The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David Thacher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Distribution of Police Protection
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2011Co-Authors: David ThacherAbstract:This paper investigates the distribution of Police Protection in the United States by race and class. By examining Police employment and demographic data for every general-service Police jurisdiction in the US, I find that poor and heavily-nonwhite jurisdictions employ far fewer officers per crime than wealthy and white jurisdictions do. That finding contrasts with an older body of literature on the distribution of Police Protection, which examined the distribution of Police resources across neighborhoods within individual cities and found little inequality. I also find that inequality in Police Protection has grown since 1970—a finding that contrasts with the increasingly equal distribution of resources for education, the other major claim on local government revenues—largely because criminal victimization became more concentrated in disadvantaged communities. (In the process, I find that contrary to widespread impressions, the crime rate fell very little in the most disadvantaged jurisdictions from 1980 to 2000, and violent crime actually increased). Finally, by examining data about federal grant programs, I find that the rise of federal contributions to local policing in the 1990s slowed the growth of inequality somewhat, suggesting that revenue-sharing has a real but modest role to play in reducing inequality in Police Protection. Together these findings highlight a neglected aspect of equality in criminal justice.
Laurel Holland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is Student Share of Net Tuition Impacted by a Growing Elderly Population? A Longitudinal, Multi-level Analysis of Student Share of Net Tuition in All 50 American States Between 1992 and 2013
Higher Education Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Adolfo Santos, W. Mark Sweatman, Laurel HollandAbstract:To understand increases in student share of net tuition for state colleges and universities, resulting from state financial decreases in support for higher education, a quantitative, longitudinal, multi-level analysis of data from all 50 states in the USA from 1992 to 2013 was examined. Five hypotheses related to (1) growth in student share of net tuition over a 22-year period, and its relationship to (2) the percent of the population 65 years of age and older, (3) state expenditures for hospitals and public health, (4) state expenditures for Police Protection and corrections, and (5) Republican political control of state legislatures, were quantitatively tested. Data were obtained from the State Higher Education Executive Officers Association (SHEEOA). Even though student share of net tuition is increasing drastically over the 22-year period, expenditures on public health, Police Protection, and corrections have no significant effect on increasing or decreasing the share of net tuition for which students are responsible. The effect of the percent of the population 65 years and older, however, has a significant impact on student share of net tuition.
Jason T. Carmichael - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Racial Residential Segregation and Social Control: A Panel Study of the Variation in Police Strength Across U.S Cities, 1980–2010
American Journal of Criminal Justice, 2014Co-Authors: Stephanie L. Kent, Jason T. CarmichaelAbstract:Despite a great deal of theoretical and empirical attention given to racial residential segregation and its influence on a number of social problems in the United States, few scholars have examined the role that this persistent form of racial inequality plays in shaping the magnitude of formal social control efforts. Our study examines this relationship by assessing the potential influence that the isolation of minorities may have on efforts to control crime in urban centers across the United States. Using a pooled time-series regression technique well suited for the analysis of aggregate, longitudinal data, we assess the potential influence of racial segregation on the size of municipal Police departments in 170 U.S. cities between 1980 and 2010. After accounting for minority group size, economic threat, crime, and disorganization, we find that racial residential segregation has a significant non-linear effect on Police force size. Cities with the most racially integrated populations have the smallest Police presence but at very high levels of segregation, Police strength levels off. This finding is consistent with expectations derived from the contact hypothesis. Under such conditions, majority group members appear to be less inclined to demand greater crime control measures such as increased Police Protection. Period interactions with residential segregation also suggest that this relationship has grown stronger in each decade since 1980. Overall, our study provides strong support for threat theories and the contact hypothesis but offers necessary refinements.
Gudmundur F. Ulfarsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does `Smart Growth' Matter to Public Finance?
Urban Studies, 2008Co-Authors: John I. Carruthers, Gudmundur F. UlfarssonAbstract:This paper addresses four fundamental questions about the relationship between `smart growth', a fiscally motivated anti-sprawl policy movement, and public finance. Do low-density, spatially extensive land use patterns cost more to support? If so, how large an influence does sprawl actually have? How does the influence differ among types of spending? And, how does it compare with the influence of other relevant factors? The analysis, which is based on the entire continental US and uses a series of spatial econometric models to evaluate one aggregate (total direct) and nine disaggregate (education, fire Protection, housing and community development, libraries, parks and recreation, Police Protection, roadways, sewerage, and solid waste disposal) measures of spending, provides the most detailed evidence to date of how sprawl affects the vast sum of revenue that local governments spend every year.
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urban sprawl and the cost of public services
Environment and Planning B-planning & Design, 2003Co-Authors: John I. Carruthers, Gudmundur F. UlfarssonAbstract:One of the principle criticisms of urban sprawl is that it undermines the cost-effective provision of public services. In this paper the authors examine whether or not this is true through an exploratory analysis of the influence that alternative development patterns have on twelve measures of public expenditure: total direct, capital facilities, roadways, other transportation, sewerage, trash collection, housing and community development, Police Protection, fire Protection, parks, education, and libraries. The objectives of the analysis are threefold. First, the authors, through a background discussion, provide a brief overview of previous research on the relationship between urban development patterns and the cost of public services. Second, through empirical analysis, they examine how the character of urban development affects per capita public outlays in a cross-section of 283 metropolitan counties during the 1982 - 92 time period. A separate equation is estimated for each measure of expenditure, providing substantive evidence on how density, the spatial extent of urbanized land area, property value, and political fragmentation affect the cost of services. Finally, the authors use the results of the empirical analysis to develop a set of policy recommendations and directions for future research.
Mark A Delucchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Summary of Theory, Data, Methods, and Results: Report #1 in the Series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, Based on 1990-1991 Data
2004Co-Authors: Mark A DelucchiAbstract:This report is the first in a series of 20 that attempt to document the social cost of motor-vehicle use in the United States. The author suggests that beyond the hundreds of billions of dollars American drivers spend on vehicles, maintenance, fuel, tires, insurance, parking, tolls, registration and other items, there are a number of other costs to society. Those costs are bundled in the prices of non-transportation goods and services, such as “free” parking at a shopping mall, the costs of Police Protection, the judicial and legal system, the prison system, the Protection of oil supplies, etc. In addition, there are the social costs of air pollution, pain and suffering due to accidents, and travel time. In the summary of costs of motor-vehicle use he provides a low and high cost, as well as low and high percentage of total for six categories.
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THE ANNUALIZED SOCIAL COST OF MOTOR-VEHICLE USE IN THE U. S., 1990-1991: SUMMARY OF THEORY, DATA, METHODS, AND RESULTS Report #1 in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, based on 1990-1991 Data
1998Co-Authors: Mark A DelucchiAbstract:Author(s): Delucchi, Mark A. | Abstract: This report is the first in a series of 20 that attempt to document the social cost of motor-vehicle use in the United States. The author suggests that beyond the hundreds of billions of dollars American drivers spend on vehicles, maintenance, fuel, tires, insurance, parking, tolls, registration and other items, there are a number of other costs to society. Those costs are bundled in the prices of non-transportation goods and services, such as “free” parking at a shopping mall, the costs of Police Protection, the judicial and legal system, the prison system, the Protection of oil supplies, etc. In addition, there are the social costs of air pollution, pain and suffering due to accidents, and travel time. In the summary of costs of motor-vehicle use he provides a low and high cost, as well as low and high percentage of total for six categories.