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Fumi Kubo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Circuit Organization Underlying Optic Flow Processing in Zebrafish
'Frontiers Media SA', 2021Co-Authors: Koji Matsuda, Fumi KuboAbstract:Animals’ self-motion generates a drifting movement of the visual scene in the entire field of view called optic flow. Animals use the sensation of optic flow to estimate their own movements and accordingly adjust their body posture and position and stabilize the direction of gaze. In zebrafish and other vertebrates, optic flow typically drives the optokinetic response (OKR) and optomotor response (OMR). Recent functional imaging studies in larval zebrafish have identified the Pretectum as a primary center for optic flow processing. In contrast to the view that the Pretectum acts as a relay station of direction-selective retinal inputs, pretectal neurons respond to much more complex visual features relevant to behavior, such as spatially and temporally integrated optic flow information. Furthermore, optic flow signals, as well as motor signals, are represented in the cerebellum in a region-specific manner. Here we review recent findings on the circuit organization that underlies the optic flow processing driving OKR and OMR
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neuronal architecture of a visual center that processes optic flow
Neuron, 2019Co-Authors: Anna Kramer, Yunmin Wu, Fumi Kubo, Herwig BaierAbstract:Summary Animals use global image motion cues to actively stabilize their position by compensatory movements. Neurons in the zebrafish Pretectum distinguish different optic flow patterns, e.g., rotation and translation, to drive appropriate behaviors. Combining functional imaging and morphological reconstruction of single cells, we revealed critical neuroanatomical features of this sensorimotor transformation. Terminals of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (DS-RGCs) are located within the pretectal retinal arborization field 5 (AF5), where they meet dendrites of pretectal neurons with simple tuning to monocular optic flow. Translation-selective neurons, which respond selectively to optic flow in the same direction for both eyes, are intermingled with these simple cells but do not receive inputs from DS-RGCs. Mutually exclusive populations of pretectal projection neurons innervate either the reticular formation or the cerebellum, which in turn control motor responses. We posit that local computations in a defined pretectal circuit transform optic flow signals into neural commands driving optomotor behavior. Video Abstract Download : Download video (48MB)
Aristides B Arrenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Cell Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract relevant stimulus features, such as motion, object size, and location, to support diverse behavioral tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas in zebrafish, are involved in motion processing, and yet their differential neural representation of behaviorally relevant visual features is unclear. Here, we characterize receptive fields (RFs) of motion-sensitive neurons in the diencephalon and midbrain. We show that RFs of many pretectal neurons are large and sample the lower visual field, whereas RFs of tectal neurons are mostly small-size selective and sample the upper nasal visual field more densely. Furthermore, optomotor swimming can reliably be evoked by presenting forward motion in the lower temporal visual field alone, matching the lower visual field bias of the Pretectum. Thus, tectum and Pretectum extract different visual features from distinct regions of visual space, which is likely a result of their adaptations to hunting and optomotor behavior, respectively.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract different stimulus features, such as motion, object size and location, to support behavioural tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas, are thought to fulfil complementary biological functions in zebrafish to support prey capture and optomotor stabilisation behaviour. However, the adaptations of these brain areas to behaviourally relevant stimulus statistics are unknown. Here, we used calcium imaging to characterize the receptive fields of 1,926 motion-sensitive neurons in diencephalon and midbrain. We show that many caudal pretectal neurons have large receptive fields (RFs), whereas RFs of tectal neurons are smaller and mostly size-selective. RF centres of large-size RF neurons in the Pretectum are predominantly located in the lower visual field, while tectal neurons sample the upper-nasal visual field more densely. This tectal visual field sampling matches the expected prey item locations, suggesting that the tectal magnification of the upper-nasal visual field might be an adaptation to hunting behaviour. Finally, we probed optomotor responsiveness and found that even relatively small stimuli drive optomotor swimming, if presented in the lower-temporal visual field, suggesting that the Pretectum preferably samples information from this region on the ground to inform optomotor behaviour. Our characterization of the parallel processing channels for non-cortical motion feature extraction provides a basis for further investigation into the sensorimotor transformations of the zebrafish brain and its adaptations to habitat and lifestyle.
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selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
BMC Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior.
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Selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Abstract Background The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Results Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Conclusion Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior
Wolfgang Driever - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phenotype of m863 mutant embryos.
2015Co-Authors: Jochen Holzschuh, Wolfgang DrieverAbstract:(A-F) Reduction of th-expressing dopaminergic neurons in the Pretectum and retina of m863 mutants at 72hpf. (A-C) Lateral (A) and dorsal (B-C) views of th expression pattern in wild type siblings. (D-F) Lateral (D) and dorsal (E-F) views of th expression pattern in homozygous mutant m863 larvae. Arrows indicate affected DA groups in the Pretectum (D, F) and retina (E'). (G-J) Morphological phenotype of live m863 mutants at 4 dpf. Dorsal (G) and lateral (H) views of wild type larvae. Dorsal (I) and lateral (J) views of homozygous m863 mutants. Compared to wild type siblings, m863 mutants displayed smaller eyes (blue arrow), flattened and smaller head, edema (red triangle), and defective swim bladder (red arrow), but normal body length. (K, N) Lateral views of live wild type (K) and homozygous m863 mutants (N) at 48 hpf. Granular tissue appearance in the midbrain region and retina of mutants indicated elevated cell death. (L,M,O,P) Ventral views of Alcian blue staining of head cartilage in wild type (L, M) and homozygous m863 mutants (O, P) at 4 dpf. The cartilaginous head skeleton of mutants was smaller and underdeveloped compared to wild type siblings. Abbreviations used: Catecholaminergic groups: AAN, arch-associated neurons (noradrenergic); H, hypothalamus; LC, locus coeruleus; MO, medulla oblongata (noradrenergic); OB, olfactory bulb; PO, preoptic region; Pr, Pretectum; PT, posterior tuberculum; SP, subpallium; sym, sympathetic neurons (catecholaminergic); VT, ventral thalamus. Cartilage structures: bb, basibranchial; bh, basihyal; cb, ceratobranchials; ch, ceratohyal; ep, ethmoid plate; m, Meckel’s cartilage; pch, parachordal; pq, palatoquadrate; tr, trabecula. Anterior towards the left. Scale bar: 100 μm
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Analysis of DA neurons by expression of th in otpa and otpb single and double mutant larvae.
2013Co-Authors: António M. Fernandes, Alida Filippi, Erin Beddows, Wolfgang DrieverAbstract:(A–D) Whole-mount in situ hybridization of 3 dpf larvae reveals reduction of th expression in the posterior tuberculum of otpa and total loss of the expression in otpa;otpb double mutants (arrowhead). Other th expressing domains are not affected. (A1–D1, A3–D3) Dorsal views, anterior at left; (A2–D2) lateral views, dorsal up. Scale bar is 50 µm. (E,F) Whole-mount in situ hybridization of 3 dpf larvae reveals reduction of th expression in the posterior tuberculum of otpa mutant, otpb heterozygous larvae (E) (arrowhead). No clear reduction is detected in the posterior tuberculum of otpb mutant, otpa heterozygous larvae (F) (arrowhead). Dorsal view, anterior at left. Scale bar is 50 µm. Abbreviations: AAC, arch associated cluster; DC, diencephalic cluster; H, hypothalamus; LC, locus coeruleus; MO, medulla oblongata; Pr, Pretectum; PT, posterior tuberculum. Numbers indicate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral thalamic cluster (1) and posterior tuberculum/hypothalamus (2–6) according to [20]. Scale bar is 50 µm.
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Expression and function of , , and in zebrafish dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal development-4
2011Co-Authors: Alida Filippi, Katrin Dürr, Soojin Ryu, Marc Willaredt, Jochen Holzschuh, Wolfgang DrieverAbstract:Copyright information:Taken from "Expression and function of , , and in zebrafish dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal development"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/135BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():135-135.Published online 5 Dec 2007PMCID:PMC2217549.pholino show normal formation of CA groups, including DA nuclei in the Pretectum (arrowhead) and the preoptic region (arrow). (B) Injection of 2ng MOnr4a2, which targets both genes, leads to a strong reduction of DA neurons in the Pretectum (arrowhead) and the preoptic region (arrow). (C) Control morphants form DA amacrine cells in the retina (arrow), which are absent or strongly reduced in embryos injected with MOnr4a2 (D). All the ventral diencephalic DA groups develop in the morphant embryos (F), including group 3 (arrow), although the spatial organization of the neurons appears altered when compared to control embryos (E). (G-H) When expression was analyzed (G, H), morphants showed lack of DA neurons in the Pretectum (H, arrowhead), in the retina (inset in H) and the preoptic area (not shown). A-B, G-H: lateral views; C-F: dorsal views. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars in A for A-B, in E for E-F and in G for G-H: 100 μm. Abbreviations: , locus coeruleus; , medulla oblongata; , olfactory bulb; , preoptic area; , Pretectum; , subpallium
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Expression of the zebrafish intermediate neurofilament Nestin in the developing nervous system and in neural proliferation zones at postembryonic stages-3
2011Co-Authors: Julia Mahler, Wolfgang DrieverAbstract:Copyright information:Taken from "Expression of the zebrafish intermediate neurofilament Nestin in the developing nervous system and in neural proliferation zones at postembryonic stages"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/89BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():89-89.Published online 25 Jul 2007PMCID:PMC1950091.on of the expression pattern in the DC. A mid-saggital focal plane is shown (D-O, except L): dorsal views, anterior left, the dorsoventral level of the focal plane is indicated at left. (L): lateral view. CCe: Cerebellum; CMZ: ciliary marginal zone; DC: diencephalon; GCL: ganglion cell layer; MHB: midbrain hindbrain boundary; Pr: Pretectum; Ret: retina; S: subpallium: TC: telencephalon; TeO: optic tectum. Scale bars: 100 μm
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Expression and function of , , and in zebrafish dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal development-1
2011Co-Authors: Alida Filippi, Katrin Dürr, Soojin Ryu, Marc Willaredt, Jochen Holzschuh, Wolfgang DrieverAbstract:Copyright information:Taken from "Expression and function of , , and in zebrafish dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuronal development"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/135BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():135-135.Published online 5 Dec 2007PMCID:PMC2217549.C, G) and 96 hpf (D, H). Dorsal (A-D) and lateral (E-H) views of the head are represented, anterior is to the left. (I-P") The spatial relationship between -expressing cells and CA neurons in different areas of the brain was analyzed by whole mount FISH to (green) and anti-TH immunohistochemistry (red). (I) Dorsal view (56 μm projection) of the head at 24 hpf. (J) Lateral overview (21 μm projection through the diencephalic DA groups) of a 72 hpf embryo. Scattered cells among THir neurons express but double labeled cells are not detectable in this region. A higher magnification of the framed area in J is showed in K (15 μm projection), and a dorsal view of the diencephalic clusters at the same developmental stage is presented in L (9 μm projection). (M) Single confocal plane showing the close proximity of -expressing cells to the THir NA neurons of the locus coeruleus at 72 hpf. Similar to , is co-expressed with TH in the preoptic area (N-N", 12 μm projection, 72 hpf) and in the amacrine cells of the retina (arrowheads in P-P", 7 μm projection, 96 hpf), but no co-expression is detectable in the Pretectum at 96 hpf (O, 4 μm projection, approximate area framed in D). I, L, M, N-N", O, dorsal views; J, K, P-P", lateral views; anterior is to the left. Scale bar in A for A-C, E-G and in D for D, H: 100 μm; scale bars in I-P": 50 μm. Abbreviations: , amacrine cell layer; , hindbrain; , hypothalamus; , locus coeruleus; , preoptic area; , Pretectum; , posterior tuberculum; , tectum; , telencephalon; , retina
Kun Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Cell Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract relevant stimulus features, such as motion, object size, and location, to support diverse behavioral tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas in zebrafish, are involved in motion processing, and yet their differential neural representation of behaviorally relevant visual features is unclear. Here, we characterize receptive fields (RFs) of motion-sensitive neurons in the diencephalon and midbrain. We show that RFs of many pretectal neurons are large and sample the lower visual field, whereas RFs of tectal neurons are mostly small-size selective and sample the upper nasal visual field more densely. Furthermore, optomotor swimming can reliably be evoked by presenting forward motion in the lower temporal visual field alone, matching the lower visual field bias of the Pretectum. Thus, tectum and Pretectum extract different visual features from distinct regions of visual space, which is likely a result of their adaptations to hunting and optomotor behavior, respectively.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract different stimulus features, such as motion, object size and location, to support behavioural tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas, are thought to fulfil complementary biological functions in zebrafish to support prey capture and optomotor stabilisation behaviour. However, the adaptations of these brain areas to behaviourally relevant stimulus statistics are unknown. Here, we used calcium imaging to characterize the receptive fields of 1,926 motion-sensitive neurons in diencephalon and midbrain. We show that many caudal pretectal neurons have large receptive fields (RFs), whereas RFs of tectal neurons are smaller and mostly size-selective. RF centres of large-size RF neurons in the Pretectum are predominantly located in the lower visual field, while tectal neurons sample the upper-nasal visual field more densely. This tectal visual field sampling matches the expected prey item locations, suggesting that the tectal magnification of the upper-nasal visual field might be an adaptation to hunting behaviour. Finally, we probed optomotor responsiveness and found that even relatively small stimuli drive optomotor swimming, if presented in the lower-temporal visual field, suggesting that the Pretectum preferably samples information from this region on the ground to inform optomotor behaviour. Our characterization of the parallel processing channels for non-cortical motion feature extraction provides a basis for further investigation into the sensorimotor transformations of the zebrafish brain and its adaptations to habitat and lifestyle.
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selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
BMC Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior.
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Selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Abstract Background The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Results Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Conclusion Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior
Julian Hinz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Cell Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract relevant stimulus features, such as motion, object size, and location, to support diverse behavioral tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas in zebrafish, are involved in motion processing, and yet their differential neural representation of behaviorally relevant visual features is unclear. Here, we characterize receptive fields (RFs) of motion-sensitive neurons in the diencephalon and midbrain. We show that RFs of many pretectal neurons are large and sample the lower visual field, whereas RFs of tectal neurons are mostly small-size selective and sample the upper nasal visual field more densely. Furthermore, optomotor swimming can reliably be evoked by presenting forward motion in the lower temporal visual field alone, matching the lower visual field bias of the Pretectum. Thus, tectum and Pretectum extract different visual features from distinct regions of visual space, which is likely a result of their adaptations to hunting and optomotor behavior, respectively.
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parallel channels for motion feature extraction in the Pretectum and tectum of larval zebrafish
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Yue Zhang, Tod R Thiele, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract different stimulus features, such as motion, object size and location, to support behavioural tasks. The optic tectum and Pretectum, two primary visual areas, are thought to fulfil complementary biological functions in zebrafish to support prey capture and optomotor stabilisation behaviour. However, the adaptations of these brain areas to behaviourally relevant stimulus statistics are unknown. Here, we used calcium imaging to characterize the receptive fields of 1,926 motion-sensitive neurons in diencephalon and midbrain. We show that many caudal pretectal neurons have large receptive fields (RFs), whereas RFs of tectal neurons are smaller and mostly size-selective. RF centres of large-size RF neurons in the Pretectum are predominantly located in the lower visual field, while tectal neurons sample the upper-nasal visual field more densely. This tectal visual field sampling matches the expected prey item locations, suggesting that the tectal magnification of the upper-nasal visual field might be an adaptation to hunting behaviour. Finally, we probed optomotor responsiveness and found that even relatively small stimuli drive optomotor swimming, if presented in the lower-temporal visual field, suggesting that the Pretectum preferably samples information from this region on the ground to inform optomotor behaviour. Our characterization of the parallel processing channels for non-cortical motion feature extraction provides a basis for further investigation into the sensorimotor transformations of the zebrafish brain and its adaptations to habitat and lifestyle.
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selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
BMC Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior.
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Selective processing of all rotational and translational optic flow directions in the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2019Co-Authors: Kun Wang, Julian Hinz, Vaeinoe Haikala, Dierk F Reiff, Aristides B ArrenbergAbstract:Abstract Background The processing of optic flow in the Pretectum/accessory optic system allows animals to stabilize retinal images by executing compensatory optokinetic and optomotor behavior. The success of this behavior depends on the integration of information from both eyes to unequivocally identify all possible translational or rotational directions of motion. However, it is still unknown whether the precise direction of ego-motion is already identified in the zebrafish Pretectum or later in downstream premotor areas. Results Here, we show that the zebrafish Pretectum and tectum each contain four populations of motion-sensitive direction-selective (DS) neurons, with each population encoding a different preferred direction upon monocular stimulation. In contrast, binocular stimulation revealed the existence of pretectal and tectal neurons that are specifically tuned to only one of the many possible combinations of monocular motion, suggesting that further downstream sensory processing might not be needed to instruct appropriate optokinetic and optomotor behavior. Conclusion Our results suggest that local, task-specific pretectal circuits process DS retinal inputs and carry out the binocular sensory computations necessary for optokinetic and optomotor behavior