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Brett Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Second Life for Plug-in Vehicle Batteries: Effect of Grid Energy Storage Value on Battery Lease Payments
    Transportation Research Record, 2012
    Co-Authors: Brett Williams
    Abstract:

    This research analyzes the potential reduction in battery lease payments for Plug-in electric Vehicles (PEVs) in California that incorporate the value from postVehicle, stationary provision of grid services. PEV batteries repurposed into distributed electrical storage appliances (DESAs) might provide valuable services to electricity customers, utilities, and regional grid operators alike, with improved grid operation, deferred costly upgrades, and support for the penetration and profitability of intermittent renewable energy. This research advances methods for analyzing combined vehicular and postvehicular value and uses new and increasingly sophisticated inputs, including specific PEV characterizations and value for 19 grid applications. The results showed positive but sometimes modest potential benefits. Bounding scenarios all showed reductions in battery lease payments. For the Chevy Volt-based example, which exhibited a 22% reduction in the base case, the bounding scenarios ranged from 1% to 32%. Mont...

  • Plug-in-Vehicle Battery Second Life: the Effect of Post-Vehicle, Distributed-Grid-Energy-Storage Value on Battery-Lease Payments
    Transportation Research Record, 2012
    Co-Authors: Brett Williams
    Abstract:

    This research analyzes the potential reduction in Plug-in-Vehicle (PEV) battery-lease payments that incorporation of value from post-Vehicle, stationary provision of grid services might provide in California. PEV batteries repurposed into distributed electrical storage appliances (DESAs) might provide valuable services to electricity customers, utilities, and regional grid operators alike, improving grid operation, helping to defer costly upgrades, and supporting the penetration and profitability of intermittent renewable energy. The research advances methods for analyzing combined vehicular and post-vehicular value and uses new and increasingly sophisticated inputs, including specific PEV characterizations and value for 19 grid applications. It finds positive but sometimes-modest potential benefits. Bounding scenarios all show battery-lease payment reductions. For the “Chevy Volt”-based example, which exhibited a 22% reduction in the base case, the bounding scenarios ranged from 1% to 32%. Monte Carlo analysis indicates the point estimates developed might need downward adjustment to account for uncertainty, possibly negating second-life benefit. The analysis indicates that, if valuable regulation revenues are hotly contested and provide limited impetus to DESA commercialization, value from multiple applications will be necessary to support profitability. This makes the artful combination of services a critical uncertainty. One previously identified multi-application combination related to servicing local A/C loads was examined as the base case and might be attractive. Another important uncertainty is the cost of power-conditioning requirements, which must also be optimized with specific combined load profiles and/or reduced, e.g., through coupling DESAs with local photovoltaics.

  • Plug-in-Vehicle Battery Secondary Use: Integrating Grid Energy-Storage Value
    2012
    Co-Authors: Brett Williams
    Abstract:

    1. PEV regional planning for Southern CA Assoc. of Govts (DOE/CEC funding) – Modeling/mapping PEV demand, built environ. (e.g., multi-unit dwellings, workplaces, public charging), travel destinations, etc. 2. Analysis of charging challenges for multi-unit dwellings 3. Analysis of real-world use of PEVs by households 4. Battery secondary use (V2G and B2G) Note: Symposium this year on locating, managing, and pricing charging infrastructure Project Cost ‐ $ 0.10 $ 0.15 $ 0.20 $ 0.25 $ 0.30 $

Jeremy J Michalek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • us residential charging potential for electric Vehicles
    Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2013
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Traut, Tsuwei Charlie Cherng, Chris Hendrickson, Jeremy J Michalek
    Abstract:

    We assess existing and potential charging infrastructure for Plug-in Vehicles in US households using data from the American Housing Survey and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey. We estimate that less than half of US Vehicles have reliable access to a dedicated off-street parking space at an owned residence where charging infrastructure could be installed. Specifically, while approximately 79% households have off-street parking for at least some of their Vehicles, only an estimated 56% of Vehicles have a dedicated off-street parking space – and only 47% at an owned residence. Approximately 22% Vehicles currently have access to a dedicated home parking space within reach of an outlet sufficient to recharge a small Plug-in Vehicle battery pack overnight. Access to faster charging, required for Vehicles with longer electric range, will usually require infrastructure investment ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on panel and construction requirements. We discuss sensitivity of results to uncertain factors and implications for the potential of mainstream penetration of Plug-in Vehicles.

  • Valuation of Plug-in Vehicle life-cycle air emissions and oil displacement benefits
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jeremy J Michalek, Ching Shin Norman Shiau, Paulina Jaramillo, Constantine Samaras, Mikhail Chester, Lester B. Lave
    Abstract:

    We assess the economic value of life-cycle air emissions and oil consumption from conventional Vehicles, hybrid-electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in hybrid-electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric Vehicles in the US. We find that Plug-in Vehicles may reduce or increase externality costs relative to grid-independent HEVs, depending largely on greenhouse gas and SO(2) emissions produced during Vehicle charging and battery manufacturing. However, even if future marginal damages from emissions of battery and electricity production drop dramatically, the damage reduction potential of Plug-in Vehicles remains small compared to ownership cost. As such, to offer a socially efficient approach to emissions and oil consumption reduction, lifetime cost of Plug-in Vehicles must be competitive with HEVs. Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of Plug-in Vehicles with large capacity battery packs exceed our externality estimates considerably, and taxes that optimally correct for externality damages would not close the gap in ownership cost. In contrast, HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs reduce externality damages at low (or no) additional cost over their lifetime. Although large battery packs allow Vehicles to travel longer distances using electricity instead of gasoline, large packs are more expensive, heavier, and more emissions intensive to produce, with lower utilization factors, greater charging infrastructure requirements, and life-cycle implications that are more sensitive to uncertain, time-sensitive, and location-specific factors. To reduce air emission and oil dependency impacts from passenger Vehicles, strategies to promote adoption of HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more social benefits per dollar spent.

Elizabeth J. Traut - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Assessing the Potential for Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Chicago to Offset Lack of Residential Charging
    2016
    Co-Authors: Syed Uzair Junaid, Elizabeth J. Traut
    Abstract:

    Much has been discussed about whether a sufficient level of charging infrastructure is in place to support the increasing sales of Plug-in electric Vehicles. The lack of publicly accessible charging stations for electric Vehicles may particularly discourage people from purchasing electric Vehicles if they are unable to charge an electric Vehicle at home. This study focuses on the greater Chicago metropolitan area to model scenarios of potential demand for and supply of publicly accessible charging stations, especially near homes, to assess to what extent the current public charging infrastructure can offset lack of home charging availability and where additional public charging may be needed. The authors find that the daily aggregate potential demand for public charging is in excess of the supply, distributed lognormally across the census tracts of the study area. Given certain assumptions including a 5% Plug-in Vehicle adoption rate, the authors also find that the magnitude of daily potential excess demand for public charging per census tract is not very large (median of 138 electrified miles). For public charging, supply exceeded potential demand in less than 5% of the census tracts. Sensitivity analysis shows that potential demand is heavily dependent on Plug-in Vehicle adoption rates and that supply is heavily dependent on the operating capacity reached by public charging stations. DC fast chargers contribute significantly to supply, but only if they are often in use.

  • us residential charging potential for electric Vehicles
    Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, 2013
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Traut, Tsuwei Charlie Cherng, Chris Hendrickson, Jeremy J Michalek
    Abstract:

    We assess existing and potential charging infrastructure for Plug-in Vehicles in US households using data from the American Housing Survey and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey. We estimate that less than half of US Vehicles have reliable access to a dedicated off-street parking space at an owned residence where charging infrastructure could be installed. Specifically, while approximately 79% households have off-street parking for at least some of their Vehicles, only an estimated 56% of Vehicles have a dedicated off-street parking space – and only 47% at an owned residence. Approximately 22% Vehicles currently have access to a dedicated home parking space within reach of an outlet sufficient to recharge a small Plug-in Vehicle battery pack overnight. Access to faster charging, required for Vehicles with longer electric range, will usually require infrastructure investment ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on panel and construction requirements. We discuss sensitivity of results to uncertain factors and implications for the potential of mainstream penetration of Plug-in Vehicles.

Jing Sun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Synergistic control of Plug-in Vehicle charging and wind power scheduling
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013
    Co-Authors: Chiao Ting Li, Changsun Ahn, Huei Peng, Jing Sun
    Abstract:

    Significant synergy exists between Plug-in electric Vehicles (PEVs) and wind energy: PEVs can be the demand response to mitigate the intermittent wind power outputs, and wind energy can provide low-carbon electricity to PEVs. This paper presents a hierarchical control algorithm to realize this synergy by integrating the PEV charging and wind power scheduling. The control algorithm consists of three levels: the top-level controller optimizes the scheduling for the conventional power plants and wind power; the middle-level controller plans PEV charging to achieve load following based on the battery state of charge and plug-off time of each Vehicle; the bottom-level controller uses grid electricity frequency as the feedback cue to control PEV charging and serves as the ancillary service to the grid. Numerical simulations show that the integrated controller can improve the grid frequency regulation and overall electricity generation cost without sacrificing the PEVs charging completion.

Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • SmartPark shock absorbers for wind farms
    2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Pinaki Mitra
    Abstract:

    Summary form only given. Vehicle-to-grid power transactions will be integrated in future smart grids. This letter presents the novel idea of utilizing Plug-in Vehicle parking lots (SmartParks) to reduce the shock on the transmission lines connected to a wind farm caused by drastic variations in wind-power generation and to prevent the neighboring lines from overloading. The idea is demonstrated on a power system consisting of a large wind farm and six SmartParksmodeled on a real-time simulator.

  • SmartPark Shock Absorbers for Wind Farms
    IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Pinaki Mitra
    Abstract:

    Vehicle-to-grid power transactions will be integrated in future smart grids. This letter presents the novel idea of utilizing Plug-in Vehicle parking lots (SmartParks) to reduce the shock on the transmission lines connected to a wind farm caused by drastic variations in wind-power generation and to prevent the neighboring lines from overloading. The idea is demonstrated on a power system consisting of a large wind farm and six SmartParks modeled on a real-time simulator.

  • Real-time study of a current controlled Plug-in Vehicle for Vehicle-to-grid transaction
    The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference - ECCE ASIA -, 2010
    Co-Authors: P. Mitra, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Keith A Corzine
    Abstract:

    A real-time model of a current controlled Plug-in electric Vehicle (PEV) parking lot (SmartPark) has been presented in this paper. The controller of the SmartPark is designed in such a way that the active and reactive power transaction with the grid can be controlled independently. Also, the controller limits the current going out of the Vehicle during grid faults for batter protection. The realtime modeling is carried out on a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). Initially, the performance of the controller is studied while being connected to an infinite bus. Also, twelve such parking lot models are integrated to a 12-bus power system. The dynamic performance of that system under different contingencies is presented in the paper.