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Walter H Backes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fmri activation in relation to sound Intensity and loudness
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Pim Van Dijk, Esther Schoenmaker, Walter H Backes
    Abstract:

    The aim of this fMRI study was to relate cortical fMRI responses to both Physical and perceptual sound level characteristics. Besides subjects with normal hearing, subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were included, as distortion of loudness perception is a characteristic of such impairment. Cortical responses in both subject groups were analyzed as a function of the Physical Intensity and the perceived loudness of low and high-frequency stimuli. For the low-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels ranged from 0 to 70 dB SL; for the high-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels were set such that the corresponding loudness levels matched those of the low-frequency stimuli. Responses were found to increase significantly and predominantly linearly with Intensity level and with loudness level. Response saturation at the highest levels was not apparent, but activation exhibited a steep rise between 0 and 10 dB for the low-frequency stimuli. The activation in the subjects with hearing loss increased significantly more strongly with stimulus Intensity than that in the normally hearing subjects. This reflects loudness recruitment, characterized by a disproportionate increase in loudness with stimulus Intensity. In contrast, the rate of activation increase as a function of loudness level did not differ between both subject groups. This demonstrates that fMRI activation at the level of the auditory cortex is more closely related to the percept of a stimulus (i.e., loudness) rather than to its Physical characteristics (i.e., Intensity).

Pim Van Dijk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fmri activation in relation to sound Intensity and loudness
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Pim Van Dijk, Esther Schoenmaker, Walter H Backes
    Abstract:

    The aim of this fMRI study was to relate cortical fMRI responses to both Physical and perceptual sound level characteristics. Besides subjects with normal hearing, subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were included, as distortion of loudness perception is a characteristic of such impairment. Cortical responses in both subject groups were analyzed as a function of the Physical Intensity and the perceived loudness of low and high-frequency stimuli. For the low-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels ranged from 0 to 70 dB SL; for the high-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels were set such that the corresponding loudness levels matched those of the low-frequency stimuli. Responses were found to increase significantly and predominantly linearly with Intensity level and with loudness level. Response saturation at the highest levels was not apparent, but activation exhibited a steep rise between 0 and 10 dB for the low-frequency stimuli. The activation in the subjects with hearing loss increased significantly more strongly with stimulus Intensity than that in the normally hearing subjects. This reflects loudness recruitment, characterized by a disproportionate increase in loudness with stimulus Intensity. In contrast, the rate of activation increase as a function of loudness level did not differ between both subject groups. This demonstrates that fMRI activation at the level of the auditory cortex is more closely related to the percept of a stimulus (i.e., loudness) rather than to its Physical characteristics (i.e., Intensity).

Dave R M Langers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fmri activation in relation to sound Intensity and loudness
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Pim Van Dijk, Esther Schoenmaker, Walter H Backes
    Abstract:

    The aim of this fMRI study was to relate cortical fMRI responses to both Physical and perceptual sound level characteristics. Besides subjects with normal hearing, subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were included, as distortion of loudness perception is a characteristic of such impairment. Cortical responses in both subject groups were analyzed as a function of the Physical Intensity and the perceived loudness of low and high-frequency stimuli. For the low-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels ranged from 0 to 70 dB SL; for the high-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels were set such that the corresponding loudness levels matched those of the low-frequency stimuli. Responses were found to increase significantly and predominantly linearly with Intensity level and with loudness level. Response saturation at the highest levels was not apparent, but activation exhibited a steep rise between 0 and 10 dB for the low-frequency stimuli. The activation in the subjects with hearing loss increased significantly more strongly with stimulus Intensity than that in the normally hearing subjects. This reflects loudness recruitment, characterized by a disproportionate increase in loudness with stimulus Intensity. In contrast, the rate of activation increase as a function of loudness level did not differ between both subject groups. This demonstrates that fMRI activation at the level of the auditory cortex is more closely related to the percept of a stimulus (i.e., loudness) rather than to its Physical characteristics (i.e., Intensity).

Esther Schoenmaker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fmri activation in relation to sound Intensity and loudness
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Pim Van Dijk, Esther Schoenmaker, Walter H Backes
    Abstract:

    The aim of this fMRI study was to relate cortical fMRI responses to both Physical and perceptual sound level characteristics. Besides subjects with normal hearing, subjects with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were included, as distortion of loudness perception is a characteristic of such impairment. Cortical responses in both subject groups were analyzed as a function of the Physical Intensity and the perceived loudness of low and high-frequency stimuli. For the low-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels ranged from 0 to 70 dB SL; for the high-frequency stimuli, Intensity levels were set such that the corresponding loudness levels matched those of the low-frequency stimuli. Responses were found to increase significantly and predominantly linearly with Intensity level and with loudness level. Response saturation at the highest levels was not apparent, but activation exhibited a steep rise between 0 and 10 dB for the low-frequency stimuli. The activation in the subjects with hearing loss increased significantly more strongly with stimulus Intensity than that in the normally hearing subjects. This reflects loudness recruitment, characterized by a disproportionate increase in loudness with stimulus Intensity. In contrast, the rate of activation increase as a function of loudness level did not differ between both subject groups. This demonstrates that fMRI activation at the level of the auditory cortex is more closely related to the percept of a stimulus (i.e., loudness) rather than to its Physical characteristics (i.e., Intensity).

Mark Jaccard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • aggregating Physical Intensity indicators results of applying the composite indicator approach to the canadian industrial sector
    Energy Policy, 2002
    Co-Authors: Mallika Nanduri, John Nyboer, Mark Jaccard
    Abstract:

    Abstract Issues surrounding the development, application and interpretation of energy Intensity indicators are a continuing source of debate in the field of energy policy analysis. Although economic energy Intensity indicators still dominate Intensity/efficiency studies, the use of Physical energy Intensity indicators is on the rise. In the past, Physical energy Intensity indicators were not employed since it was often impossible to develop aggregate (sector-level or nation-wide) measures of Physical energy Intensity due to the difficulties associated with adding diverse Physical products. This paper presents the results of research conducted specifically to address this “aggregation” problem. The research focused on the development of the Composite Indicator Approach, a simple, practical, alternative method for calculating aggregate Physical energy Intensity indicators. In this paper, the Composite Indicator Approach is used to develop Physical energy Intensity indicators for the Canadian industrial and manufacturing sectors, and is then compared to other existing methods of aggregation. The Physical composite indicators developed using this approach are also evaluated in terms of their reliability and overall usefulness. Both comparisons suggest that the Composite Indicator Approach can be a useful, and ultimately suitable, way of addressing the aggregation problem typically associated with heterogeneous sectors of the economy.