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Anthony D Fox - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers
    Avian Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, Willem F. De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 cm below the surface). Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers 06 Biological Sciences 0602 Ecology
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Background: Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Methods: Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 cm below the surface). Results: Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Conclusions: Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

Yan Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers
    Avian Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, Willem F. De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 cm below the surface). Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers 06 Biological Sciences 0602 Ecology
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Background: Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Methods: Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 cm below the surface). Results: Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Conclusions: Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

Lei Cao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers
    Avian Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, Willem F. De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 cm below the surface). Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers 06 Biological Sciences 0602 Ecology
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Background: Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Methods: Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 cm below the surface). Results: Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Conclusions: Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

Yong Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers
    Avian Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, Willem F. De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 cm below the surface). Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

  • Wintering Swan Geese maximize energy intake through substrate foraging depth when feeding on buried Vallisneria natans tubers 06 Biological Sciences 0602 Ecology
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Chen, Yong Zhang, Lei Cao, De Boer, Anthony D Fox
    Abstract:

    Background: Foraging theory predicts that animals select patches that offer the highest net rate of energy gain. Hence, prey distribution patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity play important roles in determining animal feeding patch selection. For waterfowl foraging on buried aquatic plant tubers, the distribution and biomass of these plant organs vary with depth in the substrate. Since excavation costs also increase with depth, the energy intake of the animals foraging on these plants is highly sediment depth dependent. Methods: Here, using observations of Swan Geese (Anser cygnoides) foraging on Vallisneria natans tubers, we test our hypothesis that geese feeding on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depth maximize their daily energy intake because of the interaction between tuber size and abundance with depth. To do this, we measured the distribution patterns of buried Vallisneria tubers under both undisturbed conditions and Post-Exploitation by geese (i.e. giving-up conditions). We investigated the relationship between tuber size and burial depth, and total tuber biomass within each sediment layer in undisturbed and exploited plots. Finally, we compared modelled Swan Goose daily energy intake feeding on Vallisneria tubers buried at different sediment layers (1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 cm below the surface). Results: Dry weight of Vallisneria tubers linearly increased with burial depth, while average total dry weight density of tubers showed a unimodal relationship, peaking at intermediate levels. Not surprisingly, Swan Geese foraged most intensively on tubers buried at intermediate sediment depths, where they maximize their daily energy intake. Our results support our hypothesis that Swan Geese feeding on tubers at intermediate depths maximize their daily energy intake. Conclusions: Our study is the first to quantify foraging strategies of Swan Geese during the wintering period, emphasizing the importance of plant traits on foraging selection of belowground foragers.

Keski-korsu P. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Automated port scanning and security testing on a single network host
    University of Oulu, 2016
    Co-Authors: Keski-korsu P.
    Abstract:

    Abstract Black-box security testing is divided into five phases: reconnaissance, scanning, Exploitation, Post Exploitation and reporting. There are many tools and methods to perform security testing in the Exploitation and Post-Exploitation phases. Therefore, the first two steps are crucial to execute properly to narrow down different options to do security testing. In the scanning phase, the penetration tester’s goal is to gather as much information as possible from the system under test. One task is to discover open network ports and used network protocols. Nmap is a port scanning tool to check network port states and what network protocols target host supports. Nmap’s different port scanning techniques should be used to obtain comprehensive results of port states. The results from different scanning techniques have to be combined so that port state assignments have to be allocated to trusted and untrusted assignments. After port scanning has been executed, the actual software security testing can begin. This testing can be automated to begin right after port scanning. Automated tests are started of services that run behind open ports that have been discovered in port scanning. The Nmap scripting engine also has a module to execute general scripts to gather more information on the system under test. Another tool, Nikto, is implemented to test services that use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Port scanning and automated testing is time consuming, when scanning and testing is executed comprehensively. Sometimes it is crucial to obtain results in a short time, so there should be options on broadness of scanning and testing. Comprehensive scanning and testing may produce large amounts of scattered information so reporting of the results should be brief and clear to help penetration tester’s work. The performance of the scanning and testing implementation is evaluated by testing a single network host and flexibility is validated by running the scanning and testing on other network hosts.Yksittäisen verkkolaitteen automatisoitu porttiskannaus ja tietoturvatestaus Tiivistelmä Black-box-tietoturvatestaus on jaettu viiteen vaiheeseen: tiedustelu, skannaus, hyödyntäminen, hyödyntämisen jälkeiset toimet ja raportointi. On olemassa paljon työkaluja ja metodeja tietoturvatestauksen tekemiseen hyödyntämisvaiheessa ja hyödyntämisen jälkeisissä toimissa. Tämän vuoksi kaksi ensimmäistä vaihetta on tärkeä suorittaa huolellisesti, jotta eri tietoturvatestausvaihtoehtoja voidaan vähentää. Skannausvaiheessa tietoturvatestaajan päämäärä on kerätä mahdollisimman paljon tietoa testikohteesta. Yksi tehtävä tässä vaiheessa on löytää avoimia verkkoportteja ja käytettyjä IP-protokollia. Nmap on porttiskannaustyökalu, jonka avulla voidaan selvittää verkkoporttien tilat sekä käytetyt verkkoprotokollat. Nmap sisältää erilaisia porttiskannaustekniikoita, joita tulee käyttää kattavien skannaustulosten saamiseksi. Eri skannaustekniikoista pitää yhdistellä tuloksia, joten skannaustekniikoiden antamat luokitukset tulee jakaa luotettaviin ja ei-luotettaviin tuloksiin. Kun porttiskannaus on suoritettu, varsinainen tietoturvatestaus voi alkaa. Testauksen voi automatisoida alkamaan heti porttiskannauksen jälkeen. Automaatiotestit ajetaan palveluihin, jotka toimivat avoimien porttien takana. Avoimet portit on tutkittu porttiskannausvaiheessa. Nmapin skriptityökalu sisältää myös moduulin, joka suorittaa yleisiä testejä testikohteeseen, millä saadaan lisätietoa testattavasta kohteesta. Toinen testaustyökalu, Nikto, on implementoitu testaamaan palveluja, jotka käyttävät Hypertext Transfer Protokollaa (HTTP). Porttiskannaus ja automatisoitu tietoturvatestaus vie aikaa, kun skannaus ja testaus suoritetaan kokonaisvaltaisesti. Joskus on kuitenkin tärkeää saada tuloksia lyhyessä ajassa, joten testaajalla tulisi olla eri laajuisia skannaus- ja testausvaihtoehtoja. Kokonaisvaltainen skannaus ja testaus voi tuottaa suuren määrän hajallaan olevaa tietoa, joten tulokset pitää raportoida lyhyesti ja selkeästi, jotta penetraatiotestaajan työ helpottuu. Skannaus- ja testausohjelman toimintakyky arvioidaan skannaamalla yksittäinen verkkolaite ja joustavuus muihin ympäristöihin varmistetaan skannaamalla ja testaamalla useampi verkkolaite

  • Automated port scanning and security testing on a single network host
    University of Oulu, 2016
    Co-Authors: Keski-korsu P.
    Abstract:

    Black-box security testing is divided into five phases: reconnaissance, scanning, Exploitation, Post Exploitation and reporting. There are many tools and methods to perform security testing in the Exploitation and Post-Exploitation phases. Therefore, the first two steps are crucial to execute properly to narrow down different options to do security testing. In the scanning phase, the penetration tester’s goal is to gather as much information as possible from the system under test. One task is to discover open network ports and used network protocols. Nmap is a port scanning tool to check network port states and what network protocols target host supports. Nmap’s different port scanning techniques should be used to obtain comprehensive results of port states. The results from different scanning techniques have to be combined so that port state assignments have to be allocated to trusted and untrusted assignments. After port scanning has been executed, the actual software security testing can begin. This testing can be automated to begin right after port scanning. Automated tests are started of services that run behind open ports that have been discovered in port scanning. The Nmap scripting engine also has a module to execute general scripts to gather more information on the system under test. Another tool, Nikto, is implemented to test services that use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Port scanning and automated testing is time consuming, when scanning and testing is executed comprehensively. Sometimes it is crucial to obtain results in a short time, so there should be options on broadness of scanning and testing. Comprehensive scanning and testing may produce large amounts of scattered information so reporting of the results should be brief and clear to help penetration tester’s work. The performance of the scanning and testing implementation is evaluated by testing a single network host and flexibility is validated by running the scanning and testing on other network hosts.Black-box-tietoturvatestaus on jaettu viiteen vaiheeseen: tiedustelu, skannaus, hyödyntäminen, hyödyntämisen jälkeiset toimet ja raportointi. On olemassa paljon työkaluja ja metodeja tietoturvatestauksen tekemiseen hyödyntämisvaiheessa ja hyödyntämisen jälkeisissä toimissa. Tämän vuoksi kaksi ensimmäistä vaihetta on tärkeä suorittaa huolellisesti, jotta eri tietoturvatestausvaihtoehtoja voidaan vähentää. Skannausvaiheessa tietoturvatestaajan päämäärä on kerätä mahdollisimman paljon tietoa testikohteesta. Yksi tehtävä tässä vaiheessa on löytää avoimia verkkoportteja ja käytettyjä IP-protokollia. Nmap on porttiskannaustyökalu, jonka avulla voidaan selvittää verkkoporttien tilat sekä käytetyt verkkoprotokollat. Nmap sisältää erilaisia porttiskannaustekniikoita, joita tulee käyttää kattavien skannaustulosten saamiseksi. Eri skannaustekniikoista pitää yhdistellä tuloksia, joten skannaustekniikoiden antamat luokitukset tulee jakaa luotettaviin ja ei-luotettaviin tuloksiin. Kun porttiskannaus on suoritettu, varsinainen tietoturvatestaus voi alkaa. Testauksen voi automatisoida alkamaan heti porttiskannauksen jälkeen. Automaatiotestit ajetaan palveluihin, jotka toimivat avoimien porttien takana. Avoimet portit on tutkittu porttiskannausvaiheessa. Nmapin skriptityökalu sisältää myös moduulin, joka suorittaa yleisiä testejä testikohteeseen, millä saadaan lisätietoa testattavasta kohteesta. Toinen testaustyökalu, Nikto, on implementoitu testaamaan palveluja, jotka käyttävät Hypertext Transfer Protokollaa (HTTP). Porttiskannaus ja automatisoitu tietoturvatestaus vie aikaa, kun skannaus ja testaus suoritetaan kokonaisvaltaisesti. Joskus on kuitenkin tärkeää saada tuloksia lyhyessä ajassa, joten testaajalla tulisi olla eri laajuisia skannaus- ja testausvaihtoehtoja. Kokonaisvaltainen skannaus ja testaus voi tuottaa suuren määrän hajallaan olevaa tietoa, joten tulokset pitää raportoida lyhyesti ja selkeästi, jotta penetraatiotestaajan työ helpottuu. Skannaus- ja testausohjelman toimintakyky arvioidaan skannaamalla yksittäinen verkkolaite ja joustavuus muihin ympäristöihin varmistetaan skannaamalla ja testaamalla useampi verkkolaite