The Experts below are selected from a list of 1251 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Takashi Taniguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia japonica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous system, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the function of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both pharmacological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Administration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behavior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and muscarinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthesis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosyn- thesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia ja- ponica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous sys- tem, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the func- tion of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both phar- macological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Ad- ministration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhib- itor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-de- pendent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antago- nist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nic- otinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behav- ior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and mus- carinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthe- sis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals. © 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kaneyasu Nishimura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia japonica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous system, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the function of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both pharmacological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Administration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behavior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and muscarinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthesis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosyn- thesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia ja- ponica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous sys- tem, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the func- tion of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both phar- macological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Ad- ministration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhib- itor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-de- pendent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antago- nist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nic- otinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behav- ior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and mus- carinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthe- sis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals. © 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Yoshihisa Kitamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia japonica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous system, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the function of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both pharmacological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Administration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behavior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and muscarinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthesis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals.

  • analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian dugesia japonica
    Neuroscience, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura, Takashi Taniguchi
    Abstract:

    Recent studies of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica have revealed fundamental mechanisms and unique aspects of neuroscience and neuroregeneration. Here, we identified the gene for planarian choline acetyltransferase (Djchat), which is essential for acetylcholine (ACh) biosyn- thesis. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-Dugesia ja- ponica ChAT (DjChAT) antibody revealed that cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the planarian nervous sys- tem, including the brain, ventral Nerve cords, optic Nerves, and Pharyngeal Nerve plexus. In order to investigate the func- tion of cholinergic neurons in planarians, we used both phar- macological and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Ad- ministration of physostigmine (an acetylcholinesterase inhib- itor) clearly elevated the amount of ACh, and then induced sudden muscle contraction behavior in a concentration-de- pendent manner. In addition, we found that pretreatment with tubocurarine (a muscle nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist) or atropine (a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antago- nist), but not pretreatment with mecamylamine (a neural nic- otinic ACh receptor antagonist), significantly extended the latency time for physostigmine-induced contraction behav- ior, suggesting that muscle nicotinic ACh receptors and mus- carinic ACh receptors contribute to physostigmine-induced contraction behavior. We also confirmed that ACh biosynthe- sis ability and DjChAT-immunoreactivity were eliminated in Djchat(RNAi) planarians. Moreover, the decrease of the level of ACh induced by Djchat(RNAi) caused extension of the latency time for contraction behavior. Our findings support the possibility that the cholinergic functions of planarians are similar to those of vertebrates, suggesting that planarians are simple but useful model organisms for getting insight into the cholinergic nervous system in higher animals. © 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

R. L. A. W. Bleys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Improved Depiction of Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
    Hindawi Limited, 2012
    Co-Authors: K P Q Oomen, F. A. Pameijer, J. J. M. Zwanenburg, G. J. Hordijk, R. L. A. W. Bleys
    Abstract:

    Purpose. To study the anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) using ultrahigh-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Methods. A human cadaveric tissue block containing the pterygopalatine fossa was examined on a clinical 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system. Subsequently, cryosections of the tissue block were created in a coronal plane. The cryosections were photographed and collected on adhesive tape. The on-tape sections were stained for Mallory-Cason, in order to detail the anatomic structures within the fossa. Magnetic resonance images were compared with surface photos of the tissue block and on-tape sections. Results. High-resolution magnetic resonance images demonstrated the common macroscopic structures in the PPF. Smaller structures, best viewed at the level of the operation microscope, which have previously been obscured on magnetic resonance imaging, could be depicted. Some of the orbital pterygopalatine ganglion branches and the Pharyngeal Nerve were clearly viewed. Conclusions. In our experience with one human cadaver specimen, magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla seems effective in depicting pterygopalatine fossa anatomy and provides previously unseen details through its demonstration of the Pharyngeal Nerve and the orbital pterygopalatine ganglion branches. The true viability of depicting the pterygopalatine fossa with ultrahigh-resolution MR will depend on confirmation of our results in larger studies

  • The cientificWorldJOURNAL Research Article Improved Depiction of Pterygopalatine Fossa Anatomy Using
    2012
    Co-Authors: R. L. A. W. Bleys
    Abstract:

    Copyright © 2012 K. P. Q. Oomen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose. To study the anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) using ultrahigh-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Methods. A human cadaveric tissue block containing the pterygopalatine fossa was examined on a clinical 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system. Subsequently, cryosections of the tissue block were created in a coronal plane. The cryosections were photographed and collected on adhesive tape. The on-tape sections were stained for Mallory-Cason, in order to detail the anatomic structures within the fossa. Magnetic resonance images were compared with surface photos of the tissue block and on-tape sections. Results. High-resolution magnetic resonance images demonstrated the common macroscopic structures in the PPF. Smaller structures, best viewed at the level of the operation microscope, which have previously been obscured on magnetic resonance imaging, could be depicted. Some of the orbital pterygopalatine ganglion branches and the Pharyngeal Nerve were clearly viewed. Conclusions. In our experience with one human cadaver specimen, magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla seems effective in depicting pterygopalatine fossa anatomy and provides previously unseen details through its demonstration of the pharyngea

Kazuo Toda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characteristics of Biphasic Slow Depolarizing and Slow Hyperpolarizing Potential in Frog Taste Cell Induced by Parasympathetic Efferent Stimulation
    2014
    Co-Authors: Toshihide Sato, Kazuhisa Nishishita, Yukio Okada, Kazuo Toda
    Abstract:

    When the velocity of capillary blood flow in the frog tongue declined to an intermediate range of 0.2–0.7 mm/s, the glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve stimulation induced a biphasic slow depolarizing and slow hyperpolarizing potential (HP) in taste cells. The objective of this work was to examine the generative mechanisms of the biphasic slow potentials. The biphasic slow response was always preceded by a slow depolarizing potential (DP) component and followed by a slow HP component. Intravenous injection of tubocurarine completely blocked the biphasic slow responses, suggesting that both components of the biphasic slow potentials are evoked by the parasympathetic Nerve (PSN) fibers. Membrane conductance of taste cells increased during slow DPs and decreased during slow HPs. The reversal potential of either component of a biphasic slow response was the almost same value of 12 mV. An antagonist, L-703,606, for neurotransmitter substance P neurokinin1 receptor completely blocked both components of the biphasic slow responses. An antagonist, flufenamic acid, for nonselective cation channels on the taste cell membrane completely blocked the biphasic slow responses. These results suggest that PSN-induced biphasic slow responses are postsynaptically elicited in taste cells by releasing substance P at the PSN axon terminals. It is concluded that the slow DP componentmay be generated by opening one type of nonselective cation channel on taste cells and that the slowHP component may be generated by closing the other type of nonselective cation channel. We discussed that a second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate might be related to a slow DP component and another second messenger diacylglycerol might be relate