The Experts below are selected from a list of 582 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Gerald Litwack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Hormones, 2015
    Co-Authors: Anthony W. Norman, Gerald Litwack
    Abstract:

    This chapter discusses Posterior Pituitary hormone. Two important Hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary in both males and females. These are vasopressin (VP), the antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin (OT), which in females acts as the milk ejection factor. Both are non-apeptides, closely related in structure and apparently derived from the same ancestral gene. The primary recognized function of VP is to stimulate reabsorption of water from the distal tubular kidney. The release of VP is generated by the need to maintain the blood osmolarity of plasma within strict limits (homeostasis), especially with reference to increased Na + concentrations in blood produced by ingestion of NaCl. VP secretion is also increased when blood volume or blood pressure is decreased. VP synthesis in the hypothalamus appear to be close to the osmoreceptor sites that sense changes in electrolyte (solute) concentrations in the circulation and signal release of the hormone from the neuronal terminals in the Posterior Pituitary. The osmoreceptor is close to the thirst center in the hypothalamus and also interacts with the rennin–angiotensin system. In females, OT plays a major role in milk letdown for nourishing the suckling infant.

  • chapter 4 Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Hormones (Second Edition), 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony W. Norman, Gerald Litwack
    Abstract:

    This chapter provides an overview of the Posterior Pituitary Hormones. Two important Hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary in both males and females. These are vasopressin (VP), the antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin (OT), which in females acts as the milk ejection factor. Both are nonapeptides, closely related in structure, and apparently derived from the same ancestral gene. Although neuronal cells that produce OT and VP share the same locations in the brain, OT neurons predominate in one region while VP neurons predominate in another. Also, OT and VP are the secretions of separate neurons. OT and VP are transported to the nerve ending of a specific neuron, stored there, and released upon appropriate differential stimulation. The nerve endings that store these secretions are located in the Posterior Pituitary. The chapter discusses in detail about structures of active and substituted Posterior Pituitary Hormones. Formation and neurosecretion of Posterior Pituitary Hormones is also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on clinical aspects of Posterior Pituitary Hormones.

Daniel G. Bichet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Endocrinology, 2026
    Co-Authors: Daniel G. Bichet
    Abstract:

    The hypothalamus (Fig. 1) embodies a group of nuclei that form the floor and ventrolateral walls of the triangular-shaped third ventricle. A thin membrane called the lamina terminalis forms the anterior wall of this compartment and contains osmoreceptor cells in a structure known as the organum vasculosum. The subfornical organ (SFO) also contains osmoreceptors. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the SFO, and the Pituitary gland lack a blood-brain barrier. The supraoptic nucleus lies just dorsal to the optic chiasm and approx 2 mm from the third ventricle. The para-ventricular nucleus lies closer to the thalamus in the suprachiasmatic portion of the hypothalamus, but it borders on the third ventricular space. These well-defined nuclei contain the majority of the large neuroendocrine cell bodies, known as the magnocellular or neurosecretory cells, that manufacture arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT). The neurohypophysis consists of (1) a set of hypothalamic nuclei, the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, which house the pericarya of the magnocellular neurons; (2) the axonal processes of the magnocellular neurons that form the supraoptical hypophyseal tract; and, (3) the neurosecretory material of these neurons, which is carried on to the Posterior Pituitary gland (Fig. 1).

Anthony W. Norman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Hormones, 2015
    Co-Authors: Anthony W. Norman, Gerald Litwack
    Abstract:

    This chapter discusses Posterior Pituitary hormone. Two important Hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary in both males and females. These are vasopressin (VP), the antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin (OT), which in females acts as the milk ejection factor. Both are non-apeptides, closely related in structure and apparently derived from the same ancestral gene. The primary recognized function of VP is to stimulate reabsorption of water from the distal tubular kidney. The release of VP is generated by the need to maintain the blood osmolarity of plasma within strict limits (homeostasis), especially with reference to increased Na + concentrations in blood produced by ingestion of NaCl. VP secretion is also increased when blood volume or blood pressure is decreased. VP synthesis in the hypothalamus appear to be close to the osmoreceptor sites that sense changes in electrolyte (solute) concentrations in the circulation and signal release of the hormone from the neuronal terminals in the Posterior Pituitary. The osmoreceptor is close to the thirst center in the hypothalamus and also interacts with the rennin–angiotensin system. In females, OT plays a major role in milk letdown for nourishing the suckling infant.

  • chapter 4 Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Hormones (Second Edition), 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony W. Norman, Gerald Litwack
    Abstract:

    This chapter provides an overview of the Posterior Pituitary Hormones. Two important Hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary in both males and females. These are vasopressin (VP), the antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin (OT), which in females acts as the milk ejection factor. Both are nonapeptides, closely related in structure, and apparently derived from the same ancestral gene. Although neuronal cells that produce OT and VP share the same locations in the brain, OT neurons predominate in one region while VP neurons predominate in another. Also, OT and VP are the secretions of separate neurons. OT and VP are transported to the nerve ending of a specific neuron, stored there, and released upon appropriate differential stimulation. The nerve endings that store these secretions are located in the Posterior Pituitary. The chapter discusses in detail about structures of active and substituted Posterior Pituitary Hormones. Formation and neurosecretion of Posterior Pituitary Hormones is also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on clinical aspects of Posterior Pituitary Hormones.

Terence M Farrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • vasotocin receptor blockade disrupts maternal care of offspring in a viviparous snake sistrurus miliarius
    Biology Open, 2017
    Co-Authors: Craig M Lind, Nikolette K Birky, Anita M Porth, Terence M Farrell
    Abstract:

    Parental care is a complex social behavior that is widespread among vertebrates. The neuroendocrine regulation of parent-offspring social behavior has been well-described in mammals, and, to a lesser extent, birds and fish. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms that mediate the expression of care behaviors in squamate reptiles. In mammalian model species and humans, Posterior Pituitary Hormones of the oxytocin and vasopressin families mediate parental care behaviors. To test the hypothesis that the regulatory role of Posterior Pituitary neuropeptides is conserved in a viviparous squamate reptile, we pharmacologically blocked the vasotocin receptor in postparturient pigmy rattlesnakes, Sistrurus miliarius , and monitored the spatial relationship between mothers and offspring relative to controls. Mothers in the control group demonstrated spatial aggregation with offspring, with mothers having greater postparturient energy stores aggregating more closely with their offspring. Blockade of vasotocin receptors eliminated evidence of spatial aggregation between mothers and offspring and eliminated the relationship between maternal energetic status and spatial aggregation. Our results are the first to implicate Posterior Pituitary neuropeptides in the regulation of maternal behavior in a squamate reptile and are consistent with the hypothesis that the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying social behaviors are broadly conserved among vertebrates.

Cock Th M Van Duin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • feed intake and rumen motility in dwarf goats effects of some α adrenergic agonists prostaglandins and Posterior Pituitary Hormones
    Veterinary Research Communications, 1991
    Co-Authors: A. S. J. P. A. M. Miert, Cock Th M Van Duin
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that drug-induced changes in rumen contractions influence feed intake in dwarf goats. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of clonidine (1 μg kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), xylazine (1 μg kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), and PGF-2α (10 μg kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) caused bradycardia and inhibition of rumen contractions. However, no appetite-stimulating effect of these drugs was observed. Other clinical changes induced by the α2-adrenergic agonists included slight sedation and a decrease in body temperature; all clinical effects of clonidine and xylazine were partly antagonized by tolazoline pretreatment (10 μg kg-1 min-1 for 30 min). These results suggest that the CNS control of feeding differs in ruminants and monogastric species.