Plug-In Hybrid

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Tony Markel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

A Simpson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

R. Rudramoorthy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Implementation and evaluation of change-over speed in Plug-In Hybrid electric two wheeler
    Energy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Amjad, R. Rudramoorthy, P. Sadagopan, S. Neelakrishnan
    Abstract:

    In Asia, two wheelers are popular mode of transportation to a large group of people because of their relative affordability and ability to maneuver in heavy city traffic. However, the rate of fuel consumption and emission contribution by them, especially in urban areas need more attention to improve sustainability of energy and air quality. Recently, Plug-In Hybrid technology has been emerged as one of the most promising alternatives in reducing petroleum consumption and emission. This paper presents the implementation of Plug-In Hybrid technology on a two wheeler by formulation of novel control strategy suitable for Indian city driving needs. Experimental investigations on hub motor and IC (internal combustion) engine has been carried out to fix the change-over speed in Hybrid mode, followed by road test on prototype vehicle. The performance of prototype vehicle on IDC (Indian driving cycle) simulated road pattern and actual road driving, confirmed the change-over speed of vehicle in Hybrid mode. The converted Plug-In Hybrid electric two wheeler also demonstrated the drive strategy adopted for higher energy efficiency up to 2.5 times. So, Plug-In Hybrid electric two wheelers show significant improvements in fuel economy by replacing petroleum fuel with electricity for portions of trip to achieve nations' energy security.

  • Plug-In Hybrid conversion of three wheeler using a novel drive strategy
    International Journal of Alternative Propulsion, 2012
    Co-Authors: Amjad, S. Neelakrishnan, R. Rudramoorthy, Sabarish Gurusubramanian, J. Dheepan Raja, Renjit Mathew, M. Sundaravel
    Abstract:

    In Asia, three-wheelers (auto rickshaws) represent a very important mode of intermediate public transport and serving as an effective feeder to the mass transport system. However, the significant contribution to pollution levels by three wheelers has demanded for a possibility of a future solution to ensure better air standards in urban areas where the population of auto rickshaws are higher. Interest is growing in Plug-In Hybrid technology that offers advantages of clean and more efficient vehicles compared to the current Hybrids. In this paper, the development of a novel energy management strategy suitable for Indian city driving conditions for a converted Plug-In Hybrid auto rickshaw is discussed. The automatic switching strategy incorporated in the control system of the Plug-In Hybrid auto rickshaw enables the vehicle to offer better fuel economy and advantages of lower emission, by minimising the idling and slow power running regions of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle’s energy management strategy has been tested with the various modes for the Plug-In Hybrid auto rickshaw. The implementation of Plug-In Hybrid concept with a novel drive strategy for three-wheelers will lead to reduction of urban emissions and hence better air quality for Indian cities and also provides much cheaper public transportation system.

  • Evaluation of energy requirements for all-electric range of Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheeler
    Energy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Amjad, S. Neelakrishnan, R. Rudramoorthy, K. Sri Raja Varman, T.v. Arjunan
    Abstract:

    Recently Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are emerging as one of the promising alternative to improve the sustainability of transportation energy and air quality especially in urban areas. The all-electric range in PHEV design plays a significant role in sizing of battery pack and cost. This paper presents the evaluation of battery energy and power requirements for a Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheeler for different all-electric ranges. An analytical vehicle model and MATLAB simulation analysis has been discussed. The MATLAB simulation results estimate the impact of driving cycle and all-electric range on energy capacity, additional mass and initial cost of lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. This paper also focuses on influence of cycle life on annual cost of battery pack and recommended suitable battery pack for implementing in Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheelers.

  • Evaluation of energy requirements for all-electric range of Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheeler
    Energy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Shaik Amjad, K. Sri Raja Varman, S. Neelakrishnan, R. Rudramoorthy, T.v. Arjunan
    Abstract:

    Recently Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are emerging as one of the promising alternative to improve the sustainability of transportation energy and air quality especially in urban areas. The all-electric range in PHEV design plays a significant role in sizing of battery pack and cost. This paper presents the evaluation of battery energy and power requirements for a Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheeler for different all-electric ranges. An analytical vehicle model and MATLAB simulation analysis has been discussed. The MATLAB simulation results estimate the impact of driving cycle and all-electric range on energy capacity, additional mass and initial cost of lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. This paper also focuses on influence of cycle life on annual cost of battery pack and recommended suitable battery pack for implementing in Plug-In Hybrid electric two-wheelers. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

  • review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug in Hybrid electric vehicles
    Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shaik Amjad, S. Neelakrishnan, R. Rudramoorthy
    Abstract:

    Automobile drivetrain Hybridization is considered as an important step in reducing greenhouse gases and related automotive emissions. However, current Hybrid electric vehicles are a temporary solution on the way to zero emission road vehicles. Recently there has been a lot of interest in the concept of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, which have great potential to attain higher fuel economy and efficiency, with a longer range in pure electric propulsion mode. PHEVs represent the next generation of Hybrid vehicles that bridges the gap between present Hybrid electric vehicles and battery operated electric vehicles. In this paper a brief review of design considerations and selection of major components for Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles is provided. This paper also focuses on the technological challenges ahead of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles in relation to its major components, which are reviewed in detail. The importance of economics and government support for the successful deployment of this Plug-In Hybrid technology in the near future to achieve national energy security is also discussed in the paper.

Zhenhong Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Within-day recharge of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles: Energy impact of public charging infrastructure
    Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jing Dong, Zhenhong Lin
    Abstract:

    This paper examines the role of public charging infrastructure in increasing the share of driving on electricity that Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles might exhibit, thus reducing their gasoline consumption. Vehicle activity data obtained from a global positioning system tracked household travel survey in Austin, Texas, is used to estimate gasoline and electricity consumptions of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles. Drivers' within-day recharging behavior, constrained by travel activities and public charger availability, is modeled. It is found that public charging offers greater fuel savings for Hybrid electric vehicles s equipped with smaller batteries, by encouraging within-day recharge, and providing an extensive public charging service is expected to reduce Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles gasoline consumption by more than 30% and energy cost by 10%, compared to the scenario of home charging only. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Kristien Clement-nyns - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on the Electricity System
    2020
    Co-Authors: Kristien Clement-nyns
    Abstract:

    Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, are rapidly gaining interest. Batteries of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles are charged by either plugging into electric outlets or by an on-board generator. For grid charging, these batteries are supplied by power from the grid at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. The extra electrical load, from charging the batteries, has an impact on the electricity system in general and more specifically on the distribution grid and the electricity generation system. The impact of such vehicles on the distribution grid is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. The impact on the electricity generation system is investigated in terms of available generation capacity. Uncoordinated charging of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles may cause local grid problems. These grid problems can be avoided by coordinated charging. The aim is to determine the optimal charging profile for each vehicle and to minimize the impact on the electricity system. For the coordination, the linear or quadratic programming technique is found to be the most efficient and is applied for this optimization problem. Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles cannot only charge when connected to the grid, but also discharge and thus inject power. In that way, electric vehicles may offer grid services to support the grid. It is not clear whether offering grid services is economic for these vehicles. A voltage controller could be easily implemented in the charger and the grid services may be enabled. Such a controller avoids large voltage deviations at the household level. The vehicles may also be matched with distributed generation units such as combined heat and power units, small-scale wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. If there is power or energy produced by these units, the batteries of the vehicle could be charged with this energy and their curtailment due to grid congestion is avoided.

  • The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distrib ution Grid
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kristien Clement-nyns, Edwin Haesen, Johan Driesen
    Abstract:

    Abstract—Alternative vehicles, such as Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming. Index Terms—Coordinated charging, distribution grid, dynamic programming, Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, quadratic programming.

  • The impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kristien Clement-nyns, Edwin Haesen, Johan Driesen
    Abstract:

    Alternative vehicles, such as Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming.

  • Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Portuguese electric utility system
    2009 International Conference on Power Engineering Energy and Electrical Drives, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kristien Clement-nyns
    Abstract:

    Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles, are rapidly gaining interest. Batteries of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles are charged by either plugging into electric outlets or by an on-board generator. For grid charging, these batteries are supplied by power from the grid at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. The extra electrical load, from charging the batteries, has an impact on the electricity system in general and more specifically on the distribution grid and the electricity generation system. The impact of such vehicles on the distribution grid is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. The impact on the electricity generation system is investigated in terms of available generation capacity. Uncoordinated charging of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles may cause local grid problems. These grid problems can be avoided by coordinated charging. The aim is to determine the optimal charging profile for each vehicle and to minimize the impact on the electricity system. For the coordination, the linear or quadratic programming technique is found to be the most efficient and is applied for this optimization problem. Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles cannot only charge when connected to the grid, but also discharge and thus inject power. In that way, electric vehicles may offer grid servicces to support the grid. It is not clear whether offering grid services is economic for these vehicles. A voltage controller could be easily implemented in the charger and the grid services may be enabled. Such a controller avoids large voltage deviations at the household level. The vehicles may also be matched with distributed generation units such as combined heat and power units, small-scale wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. If there is power or energy produced by these units, the batteries of the vehicle could be charged with this energy and their curtailment due to grid congestion is avoided. Charging of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles also has an impact on the electricity generation system. When the penetration level of these vehicles is high, charging during the evening peak must be avoided since not enough generation capacity is available. Therefore, the charging must be shifted in time. From the perspective of the distribution grid, the management or coordination of charging Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles allows for grid reinforcements to be postponed. On the other hand, the introduction of smart chargers or meters is inevitable for the coordination of the charging of Plug-In Hybrid electric vehicles.

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