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Serge Lallemand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:[1] Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
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Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:Giant earthquake (moment magnitude M-w >= 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (>= 1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years. Citation: Heuret, A., C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, S. Lallemand, and L. Sandri (2012), Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05304, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050712.
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On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper Plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip. Components: 12,676 words, 13 figures, 1 table.
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on the relationships between slab dip back arc stress upper Plate absolute motion and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip.
Arnauld Heuret - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:[1] Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
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Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:Giant earthquake (moment magnitude M-w >= 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (>= 1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years. Citation: Heuret, A., C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, S. Lallemand, and L. Sandri (2012), Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05304, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050712.
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On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper Plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip. Components: 12,676 words, 13 figures, 1 table.
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on the relationships between slab dip back arc stress upper Plate absolute motion and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip.
David Boutelier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper Plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip. Components: 12,676 words, 13 figures, 1 table.
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on the relationships between slab dip back arc stress upper Plate absolute motion and crustal nature in subduction zones
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2005Co-Authors: Serge Lallemand, Arnauld Heuret, David BoutelierAbstract:[1] Statistical analysis of modern oceanic subduction zone parameters, such as the age of a downgoing Plate or the absolute Plate motions, is performed in order to investigate which parameter controls the dip of a slab and, conversely, what the influence of slab geometry is on upper Plate behavior. For that purpose, parameters have been determined from global databases along 159 transects from all subduction zones that are not perturbed by nearby collision or ridge/Plateau/seamount subduction. On the basis of tomographic images, slabs that penetrate through, or lie on, the 670 km discontinuity are also identified. The results of the statistical analysis are as follows: (1) Back-arc stress correlates with slab dip, i.e., back-arc spreading is observed for deep dips (deeper than 125 km) larger than 50°, whereas back-arc shortening occurs only for deep dips less than 30°. (2) Slab dip correlates with absolute motion of the overriding Plate. The correlation is even better when the slab lies on, or even more penetrates through, the 670 km discontinuity. (3) Slabs dip more steeply, by about 20° on average, beneath oceanic overriding Plates than beneath continental ones. (4) Slabs dip more steeply on average by about 10° near edges. (5) Slab dip does not correlate with the magnitude of slab pull, the age of subducting lithosphere at the trench, the thermal regime of the subducting lithosphere, the convergence rate, or the subduction polarity (east versus west). The present study provides evidence that the upper Plate absolute motion plays an important role on slab dip, as well as on upper Plate Strain. Retreating overriding Plates are often oceanic ones and thus may partially explain the steeper slab dips beneath oceanic upper Plates. One can infer that low slab dips correlate well with compression in continental advancing upper Plates, whereas steep dips are often associated with extension in oceanic retreating upper Plates. Excess weight of old slabs is often counterbalanced by other forces, probably asthenospheric in origin, such as lateral mantle flow near slab edges or anchor forces, to determine slab dip.
L. Sandri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:[1] Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
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Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:Giant earthquake (moment magnitude M-w >= 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (>= 1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years. Citation: Heuret, A., C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, S. Lallemand, and L. Sandri (2012), Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05304, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050712.
C. P. Conrad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:[1] Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
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Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain
Geophysical Research Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Arnauld Heuret, C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, Serge Lallemand, L. SandriAbstract:Giant earthquake (moment magnitude M-w >= 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting Plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper Plate Strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper Plate Strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (>= 1 km) and neutral upper Plate Strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper Plate Strain. Extensional upper Plate Strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years. Citation: Heuret, A., C. P. Conrad, F. Funiciello, S. Lallemand, and L. Sandri (2012), Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper Plate Strain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05304, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050712.