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Bosoon Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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line scan hyperspectral imaging system for real time inspection of Poultry Carcasses with fecal material and ingesta
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2011Co-Authors: Seung Chul Yoon, Kurt C. Lawrence, Bosoon Park, William R. Windham, Gerald W. HeitschmidtAbstract:In Poultry processing plants, fecal material and ingesta are the primary source of carcass contamination with microbial pathogens. The current practice of the Poultry inspection in the United States is primarily human visual observations. Since the visual inspection is becoming more challenging in Poultry processing plants adopting high-speed lines, a rapid sorting system could significantly improve the detection and monitoring of Carcasses with surface fecal material and ingesta. As a result, we developed a prototype line-scan hyperspectral imaging system configured as a real-time multispectral imaging subsystem for online detection of surface fecal material and ingesta. Specifically, we integrated a commercially available off-the-shelf hyperspectral image camera into the system with two line lights and a custom software program for real-time multispectral imaging. The bottleneck of the imaging system was the data acquisition. For that reason, a multithreaded software architecture was designed and implemented not only to meet the application requirements such as speed and detection accuracy, but also to be customizable to different imaging applications such as systemic disease detection in the future. The image acquisition and processing speed tests confirmed the system could operate to scan Poultry Carcasses in commercial Poultry processing plants. The fecal detection algorithm was based on the previous research using different hyperspectral imaging systems. A new carcass detection and image formation algorithm was developed to allow existing image processing and detection algorithms reusable without any modifications. Sixteen chicken Carcasses and four different types of fecal and ingesta samples were used in a study to test the imaging system at two different speeds (140 birds per minute and 180 birds per minute) in a pilot-scale Poultry processing facility. The study found that the system could grab and process three waveband images of Carcasses moving up to 180 birds per minute (a line-scan rate 286Hz) and detect fecal material and ingesta on their surfaces. The detection accuracy of the system varied between 89% and 98% with minimum false positive errors (less than 1%), depending on tested detection algorithms. Therefore, these findings provide the basis of not only a commercially viable imaging platform for fecal detection but also a single Poultry inspection system for multiple tasks such as systemic disease detection and quality sorting.
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Improved Hyperspectral Imaging System for Fecal Detection on Poultry Carcasses
Transactions of the ASABE, 2007Co-Authors: Gerald W. Heitschmidt, Kurt C. Lawrence, Bosoon Park, William R. Windham, D. P. SmithAbstract:The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has developed a hyperspectral imaging system to detect fecal contaminants on Poultry Carcasses. The system measures the intensity of reflected light energy from about 400 nm to 1000 nm and has been used as a research tool to identify key wavelengths for detecting contaminants. Selected wavelengths are to be used in a real-time multispectral system for contaminant detection. The ARS has reported that the ratio of reflectance images at 565 nm and 517 nm was able to identify fecal contaminants. However, this ratio alone also misclassified numerous non-fecal carcass features (false positives). Recent modifications to the system, including improved lighting, a new camera, a new spectrograph, and a new algorithm with an additional wavelength, have increased fecal detection accuracy while reducing the number of false positives. The new system was used to collect hyperspectral data on 56 stationary Poultry Carcasses. Carcasses were contaminated with both large and small spots of feces from the duodenum, ceca, and colon, and ingesta from the crop. A total of 1030 contaminants were applied to the Carcasses. The new system and algorithm correctly identified over 99% of the contaminants with only 25 false positives. About a quarter of the Carcasses had at least one false positive pixel.
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Statistical Model-Based Thresholding of Multispectral Images for Contaminant Detection on Poultry Carcasses
Transactions of the ASABE, 2007Co-Authors: Seung Chul Yoon, Bosoon Park, K. C. Lawrence, W. R. WindhamAbstract:Developing an algorithm to decide the presence or absence of fecal contamination on the surface of Poultry Carcasses is critical to food safety. The global threshold strategy for a band-ratio algorithm has been known to be limited to pixel-basis detection. In an attempt to develop a statistical decision rule for carcass-basis detection from multispectral images, probability density functions of both contaminated and uncontaminated materials were estimated by parametric and non-parametric methods. We found that uncontaminated Poultry Carcasses could be modeled by a Gaussian distribution, whereas contaminated materials were non-Gaussian. A kernel density estimator was used to analyze the non-Gaussian characteristic of the contaminated materials on a transformed projection axis. A linear mixture of the density functions was introduced to model the observations made on the projection axis. A new detection algorithm was designed using the mixture model and tested for 496 birds (248 dirty and 248 clean birds). A test on the sample birds revealed that the algorithm needed at least 12 contaminant pixels to reach the perfect detection results. The test also showed a false-positive rate of less than 5%.
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Statistical Modeling of Multispectral Images for Improved Contamination Detection on Poultry Carcasses
2005 Tampa FL July 17-20 2005, 2005Co-Authors: Seung Chul Yoon, Kurt C. Lawrence, Bosoon Park, William R. WindhamAbstract:Developing a detection algorithm to decide the presence or absence of fecal contamination on the surface of Poultry Carcasses is critical to food safety. The single threshold strategy for a band ratio algorithm has been known to be limited to pixel-basis detection. In an attempt to develop a statistical rule for carcass-basis detection from multispectral images, probability density functions of both contaminated and uncontaminated materials were estimated by parametric and nonparametric methods. We found that uncontaminated Poultry Carcasses could be modeled by a Gaussian distribution, whereas contaminated materials were non-Gaussian. A kernel density estimator was used to analyze the non-Gaussian characteristic of the fecal material on a transformed projection axis. A linear mixture of the density functions was introduced to model the observations made on the projection axis. A new detection algorithm was designed using the mixture model and tested for 102 birds (56 dirty and 56 clean birds). A preliminary test on the sample birds revealed that the algorithm needed at least 12 contaminated pixels to reach the perfect detection results. The test also showed a false positive rate of less than 5%.
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comparison between visible nir spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for detecting surface contaminants on Poultry Carcasses
Optical Technologies for Industrial Environmental and Biological Sensing, 2004Co-Authors: Kurt C. Lawrence, Bosoon Park, William R. Windham, D.p. Smith, Gavin H. PooleAbstract:The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service has been developing a method and system to detect fecal contamination on processed Poultry Carcasses with hyperspectral and multispectral imaging systems. The patented method utilizes a three step approach to contaminant detection. Spectra of homogenous samples of feces, ingesta (undigested food particles), and skin were first collected. Then those spectra were evaluated with multivariate analysis techniques to identify significant wavelength regions for further analysis. Hyperspectral data were then collected on contaminated Poultry Carcasses and information learned from the spectroscopic data was used to aide in hyperspectral data analysis. Finally, the results of the hyperspectral data were used to identify a few optimum wavelengths for use in a real-time multispectral imaging system. In this work, two techniques for developing spectral datasets and algorithms for classifying surface contaminants on Poultry Carcasses were explored. The first consisted of a scanning monochrometer that measured the average spectra of uncontaminated breast skin and fecal and ingesta contaminants. The second technique used regions of interest (ROI) from a hyperspectral image to collect spatially averaged spectra. Comparison of the spectra from each instrument showed variations in the spectra collected from similar samples. There was an offset of absorption values between the two instruments and the hyperspectral imaging system had better resolution at higher absorption wavelengths. Although both systems were calibrated prior to measuring, there was also a slight shift in absorption peaks between the two systems. Both techniques were able to classify contaminated skin from uncontaminated skin in a full cross-validated test set with better than 99% accuracy. However, when the classification model developed from the monochrometer spectra was applied to whole-carcass hyperspectral images, numerous common carcass features, such as exposed meat and wing-shadowed skin, were wrongly identified as false positives. Since spectra of entire Poultry Carcasses were available in the original hyperspectral dataset, the hyperspectral ROI technique allowed researchers to easily add the spectra of these false positives to the calibration dataset. New partial least squares regression models with meat and skin shadow spectra resulted in different principal component loadings and improved classification models. The classification model with the combined ROI spectra from skin, feces, ingesta, meat, and skin shadows gave a classification accuracy of 99.5%. When this model was compared to the original model developed from the monochrometer dataset on a few hyperspectral images of contaminated Carcasses, fewer false positives were classified with the hyperspectral ROI model without sacrificing the accuracy of contaminant detection. Further research must be done to fully characterize the accuracy of the model.
João Borges Laurindo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poultry Carcasses Chilled by Forced Air, Water Immersion and Combination of Forced Air and Water Immersion
Journal of Food Process Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: L.g.g. Rodrigues, Bruno Augusto Mattar Carciofi, João Borges LaurindoAbstract:Conventional chilling methods such as forced air (FA) and water immersion (WI) are used in the industry to chill Poultry Carcasses from approximately 40 to 4C, which is essential to improve safety. Besides both processes, a combined method (CO) of WI and FA has been reported in the literature. The objective of this investigation was to compare the chilling of Poultry Carcasses by FA, WI and CO using an experimental apparatus specially designed for this purpose. Time-temperature evolutions of pectoral muscle and carcass mass variations during the chilling processes were determined under different chilling conditions, comprising different air velocities and relative humidities (RH). The results showed that it is possible to reduce the water loss (approximately 50%) and chilling time (reduction between 14.5 and 1.5%) of FA process using CO process. Air velocity and RH ranges can be varied to take advantage of evaporative chilling and to reduce the Carcasses water loss. Practical Applications In the factories, Poultry Carcasses are chilled from approximately 40 to 4C by water immersion, which is crucial to ensure safe products. However, air chilling (AC) has been often used for safety reason and due to the limited availability of water. On the contrary, wetting the Carcasses avoids excessive moisture loss in air chillers, whereas the evaporation of the water adhered to the carcass surface may assist the chilling process. The present paper evaluates the effectiveness of AC and of a combined chilling method (CC) (AC combined with water immersion chilling) of Poultry Carcasses at different relative humidity and air velocities. The results showed that the CC process was shorter and reduced Carcasses weight loss compared with the AC process.
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Experimental results and modeling of Poultry carcass cooling by water immersion
Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 2010Co-Authors: Bruno Augusto Mattar Carciofi, João Borges LaurindoAbstract:Poultry Carcasses have to be chilled to reduce the central breast temperatures from approximately 40 to 4 °C, which is crucial to ensure safe products. This work investigated the cooling of Poultry Carcasses by water immersion. Poultry Carcasses were taken directly from an industrial processing plant and cooled in a pilot chiller, which was built to investigate the influence of the method and the water stirring intensity on the Carcasses cooling. A simplified empiric mathematical model was used to represent the experimental results. These results indicated clearly that the understanding and quantification of heat transfer between the carcass and the cooling water is crucial to improve processes and equipment. The proposed mathematical model is a useful tool to represent the dynamics of Carcasses cooling, and it can be used to compare different chiller operational conditions in industrial plants. Therefore, this study reports data and a simple mathematical tool to handle an industrial problem with little information available in the literature.
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Water uptake by Poultry Carcasses during cooling by water immersion
Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2007Co-Authors: Bruno Augusto Mattar Carciofi, João Borges LaurindoAbstract:Abstract Poultry Carcasses have to be chilled to reduce their temperatures from approximately 40 to 4 °C, which will ensure safe products. Water immersion, water spraying and air blast are the most common methods used for chilling Poultry Carcasses. In immersion chilling, Carcasses are moved through tanks containing a mixture of ice and water. The variables influencing water uptake by Carcasses during immersion were investigated in this work. To perform accurate experiments in industrial chillers is difficult and for this reason experiments were performed in a pilot chiller. Poultry Carcasses were taken directly from the processing line. The pilot chiller allowed some investigations on the influence of water stirring method and intensity, temperature and hydrostatic pressure on the Poultry Carcasses water uptake. Also, a mathematical model for water absorption was proposed. The results indicated that water temperature, hydrostatic pressure and water stirring conditions are determinant in the amount of water absorbed by Poultry Carcasses during immersion cooling. This work generated knowledge and data in a domain with few data available in the literature.
Roger Stephan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microbial decontamination of Poultry Carcasses.
Microbial Decontamination in the Food Industry, 2012Co-Authors: Claudio Zweifel, Roger StephanAbstract:Abstract: The present chapter on the decontamination of Poultry Carcasses first discusses contamination sources and routes of Poultry Carcasses as well as major bacterial pathogens of concern, in particular Campylobacter and Salmonella . The main part of the chapter then addresses the antibacterial activity of physical, chemical, or biological intervention treatments applied to Poultry Carcasses. To appraise the efficacy, Campylobacter and Salmonella reductions after interventions are compared. Basic advantages and disadvantages as well as the present and future application of various methods and substances for the decontamination of Poultry Carcasses are also described.
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antimicrobial activity of decontamination treatments for Poultry Carcasses a literature survey
Food Control, 2010Co-Authors: Marianne Loretz, Roger Stephan, Claudio ZweifelAbstract:The decontamination of Poultry Carcasses is gaining increased interest in Europe, especially because Poultry is implicated as a risk factor in human campylobacteriosis. Thus we appraised the antibacterial activity of interventions applied on Poultry Carcasses. Physical interventions included water-based treatments, irradiation, ultrasound, air chilling, or freezing. Especially hot water, steam, electrolyzed water (EW), and irradiation effectively reduced the bacterial load. Reductions obtained by hot water, steam, and EW mainly ranged from 0.9 to 2.1, 2.3 to 3.8, and 1.1 to 2.3 orders of magnitude, respectively. However, hot water or steam might exert an adverse impact on the carcass appearance. Chemical interventions primarily comprised organic acids, chlorine-based treatments, or phosphate-based treatments. Thereby, acetic and lactic acid, acidified sodium chlorite, and trisodium phosphate mainly yielded reductions in the range from 1.0 to 2.2 orders of magnitude. Besides, some combination treatments further enhanced the reductions. However, organic matter often reduces the antimicrobial activity of chemicals. Furthermore, biological interventions (e.g. bacteriophages) constitute promising alternatives, but further investigations are required. Although the mentioned interventions reduced the bacterial loads on Poultry Carcasses to some extent, decontamination treatments always must be considered part of an integral food safety system.
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Antimicrobial activity of decontamination treatments for Poultry Carcasses: A literature survey
Food Control, 2010Co-Authors: Marianne Loretz, Roger Stephan, Claudio ZweifelAbstract:The decontamination of Poultry Carcasses is gaining increased interest in Europe, especially because Poultry is implicated as a risk factor in human campylobacteriosis. Thus we appraised the antibacterial activity of interventions applied on Poultry Carcasses. Physical interventions included water-based treatments, irradiation, ultrasound, air chilling, or freezing. Especially hot water, steam, electrolyzed water (EW), and irradiation effectively reduced the bacterial load. Reductions obtained by hot water, steam, and EW mainly ranged from 0.9 to 2.1, 2.3 to 3.8, and 1.1 to 2.3 orders of magnitude, respectively. However, hot water or steam might exert an adverse impact on the carcass appearance. Chemical interventions primarily comprised organic acids, chlorine-based treatments, or phosphate-based treatments. Thereby, acetic and lactic acid, acidified sodium chlorite, and trisodium phosphate mainly yielded reductions in the range from 1.0 to 2.2 orders of magnitude. Besides, some combination treatments further enhanced the reductions. However, organic matter often reduces the antimicrobial activity of chemicals. Furthermore, biological interventions (e.g. bacteriophages) constitute promising alternatives, but further investigations are required. Although the mentioned interventions reduced the bacterial loads on Poultry Carcasses to some extent, decontamination treatments always must be considered part of an integral food safety system.
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Resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from Poultry Carcasses in a big Swiss Poultry slaughterhouse.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2003Co-Authors: V Frediani-wolf, Roger StephanAbstract:The aim of this study was to determine resistance patterns of strains of Campylobacter spp. isolated from Poultry Carcasses in one of the two big Swiss Poultry slaughterhouses. A variety of antibiotics with clinical relevance in human and/or in veterinary medicine was tested. In addition, the results of the disc diffusion method, E-test and microdilution broth methods were compared. Of the 195 Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from 195 Poultry Carcasses from 21 flocks, 134 strains were susceptible in vitro to all tested antibiotics. Sixty-one strains (31.3%, from eight flocks) showed resistance. Forty-one strains were resistant to a single antibiotic—34 to streptomycin, 6 to ampicillin and 1 to ciprofloxacin. Eighteen strains (from two flocks) showed combined resistance to erythromycin and streptomycin, two strains to ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. None of the isolates was resistant to tetracycline. The data of this first study in Switzerland show a favourable resistance situation for C. jejuni strains against erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The disc diffusion method was found to be a reliable and easy tool for monitoring the prevalence of resistant C. jejuni strains. For surveillance of changes in the susceptibility concentration levels to antimicrobial agents, however, a MIC method should be used. Further investigations along the whole Poultry production chain (farm, slaughterhouse and retail levels) are now necessary in order to confirm the resistance situation.
Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence and fluoroquinolones resistance of campylobacter and salmonella isolates from Poultry Carcasses in rio de janeiro brazil
Food Control, 2016Co-Authors: Pedro Henrique N Panzenhagen, Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues, Waldemir Silva De Aguiar, Beatriz Da Silva Frasao, Virginia Leo De Almeida Pereira, Dayse Lima Da Costa Abreu, Elmiro Rosendo Do Nascimento, Maria Helena Cosendey De AquinoAbstract:To investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in Poultry Carcasses in state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 60 samples from 6 slaughterhouses were collected over a period of 6 months. A total of 82 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from twenty seven (45%) positive chicken Carcasses, including 44 isolates (53.66%) of Campylobacter jejuni and 38 (46.34%) of Campylobacter coli. The identification of all strains was confirmed by PCR. Salmonella was isolated from 4 (6.67%) Carcasses by conventional method and was detected in 5 (8.33%) of 60 chicken Carcasses by PCR. Two Salmonella Albany and two Salmonella Typhimurium were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was primarily done by the disk diffusion method and later by assessing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against all the isolates. All the Campylobacter isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. It was observed high MIC values for enrofloxacin (64 mg/mL) in one C. jejuni and two C. coli strains, and for ciprofloxacin ( 128 mg/mL) in one C. jejuni and three C. coli strains. No Salmonella isolate was resistant to these antibiotics by both methods. These findings reveal a broad extent of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolates from chicken Carcasses in Brazil and underline the need for prudent use of these antibiotics in Poultry production to minimize the spread of fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter.
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella circulating in commercial Poultry Carcasses and Poultry products in Brazil.
Journal of food protection, 2013Co-Authors: Renata Garcia Costa, Marcia Lima Festivo, Maiara Dos Santos De Araújo, Eliane Moura Falavina Dos Reis, Norma S. Lázaro, Dália Dos Prazeres RodriguesAbstract:Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of Salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial Poultry Carcasses and Poultry products from different regions in Brazil between 2007 and 2011. These isolates were submitted unsolicited to the National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteroinfections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. The prevalent Salmonella enterica serogroups were O:4 (B) (28.9%), O:9 (D1) (22.3%), O:21 (L) (15.9%), and O:7 (C1) (14.3%); the most prevalent serovars were Enteritidis, Minnesota, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 1,234 strains indicated that 54.5% were resistant to up to eight antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug resistance (three or more classes) was observed in 16.4% of the strains, with 190 distinct patterns. The results showed increased resistance to ampicillin (12.4 to 18.9%), tetracycline (≈15.2 to ≈18.9...
Lucjan Szponar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. – Report on monitoring studies performed in 2004–2005 in Poland
Food Control, 2008Co-Authors: Elżbieta Maćkiw, Janusz Popowski, Lucjan SzponarAbstract:Abstract Numerous epidemiological data confirm the gravity of the food-born infections caused by thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. In Poland in 2004–2005 a monitoring study was carried out to detect the presence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in Poultry Carcasses. In 2004, 385 and in 2005, 240 Poultry Carcasses were tested. Monitoring tests showed that in 2004 as much as 74% of Poultry Carcasses were infected with Campylobacter spp. The results of 2005 monitoring tests were very close to those in the previous year and 75.4% of all tested samples were infected.