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Bruce Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON Pollinator-DRIVEN SPECIATION Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
2014Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:†BackgroundandAims Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator ( Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. †Methods We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range byProsoecalongipennis, a longproboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. †Key Results Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated byP.longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. †Conclusions Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
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Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
Annals of Botany, 2013Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator (Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. METHODS: We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range by Prosoeca longipennis, a long-proboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. KEY RESULTS: Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated by P. longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. CONCLUSIONS: Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
Montserrat Vila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of the honeybee and trait similarity on the effect of a non native plant on pollination and network rewiring
Functional Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Ana Monterocastano, Montserrat VilaAbstract:Summary Introduced entomophilous non-native plants usually become well integrated into the diet of generalist Pollinators. This integration can affect the entire recipient plant-Pollinator network. Effects vary from facilitative to competitive, and understanding the factors that govern such variability is one of the fundamental goals in invasion ecology. Species traits determine the linking patterns between plant and Pollinator species. Therefore, trait similarity among plants or among Pollinators might modulate how they affect each other. We conducted a flower removal experiment to investigate the effects of the non-native entomophilous legume Hedysarum coronarium on the pollination patterns of a Mediterranean shrubland plant-Pollinator network. Specifically, we explored whether effects were influenced by similarity with the resident plant species in flower morphology (papilionate vs. non-papilionate), and whether effects on the Pollinator community were influenced by similarity in functional group with its main visitor species (bees vs. non-bees). In addition, we explored whether Hedysarum had an effect on the identity of interactions. For this purpose, we calculated the interaction rewiring; i.e., the number of plant-Pollinator interactions that were gained or lost after invasion. Hedysarum was well integrated into the diet of 15 generalist Pollinators having the honeybee as its main visitor species. Such integration did not affect visitation rates, normalized degree (i.e., proportion of Pollinators they are visited by) and niche overlap (i.e., proportion of plant species they share Pollinators with) of plants, irrespective of their flower morphology. Only the proportion of honeybee visits to resident plants decreased with invasion. On the other hand, Hedysarum reduced visitation rates and niche overlap of Pollinators, mainly those of bee species. Finally, we observed that changes in the foraging behaviour of the honeybee were positively associated with the interaction rewiring involving the rest (92 taxa) of Pollinators. In conclusion, Pollinators show a plastic use of floral resources, responding to the presence of non-native plants. When the non-native attracts highly competitive Pollinators such as the honeybee, plasticity is especially significant in Pollinators that are functionally close to that competitive Pollinator. The result is an interaction rewiring due to Pollinators avoiding competition with the honeybee. Though this plasticity might not quantitatively affect the pollination of plants, consequences on their reproduction and the functioning of the network can derive from the interaction rewiring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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impact of landscape alteration and invasions on Pollinators a meta analysis
Journal of Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Ana Monterocastano, Montserrat VilaAbstract:Summary 1. Alterations in land use and biological invasions are two major components of global change that threaten biodiversity. There is high concern about their impact on Pollinators and the pollination services they provide. However, the growing literature shows different, even contradictory results. 2. We present a global meta-analysis of 58 publications reporting 143 studies (37 on landscape alteration and 21 on biological invasions) to assess the extent to which these components affect Pollinators, and whether taxonomic and ecosystem-type differences in Pollinator responses occur. We also quantified which component of landscape alteration had the largest effect on Pollinators and assessed whether animal invasions differ from plant invasions in their effect on native Pollinators. 3. Habitat alteration and invasions affected Pollinators to the same magnitude by decreasing visitation rates. Vertebrates in altered landscapes and insects (excluding bees) in invaded areas were the most affected Pollinator taxa. 4. Pollinator abundance was more reduced in altered forest ecosystems than in altered grasslands; while the reverse pattern was found for Pollinator richness. However, the response of Pollinators to invasions was independent of ecosystem type. 5. Disturbance of the surrounding matrix was more important in decreasing Pollinator visitation rates than fragment size. 6. Invasive animals seemed to have a more consistent negative effect on visitation rates than invasive plants. 7. Synthesis. Our study highlights that different components of global change have similar negative outcomes on pollination patterns, but that responses of Pollinators vary among taxa and ecosystem types, as well as the attributes of landscape alteration considered and whether the invader is an animal or a plant.
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Impact of landscape alteration and invasions on Pollinators: a meta‐analysis
Journal of Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Ana Montero-castaño, Montserrat VilaAbstract:Summary 1. Alterations in land use and biological invasions are two major components of global change that threaten biodiversity. There is high concern about their impact on Pollinators and the pollination services they provide. However, the growing literature shows different, even contradictory results. 2. We present a global meta-analysis of 58 publications reporting 143 studies (37 on landscape alteration and 21 on biological invasions) to assess the extent to which these components affect Pollinators, and whether taxonomic and ecosystem-type differences in Pollinator responses occur. We also quantified which component of landscape alteration had the largest effect on Pollinators and assessed whether animal invasions differ from plant invasions in their effect on native Pollinators. 3. Habitat alteration and invasions affected Pollinators to the same magnitude by decreasing visitation rates. Vertebrates in altered landscapes and insects (excluding bees) in invaded areas were the most affected Pollinator taxa. 4. Pollinator abundance was more reduced in altered forest ecosystems than in altered grasslands; while the reverse pattern was found for Pollinator richness. However, the response of Pollinators to invasions was independent of ecosystem type. 5. Disturbance of the surrounding matrix was more important in decreasing Pollinator visitation rates than fragment size. 6. Invasive animals seemed to have a more consistent negative effect on visitation rates than invasive plants. 7. Synthesis. Our study highlights that different components of global change have similar negative outcomes on pollination patterns, but that responses of Pollinators vary among taxa and ecosystem types, as well as the attributes of landscape alteration considered and whether the invader is an animal or a plant.
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Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-Pollinator networks.
Oecologia, 2008Co-Authors: Ignasi Bartomeus, Montserrat Vila, Luis SantamaríaAbstract:The structural organization of mutualism networks, typified by interspecific positive interactions, is important to maintain community diversity. However, there is little information available about the effect of introduced species on the structure of such networks. We compared uninvaded and invaded ecological communities, to examine how two species of invasive plants with large and showy flowers (Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis and Opuntia stricta) affect the structure of Mediterranean plant-Pollinator networks. To attribute differences in pollination to the direct presence of the invasive species, areas were surveyed that contained similar native plant species cover, diversity and floral composition, with or without the invaders. Both invasive plant species received significantly more Pollinator visits than any native species and invaders interacted strongly with Pollinators. Overall, the Pollinator community richness was similar in invaded and uninvaded plots, and only a few generalist Pollinators visited invasive species exclusively. Invasive plants acted as pollination super generalists. The two species studied were visited by 43% and 31% of the total insect taxa in the community, respectively, suggesting they play a central role in the plant-Pollinator networks. Carpobrotus and Opuntia had contrasting effects on Pollinator visitation rates to native plants: Carpobrotus facilitated the visit of Pollinators to native species, whereas Opuntia competed for Pollinators with native species, increasing the nestedness of the plant-Pollinator network. These results indicate that the introduction of a new species to a community can have important consequences for the structure of the plant-Pollinator network.
Ethan Newman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON Pollinator-DRIVEN SPECIATION Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
2014Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:†BackgroundandAims Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator ( Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. †Methods We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range byProsoecalongipennis, a longproboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. †Key Results Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated byP.longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. †Conclusions Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
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Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
Annals of Botany, 2013Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator (Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. METHODS: We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range by Prosoeca longipennis, a long-proboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. KEY RESULTS: Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated by P. longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. CONCLUSIONS: Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
John C. Manning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON Pollinator-DRIVEN SPECIATION Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
2014Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:†BackgroundandAims Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator ( Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. †Methods We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range byProsoecalongipennis, a longproboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. †Key Results Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated byP.longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. †Conclusions Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
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Matching floral and Pollinator traits through guild convergence and Pollinator ecotype formation
Annals of Botany, 2013Co-Authors: Ethan Newman, John C. Manning, Bruce AndersonAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pollinator landscapes, as determined by Pollinator morphology/behaviour, can vary inter- or intraspecifically, imposing divergent selective pressures and leading to geographically divergent floral ecotypes. Assemblages of plants pollinated by the same Pollinator (Pollinator guilds) should exhibit convergence of floral traits because they are exposed to similar selective pressures. Both convergence and the formation of pollination ecotypes should lead to matching of traits among plants and their Pollinators. METHODS: We examined 17 floral guild members pollinated in all or part of their range by Prosoeca longipennis, a long-proboscid fly with geographic variation in tongue length. Attractive floral traits such as colour, and nectar properties were recorded in populations across the range of each species. The length of floral reproductive parts, a mechanical fit trait, was recorded in each population to assess possible correlation with the mouthparts of the local Pollinator. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether Pollinators or abiotic factors provided the best explanation for variation in floral traits, and Pollinator shifts were recorded in extralimital guild member populations. KEY RESULTS: Nine of the 17 species were visited by alternative Pollinator species in other parts of their ranges, and these displayed differences in mechanical fit and attractive traits, suggesting putative pollination ecotypes. Plants pollinated by P. longipennis were similar in colour throughout the Pollinator range. Tube length of floral guild members co-varied with the proboscis length of P. longipennis. CONCLUSIONS: Pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent Pollinator ecotypes across the ranges of several guild members. However, within sites, unrelated plants pollinated by P. longipennis are similar in the length of their floral parts, most probably as a result of convergent evolution in response to Pollinator morphology. Both of these lines of evidence suggest that Pollinators play an important role in selecting for certain floral traits.
Jaco M. Greeff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular phylogeny of fig wasp Pollinators (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) of Ficus section Galoglychia
Zoologica Scripta, 2007Co-Authors: J. Christoff Erasmus, Simon Van Noort, Emmanuelle Jousselin, Jaco M. GreeffAbstract:The obligate mutualism between fig trees and their fig wasp Pollinators, together with the general tendency for each host species to be pollinated by one fig wasp species, led to the hypothesis that these two lineages have cospeciated. The Pollinators of African figs of section Galoglychia form a diverse group of genera whose species seem to be less constrained to a specific host than other pollinating fig wasp genera. Various authors have suggested remarkably different phylogenetic relationships between the seven genera associated with section Galoglychia. These uncertainties concerning the classification make it difficult to understand the historical patterns of association between these wasps and their hosts. The phylogenetic tree for the Pollinators was reconstructed with 28S, COI and ITS2 DNA sequence data and compared with morphological classification of the hosts. Pollinator genera were monophyletic in all analyses. However, the relative position of some genera remains unresolved. Investigation of host−fig association suggests that there have been frequent host jumps between host subsections. This indicates that cospeciation between fig trees and fig wasps is not as stringent as previously assumed. In addition, Pollinators of the genus Alfonsiella associated with three host figs (Ficus craterostoma, F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii) are morphologically very similar in South Africa. We investigated the possibility that these Pollinators form a complex of species with host-based genetic differentiation. Molecular analyses supported the distinction of the Pollinator of F. craterostoma as a good species, but the Pollinators of F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii clustered within the same clade, suggesting that these two host species share a single Pollinator, Alfonsiella binghami. Based on both molecular data and morphological re-evaluation, a new Alfonsiella species is described, Alfonsiella pipithiensis sp. nov., which is the Pollinator of F. craterostoma in southern Africa. A key to both females and males of all described species of Alfonsiella is provided.
