increasing levels of photochemical air pollution. Strong solar irradiation, high temperatures and large anthropogenic emissions of reactive trace gases result in intense photochem-ical activity, especially during the summer months. However, air chemistry measurements in the region are scarce. In order to assess regional pollution sources and oxidation rates, the first ship-based direct measurements of total OH reactivity were performed in summer 2017 from a vessel trav-eling around the peninsula during the AQABA (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) campaign. Total OH reactivity is the total loss frequency of OH radicals due to all reactive compounds present in air and defines the local lifetime of OH, the most important oxidant in the troposphere. During the AQABA campaign, the total OH reactivity ranged from below the detection limit (5.4 s −1) over the northwestern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) to a maximum of 32.8 ± 9.6 s −1 over the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf) when air originated from large Petroleum ex-traction/processing facilities in Iraq and Kuwait. In the polluted marine regions, OH reactivity was broadly comparable to highly populated urban centers in intensity and composition. The permanent influence of heavy maritime traffic over the seaways of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Gulf of Oman resulted in median OH sinks of 7.9-8.5 s −1. Due to the rapid oxidation of direct volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were observed to be the main contributor to OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula (9 %-35 % by region). Over the Arabian Gulf, alkanes and alkenes from the Petroleum Extraction and processing industry were an important OH sink with ∼ 9 % of total OH reactivity each, whereas NO x and aromatic hydrocarbons (∼ 10 % each) played a larger role in the Suez Canal, which is influenced more by ship traffic and urban emissions. We investigated the number and identity of chemical species necessary to explain the total OH sink. Taking into account ∼ 100 individually measured chemical species, the observed total OH reactivity can typically be accounted for within the measurement uncertainty (50 %), with 10 dominant trace gases accounting for 20 %-39 % of regional total OH reactivity. The chemical regimes causing the intense ozone pollution around the Arabian Peninsula were investigated using total OH reactivity measurements. Ozone vs. OH reactivity relationships were found to be a useful tool for differentiating between ozone titration in fresh emissions and photochemically aged air masses. Our results show that the ratio of NO x-and VOC-attributed OH reactivity was favorable for ozone formation almost all around the Arabian Peninsula, which is due to NO x and VOCs from ship exhausts and, often, oil/gas production. Therewith, total OH reactivity measurements help to elucidate the chemical processes underlying the extreme tropospheric ozone concentrations observed in summer over the Arabian Basin.

Wilk A. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors in real-time
    'Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)', 2020
    Co-Authors: Mizaikoff B., Fortes P. R., Cardoso A. A., Petruci J. F. D., Raimundo I. M., Wilk A.
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the permissible exposure limit (during 8 hours) is 10 ppm. Concentrations of 20 ppm are the threshold for critical health issues. In workplace environments with human subjects frequently exposed to H2S, e. g., during Petroleum Extraction and refining, real-time monitoring of exposure levels is mandatory. Sensors based on electrochemical measurement principles, semiconducting metal-oxides, taking advantage of their optical properties, have been described for H2S monitoring. However, extended response times, limited selectivity, and bulkiness of the instrumentation are common disadvantages of the sensing techniques reported to date. Here, we describe for the first time usage of a new generation of compact gas cells, i.e., so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs), combined with a compact Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for advanced gas sensing of H2S. The principle of detection is based on the immediate UV-assisted conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into much more pronounced and distinctively responding SO2. A calibration was established in the range of 10-100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) at 3 ppm, which is suitable for occupational health monitoring purposes. The developed sensing scheme provides an analytical response time of less than 60 seconds. Considering the substantial potential for miniaturization using e. g., a dedicated quantum cascade laser (QCL) in lieu of the FTIR spectrometer, the developed sensing approach may be evolved into a hand-held instrument, which may be tailored to a variety of applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance, process analysis and clinical diagnostics, e. g., breath analysis1391198203CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); LLN

  • Monitoring Of Hydrogen Sulfide Via Substrate-integrated Hollow Waveguide Mid-infrared Sensors In Real-time
    2015
    Co-Authors: Flavio Da Silveira Petruci J., Wilk A., Fortes P.r., Raimundo I.m., Cardoso A.a., Mizaikoff B.
    Abstract:

    Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the permissible exposure limit (during 8 hours) is 10 ppm. Concentrations of 20 ppm are the threshold for critical health issues. In workplace environments with human subjects frequently exposed to H2S, e.g., during Petroleum Extraction and refining, real-time monitoring of exposure levels is mandatory. Sensors based on electrochemical measurement principles, semiconducting metal-oxides, taking advantage of their optical properties, have been described for H 2S monitoring. However, extended response times, limited selectivity, and bulkiness of the instrumentation are common disadvantages of the sensing techniques reported to date. Here, we describe for the first time usage of a new generation of compact gas cells, i.e., so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs), combined with a compact Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for advanced gas sensing of H2S. The principle of detection is based on the immediate UV-assisted conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into much more pronounced and distinctively responding SO2. A calibration was established in the range of 10-100 ppm with a limit of detection (LOD) at 3 ppm, which is suitable for occupational health monitoring purposes. The developed sensing scheme provides an analytical response time of less than 60 seconds. Considering the substantial potential for miniaturization using e.g., a dedicated quantum cascade laser (QCL) in lieu of the FTIR spectrometer, the developed sensing approach may be evolved into a hand-held instrument, which may be tailored to a variety of applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance, process analysis and clinical diagnostics, e.g., breath analysis. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.1391198203DOE; U.S. Department of EnergyFang, G.J., Liu, Z.L., Liu, C.Q., Yao, K.L., (2000) Sens. Actuators, B, 66, pp. 46-48Chowdhuri, A., Gupta, V., Sreenivas, K., (2003) Sens. Actuators, B, 93, pp. 572-579Wang, Y., Yan, H., Wang, E.F., (2002) Sens. Actuators, B, 87, pp. 115-121Yu, C.B., Wang, Y.J., Hua, K.F., Xing, W., Lu, T.H., (2002) Sens. Actuators, B, 86, pp. 259-265Cardoso, A.A., Liu, H., Dasgupta, P.K., (1997) Talanta, 44, pp. 1099-1106Willer, U., Scheel, D., Kostjucenko, I., Bohling, C., Schade, W., Faber, E., (2002) Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 58, pp. 2427-2432Tarver, G.A., Dasgupta, P.K., (1995) Atmos. Environ., 29 (11), pp. 1291-1928Saunders, F., Larson, L., Tatum, V., (2002) AIHA J., 63 (3), pp. 317-325Toombs, C., Insko, M., Wintner, E., Deckwerth, T.L., Usansky, H., Jamil, K., Goldstein, B., Szabo, C., (2010) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69 (6), pp. 626-636Lawrence, N.S., Davis, J., Compton, R.G., (2000) Talanta, 52, pp. 771-784Ciaffoni, L., Peverall, R., Ritchie, G.A.D., (2011) J. Breath Res., 5 (2), pp. 1-11Petruci, J.F.S., Cardoso, A.A., (2013) Microchem. J., 106, pp. 368-372Insko, M.A., Deckwerth, T.L., Hill, P., Toombs, C.F., Szabo, C., (2009) Br. J. Pharmacol., 157 (6), pp. 944-951Springfield, J., Suarez, F., Majerus, G., Lenton, P.A., Furne, J.K., Levitt, M.D., (2001) J. Dent. Res., 80 (5), pp. 1441-1444Wang, L.-F., Sharples, T.-R., (2011) Chin. Phys. Lett., 28 (6), p. 067805Mori, T., Koga, M., Hikosaka, Y., Nonaka, T., Mishina, F., Sakai, Y., Koizumi, J., (1991) Water Sci. Technol., 23 (79), pp. 1275-1282Hendrickson, R.G., Chang, A., Hamilton, R.J., (2004) Am. J. Ind. Med., 45, pp. 346-350Guidotti, T.L., (2010) Int. J. Toxicol., 29 (6), pp. 569-581Guidotti, T.L., (1996) Occup. Med., 46 (5), pp. 367-371Simon, F., Giudici, R., Duy, C.N., Schelzig, H., Oetter, S., Groeger, M., Wachter, U., Calzia, E., (2008) Shock, 30 (4), pp. 359-364Prior, M.G., Sharma, A.K., Yong, S., Lopez, A., (1988) Can. J. Vet. Res., 52 (3), pp. 375-379Cardoso, A.A., (1990) Quim. Nova, 14, pp. 19-21Pandey, S.K., Kim, K.-K., (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, pp. 3020-3029Toda, K., Ohira, S.-I., Tanaka, T., Nishimura, T., Dasgupta, P.K., (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, pp. 1529-1536Pandey, S.K., Kim, K.-H., Tang, K.-A., (2012) Trends Anal. Chem., 32, pp. 87-99Chen, W., Kosterev, A.A., Tittel, F.K., Gao, X., Zhao, W., (2008) Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt., 90, pp. 311-315Varga, A., Bozoki, Z., Szakall, M., Szabo, G., (2006) Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt., 85, pp. 315-321Berglen, T.F., Berntsen, T.K., Isaken, I.S.A., Sundet, J.K., (2004) J. Geophys. Res., 109, p. 191310Lan-Yan, X., Ding-Hong, G., Jing, T., Wen-Bo, D., Hui-Qi, H., (2008) Chemosphere, 71, pp. 1774-1780Moradi, M., Daryan, J.T., Mohamadalizadeh, A., (2013) Fuel Process. Technol., 109, pp. 163-171Larsen, E.S., Hong, W.W., Spartz, M.L., (1997) Appl. Spectrosc., 51 (11), pp. 1656-1667Frey, C.M., Luxenburger, F., Droege, S., Mackoviak, V., Mizaikoff, B., (2011) Appl. Spectrosc., 65, pp. 1269-1273Charlton, C.M., Inberg, A., Croitoru, N., Mizaikoff, B., (2003) IEE Proc.-J: Optoelectron., 150, pp. 306-310Young, C., Menegazzo, N., Riley, A.E., Brons, C.H., Disanzo, F.P., Givens, J.L., Martin, J.L., Mizaikoff, B., (2011) Anal. Chem., 83 (16), pp. 6141-6147Kozodoy, R.L., Micheels, R.H., Harrington, J.A., (1996) Appl. Spectrosc., 50 (3), pp. 415-419Saggese, S.J., Harrington, J.A., Sigel Jr., G.H., (1991) Opt. Lett., 16, pp. 27-31Wilk, A., Carter, J.C., Chrisp, M., Manuel, A.M., Mirkarimi, P., Alameda, J.B., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Anal. Chem., , 10.1021/ac402391mPetruci, J.F.S., Fortes, P.R., Kokoric, V., Wilk, A., Raimundo Jr., I.M., Cardoso, A.A., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Sci. Rep., 3, p. 3174Cox, R.A., Sheppard, D., (1980) Nature, 284, pp. 330-331Rothman, L.S., Gordon, I.E., Barbe, A., Benner, D.C., Bernath, P.E., Birk, M., Boudon, V., Auwera, J.V., (2009) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 110, pp. 533-572Young, C., Kim, S.-S., Luzinova, Y., Weida, M., Arnone, D., Takeuchi, E., Day, T., Mizaikoff, B., (2009) Sens. Actuators, B, 140 (1), pp. 24-29Wörle, K., Seichter, F., Wilk, A., Armacost, C., Day, T., Godejohann, M., Wachter, U., Mizaikoff, B., (2013) Anal. Chem., 8, pp. 2697-270

Mark Gately - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the eroi of u s offshore energy Extraction a net energy analysis of the gulf of mexico
    Ecological Economics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Mark Gately
    Abstract:

    Abstract In 2004, the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service estimated that 49% of the oil and 57% of the natural gas yet to be discovered offshore in the United States are located in the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf region. While the existence of these energy resources is critical to the nation's future economic well being, of equal importance is the amount of already extracted energy that will be required to deliver the new fuel to society in a useful form. The difference between the two energy quantities is the net supply. In many respects, net energy is the most relevant measure of fuel supply because it represents the energy available to produce final-demand economic goods and services. Unfortunately, there currently exists no standard procedure for determining net energy, and so the data are extremely limited and inconsistent. In this paper, we present an “energy return on investment”, or “EROI”-based approach. EROI is defined as the ratio of gross energy produced by an energy supply process to the total, direct plus indirect, energy cost of its production. If the EROI of an energy supply process is known, then it's net energy output can be derived easily given gross production data. Below, we specify an empirical computer model programmed to simulate the productivity dynamics of offshore energy Extraction in the Gulf of Mexico and estimate the EROI of the "offshore process" over a twenty-year period (1985–2004). At the conclusion of the simulation, the model calculates the EROI of the process to range from 10 to 25, depending on how energy costs have been defined. In comparison, it has been estimated that the EROI of U.S. domestic Petroleum Extraction in the 1930s was approximately 100.