The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John O. Stireman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cascading host-associated genetic differentiation in parasitoids of Phytophagous Insects.
Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2005Co-Authors: John O. Stireman, John D. Nason, Stephen B. Heard, Julie M. SeehawerAbstract:The extraordinary diversity of Phytophagous Insects may be attributable to their narrow specialization as parasites of plants, with selective tradeoffs associated with alternate host plants driving genetic divergence of host-associated forms via ecological speciation. Most Phytophagous Insects in turn are attacked by parasitoid Insects, which are similarly specialized and may also undergo host-associated differentiation (HAD). A particularly interesting possibility is that HAD by Phytophagous Insects might lead to HAD in parasitoids, as parasitoids evolve divergent lineages on the new host plant-specific lineages of their Phytophagous hosts. We call this process ‘cascading host-associated differentiation’ (cascading HAD). We tested for cascading HAD in parasitoids of two Phytophagous Insects, each of which consists of genetically distinct host-associated lineages on the same pair of goldenrods (Solidago). Each parasitoid exhibited significant host-associated genetic divergence, and the distribution and patterns of divergence are consistent with divergence in sympatry. Although evidence for cascading HAD is currently limited, our results suggest that it could play an important role in the diversification of parasitoids attacking Phytophagous Insects. The existence of cryptic host-associated lineages also suggests that the diversity of parasitoids may be vastly underestimated.
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The tri-trophic niche concept and adaptive radiation of Phytophagous Insects
Ecology Letters, 2005Co-Authors: Michael S. Singer, John O. StiremanAbstract:A conceptual divide exists between ecological and evolutionary approaches to understanding adaptive radiation, although the phenomenon is inherently both ecological and evolutionary. This divide is evident in studies of Phytophagous Insects, a highly diverse group that has been frequently investigated with the implicit or explicit goal of understanding its diversity. Whereas ecological studies of Phytophagous Insects increasingly recognize the importance of tri-trophic interactions as determinants of niche dimensions such as host-plant associations, evolutionary studies typically neglect the third trophic level. Here we attempt to reconcile ecological and evolutionary approaches through the concept of the ecological niche. We specifically present a tri-trophic niche concept as a foil to the traditional bi-trophic niche concept for Phytophagous Insects. We argue that these niche concepts have different implications for understanding herbivore community structure, population divergence, and evolutionary diversification. To this end, we offer contrasting empirical predictions of bi- and tri-trophic niche concepts for patterns of community structure, the process of population divergence, and patterns of evolutionary diversification of Phytophagous Insects.
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HOST-ASSOCIATED GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN Phytophagous Insects: GENERAL PHENOMENON OR ISOLATED EXCEPTIONS? EVIDENCE FROM A GOLDENROD-INSECT COMMUNITY
Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 2005Co-Authors: John O. Stireman, John D. Nason, Stephen B. HeardAbstract:There is growing awareness of the importance of natural selection in driving genetic divergence and speciation, and several of the most apparent cases of this ecological speciation are provided by the existence of genetically distinct host forms in Phytophagous Insects. Such examples of host-associated differentiation (HAD) have become increasingly documented, and the implications of this phenomenon for the diversification of Insects are becoming widely appreciated. However, instances of HAD remain rare relative to insect diversity and are sparsely distributed both ecologically and taxonomically. We sought to assess the frequency of HAD in a model herbivore community by examining genetic divergence in a variety of herbivores that feed on two closely related and broadly sympatric species of goldenrod (Solidago altissima and S. gigantea). Using mitochondrial DNA and allozyme data, in conjunction with previously published studies, we found that four of nine herbivores exhibited evidence of HAD, including possible host races or cryptic species. Using a range of reasonable substitution rate estimates for cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial DNA, we found that HAD appears to have proceeded asynchronously across taxa. This pattern, along with the broadly sympatric distribution of host plants and the specialized life histories of the Phytophagous Insects, is consistent with sympatric divergence in some or all of these taxa. Although further behavioral and ecological study is needed, our survey of HAD in a community of herbivores indicates that ecological (perhaps sympatric) speciation may have been responsible for generating a significant fraction of the extant diversity of Phytophagous Insects.
Thomas W. Phillips - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of Phytophagous Insects.
Annual Review of Entomology, 1997Co-Authors: Peter J. Landolt, Thomas W. PhillipsAbstract:▪ Abstract The sexual behavior of Phytophagous Insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by Insects to optimize mating and reproduction. Certain Insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Other Insects produce or release sex pheromones in response to particular host plant cues. Chemicals from host plants often synergize or otherwise enhance insect responses to sex pheromones. By these means, host plants may be used by Insects to regulate or mediate sexual communication. For many species of Insects, host plant influences on insect sex pheromone communication may be important aspects of the formation of feeding and mating aggregations, of insect strategies to locate both hosts and mates, of behavioral reproductive isolation among s...
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host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of Phytophagous Insects
Annual Review of Entomology, 1997Co-Authors: Peter J. Landolt, Thomas W. PhillipsAbstract:The sexual behavior of Phytophagous Insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by Insects to optimize mating and reproduction. Certain Insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Other Insects produce or release sex pheromones in response to particular host plant cues. Chemicals from host plants often synergize or otherwise enhance insect responses to sex pheromones. By these means, host plants may be used by Insects to regulate or mediate sexual communication. For many species of Insects, host plant influences on insect sex pheromone communication may be important aspects of the formation of feeding and mating aggregations, of insect strategies to locate both hosts and mates, of behavioral reproductive isolation among sibling species, and of the regulation of reproduction to coincide with the availability of food and oviposition sites. Knowledge of these relationships is critical to understanding many different areas of the behavioral ecology of plant-feeding Insects.
Michael S. Singer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The tri-trophic niche concept and adaptive radiation of Phytophagous Insects
Ecology Letters, 2005Co-Authors: Michael S. Singer, John O. StiremanAbstract:A conceptual divide exists between ecological and evolutionary approaches to understanding adaptive radiation, although the phenomenon is inherently both ecological and evolutionary. This divide is evident in studies of Phytophagous Insects, a highly diverse group that has been frequently investigated with the implicit or explicit goal of understanding its diversity. Whereas ecological studies of Phytophagous Insects increasingly recognize the importance of tri-trophic interactions as determinants of niche dimensions such as host-plant associations, evolutionary studies typically neglect the third trophic level. Here we attempt to reconcile ecological and evolutionary approaches through the concept of the ecological niche. We specifically present a tri-trophic niche concept as a foil to the traditional bi-trophic niche concept for Phytophagous Insects. We argue that these niche concepts have different implications for understanding herbivore community structure, population divergence, and evolutionary diversification. To this end, we offer contrasting empirical predictions of bi- and tri-trophic niche concepts for patterns of community structure, the process of population divergence, and patterns of evolutionary diversification of Phytophagous Insects.
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PERSPECTIVES The tri-trophic niche concept and adaptive radiation of Phytophagous Insects
2005Co-Authors: Michael S. Singer, O JohnAbstract:A conceptual divide exists between ecological and evolutionary approaches to understanding adaptive radiation, although the phenomenon is inherently both ecological and evolutionary. This divide is evident in studies of Phytophagous Insects, a highly diverse group that has been frequently investigated with the implicit or explicit goal of understanding its diversity. Whereas ecological studies of Phytophagous Insects increasingly recognize the importance of tri-trophic interactions as determinants of niche dimensions such as host-plant associations, evolutionary studies typically neglect the third trophic level. Here we attempt to reconcile ecological and evolutionary approaches through the concept of the ecological niche. We specifically present a tri-trophic niche concept as a foil to the traditional bi-trophic niche concept for Phytophagous Insects. We argue that these niche concepts have different implications for understanding herbivore community structure, population divergence, and evolutionary diversification. To this end, we offer contrasting empirical predictions of bi- and tri-trophic niche concepts for patterns of community structure, the process of population divergence, and patterns of evolutionary diversification of Phytophagous Insects.
Peter J. Landolt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of Phytophagous Insects.
Annual Review of Entomology, 1997Co-Authors: Peter J. Landolt, Thomas W. PhillipsAbstract:▪ Abstract The sexual behavior of Phytophagous Insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by Insects to optimize mating and reproduction. Certain Insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Other Insects produce or release sex pheromones in response to particular host plant cues. Chemicals from host plants often synergize or otherwise enhance insect responses to sex pheromones. By these means, host plants may be used by Insects to regulate or mediate sexual communication. For many species of Insects, host plant influences on insect sex pheromone communication may be important aspects of the formation of feeding and mating aggregations, of insect strategies to locate both hosts and mates, of behavioral reproductive isolation among s...
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host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of Phytophagous Insects
Annual Review of Entomology, 1997Co-Authors: Peter J. Landolt, Thomas W. PhillipsAbstract:The sexual behavior of Phytophagous Insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by Insects to optimize mating and reproduction. Certain Insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Other Insects produce or release sex pheromones in response to particular host plant cues. Chemicals from host plants often synergize or otherwise enhance insect responses to sex pheromones. By these means, host plants may be used by Insects to regulate or mediate sexual communication. For many species of Insects, host plant influences on insect sex pheromone communication may be important aspects of the formation of feeding and mating aggregations, of insect strategies to locate both hosts and mates, of behavioral reproductive isolation among sibling species, and of the regulation of reproduction to coincide with the availability of food and oviposition sites. Knowledge of these relationships is critical to understanding many different areas of the behavioral ecology of plant-feeding Insects.
Isabel Díaz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant Perception and Short-Term Responses to Phytophagous Insects and Mites
International journal of molecular sciences, 2018Co-Authors: M. Estrella Santamaria, Manuel Martínez, Ana Arnaiz, Pablo González-melendi, Isabel DíazAbstract:Plant–pest relationships involve complex processes encompassing a network of molecules, signals, and regulators for overcoming defenses they develop against each other. Phytophagous arthropods identify plants mainly as a source of food. In turn, plants develop a variety of strategies to avoid damage and survive. The success of plant defenses depends on rapid and specific recognition of the Phytophagous threat. Subsequently, plants trigger a cascade of short-term responses that eventually result in the production of a wide range of compounds with defense properties. This review deals with the main features involved in the interaction between plants and Phytophagous Insects and acari, focusing on early responses from the plant side. A general landscape of the diverse strategies employed by plants within the first hours after pest perception to block the capability of Phytophagous Insects to develop mechanisms of resistance is presented, with the potential of providing alternatives for pest control.
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Phytocystatins: Defense Proteins against Phytophagous Insects and Acari
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Manuel Martínez, Maria Estrella Santamaria, Mercedes Diaz-mendoza, Ana Arnaiz, Laura Carrillo, Félix Ortego, Isabel DíazAbstract:This review deals with phytocystatins, focussing on their potential role as defence proteins against Phytophagous arthropods. Information about the evolutionary, molecular and biochemical features and inhibitory properties of phytocystatins are presented. Cystatin ability to inhibit heterologous cysteine protease activities is commented on as well as some approaches of tailoring cystatin specificity to enhance their defence function towards pests. A general landscape on the digestive proteases of Phytophagous Insects and acari and the remarkable plasticity of their digestive physiology after feeding on cystatins are highlighted. Biotechnological approaches to produce recombinant cystatins to be added to artificial diets or to be sprayed as insecticide–acaricide compounds and the of use cystatins as transgenes are discussed. Multiple examples and applications are included to end with some conclusions and future perspectives.