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Svante Björck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in d 18 O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary have also been recognised. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Formal Subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch
Springer Geology, 2014Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, Philip L. Gibbard, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sune Olander RasmussenAbstract:This proposal, by a Working Group of Integration of ice-core, marine, and terrestrial records (INTIMATE) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), is for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ("early", "middle" or "mid-", and "late"), and we propose that this de facto subdivision should now be formalised to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We advocate a formal Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a formal Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). (Less)
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Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2012Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sun Olander Rasmussen, Harvey WeissAbstract:This discussion paper, by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommision on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), considers the prospects for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/ Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ('early', 'middle' or 'mid', and 'late'), and we argue that this de facto subdivision should now be formalized to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We propose an Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Should the proposal find a broad measure of support from the Quaternary community, a submission will be made to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), via the SQS and the ICS, for formal ratification of this subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Copyright# 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core
Episodes, 2008Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).
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A lacustrine record of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in southernmost Greenland
Gff, 2004Co-Authors: Karl Ljung, Svante BjörckAbstract:A sediment core from a lake in the Kap Farvel area on South Greenland was analysed with respect to pollen and microfossil content, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon age. The aim was to reconstruct the limnic and terrestrial changes taking place at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary. Organic sedimentation started between 12 200 and 12800 cal yr B.P. Break-up of sea-ice around Kap Farvel, as indicated by the appearance of marine dinoflagellates (Hystrix), took place some hundred years after the transition into Preboreal. The pollen analysis indicates that the area was barren during the Younger Dryas and that the Holocene vegetation establishment was slightly delayed.
Mike Walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in d 18 O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary have also been recognised. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Formal Subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch
Springer Geology, 2014Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, Philip L. Gibbard, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sune Olander RasmussenAbstract:This proposal, by a Working Group of Integration of ice-core, marine, and terrestrial records (INTIMATE) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), is for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ("early", "middle" or "mid-", and "late"), and we propose that this de facto subdivision should now be formalised to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We advocate a formal Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a formal Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). (Less)
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Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2012Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sun Olander Rasmussen, Harvey WeissAbstract:This discussion paper, by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommision on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), considers the prospects for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/ Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ('early', 'middle' or 'mid', and 'late'), and we argue that this de facto subdivision should now be formalized to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We propose an Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Should the proposal find a broad measure of support from the Quaternary community, a submission will be made to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), via the SQS and the ICS, for formal ratification of this subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Copyright# 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core
Episodes, 2008Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).
Sune Olander Rasmussen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in d 18 O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary have also been recognised. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Formal Subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch
Springer Geology, 2014Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, Philip L. Gibbard, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sune Olander RasmussenAbstract:This proposal, by a Working Group of Integration of ice-core, marine, and terrestrial records (INTIMATE) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), is for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ("early", "middle" or "mid-", and "late"), and we propose that this de facto subdivision should now be formalised to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We advocate a formal Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a formal Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). (Less)
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The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core
Episodes, 2008Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).
J. John Lowe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2020Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in d 18 O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary have also been recognised. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Formal Subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch
Springer Geology, 2014Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, Philip L. Gibbard, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sune Olander RasmussenAbstract:This proposal, by a Working Group of Integration of ice-core, marine, and terrestrial records (INTIMATE) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), is for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ("early", "middle" or "mid-", and "late"), and we propose that this de facto subdivision should now be formalised to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We advocate a formal Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a formal Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). (Less)
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Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2012Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Svante Björck, J. John Lowe, Max Berkelhammer, Les C. Cwynar, D. A. Fisher, Antony J. Long, Rewi M. Newnham, Sun Olander Rasmussen, Harvey WeissAbstract:This discussion paper, by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommision on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), considers the prospects for a formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Although previous attempts to subdivide the Holocene have proved inconclusive, recent developments in Quaternary stratigraphy, notably the definition of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary and the emergence of formal subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series/ Epoch, mean that it may be timely to revisit this matter. The Quaternary literature reveals a widespread but variable informal usage of a tripartite division of the Holocene ('early', 'middle' or 'mid', and 'late'), and we argue that this de facto subdivision should now be formalized to ensure consistency in stratigraphic terminology. We propose an Early-Middle Holocene Boundary at 8200 a BP and a Middle-Late Holocene Boundary at 4200 a BP, each of which is linked to a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Should the proposal find a broad measure of support from the Quaternary community, a submission will be made to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), via the SQS and the ICS, for formal ratification of this subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch. Copyright# 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core
Episodes, 2008Co-Authors: Mike Walker, Sigfus J Johnsen, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Trevor Popp, J. P. Steffensen, Philip L. Gibbard, Wim Z. Hoek, J. John Lowe, John T. Andrews, Svante BjörckAbstract:The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an. abrupt shaft in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in delta O-18, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi-parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11,700 yr b2k (before AD2000) for the base of the Holocene, with, an estimated 2 sigma uncertainty of 99 yr: It is proposed that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period).
Veli-pekka Salonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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First direct age determination for the Baltic Ice Lake/Yoldia Sea transition in Finland
Gff, 2013Co-Authors: Outi Hyttinen, K. Eskola, Anu Kaakinen, Veli-pekka SalonenAbstract:The drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL) to the Yoldia Sea level occurred at around 11 600 years ago and can be considered as one of the most important events in the Late-Glacial Baltic Basin history. Distinctive sandy deposits were formed as a result of the water-level fall. These deposits form a marker horizon at the Pleistocene–Holocene Boundary, which has been used as the 0-varve in Finnish clay varve chronology. These sandy deposits have not been dated, and in general, there is lack of direct age determinations from the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Sediments from three localities: backshore, beachface and upper shoreface environments, interpreted to be connected with BIL drainage, were sampled and dated with an optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method. Only the beachface deposit appeared to be the suitable material, giving the expected dates of 11 400 ± 1100 and 11 200 ± 1300 years BP for the water-level fall. The other samples were interpreted as only partially bleached, or they represent...
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Acoustic evidence of a Baltic Ice lake drainage debrite in the northern Baltic Sea
Marine Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Outi Hyttinen, Aarno Kotilainen, Veli-pekka SalonenAbstract:Abstract The sudden drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL) at the end of the Younger Dryas Chron was one of the major events within the Pleistocene/Holocene Boundary in Scandinavia. Thus far the effects it might have had on sedimentary environments have been inadequately recorded outside of central and southern Sweden. In the present study, high-quality acoustic sounding data was used to examine and describe possible traces of the event from the north eastern Baltic proper and Gulf of Finland sediments. Five acoustic facies were identified; two of them bearing frequent indications of sediment deformation, slumping, sliding and homogenization. The lower deformation zone is in the glacial clay deposited in the ice-proximal environment, the middle zone in the ice-distal glacial clay and the upper zone in late-glacial clay. We suggest that the middle deformation unit may have basin-wide significance because it represents a debrite system originating from sediment instability due to the sudden water-level drop associated with the BIL drainage at the transition of the Younger Dryas/Preboreal Chrons.