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Michael P Gilmore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ethnoprimatology of the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon and implications for Primate conservation
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2018Co-Authors: Carla Mere Roncal, Mark Bowler, Michael P GilmoreAbstract:Background In Amazonia, Primates are not only an important food source but they also hold significant cultural and symbolic value for many indigenous groups. We document the relationship between Primates and community members of the Maijuna indigenous community of Sucusari in the Peruvian Amazon and describe how ethnoprimatological studies provide a better understanding of the significance of Primates in people’s lives. Additionally, we explore how ethnoprimatological studies can help inform and enhance Primate conservation initiatives. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 residents of the community of Sucusari to assess the classification, cultural significance and traditional uses, beliefs, ceremonies and stories of Primates within the Sucusari River basin. Results Primates play an important role in the lives of individuals in the Sucusari community. They are distinguished by their arboreal lifestyle, and among the 11 species reported in the area, seven ( Lagothrix lagotricha , Alouatta seniculus , Pithecia monachus , Callicebus spp., Saimiri sciureus , Leontocebus nigricollis ) are highly recognized and culturally salient. Primates are used as food, medicine, pets, domestic tools and in the production of handicrafts. They are primarily hunted for local consumption, with larger Primates such as L . lagotricha being preferred. Lagothrix lagotricha was also the most commonly reported pet species and the only observed pet Primate in the community during surveys. Maijuna traditional beliefs include ancestral dietary taboos for A . seniculus , which are referred to as sorcerer monkeys, but this taboo is no longer fully adhered to. Maijuna traditional stories associated with Primates describe the origin of Primates found in Sucusari. Conclusion Primates are embedded in the intricate sociocultural system of the community of Sucusari. Better understanding the relationship between Primates and people can help to focus conservation efforts on Primate species of particularly high sociocultural importance as well as ecological value, such as L. lagotricha . We highly recommend the inclusion of ethnoprimatological studies into Primate conservation initiatives to accomplish more effective conservation planning, ultimately integrating the goals of biodiversity conservation with the cultural and economic needs of indigenous and local communities.
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The ethnoprimatology of the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon and implications for Primate conservation
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2018Co-Authors: Carla Mere Roncal, Mark Bowler, Michael P GilmoreAbstract:In Amazonia, Primates are not only an important food source but they also hold significant cultural and symbolic value for many indigenous groups. We document the relationship between Primates and community members of the Maijuna indigenous community of Sucusari in the Peruvian Amazon and describe how ethnoprimatological studies provide a better understanding of the significance of Primates in people’s lives. Additionally, we explore how ethnoprimatological studies can help inform and enhance Primate conservation initiatives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 residents of the community of Sucusari to assess the classification, cultural significance and traditional uses, beliefs, ceremonies and stories of Primates within the Sucusari River basin. Primates play an important role in the lives of individuals in the Sucusari community. They are distinguished by their arboreal lifestyle, and among the 11 species reported in the area, seven (Lagothrix lagotricha, Alouatta seniculus, Pithecia monachus, Callicebus spp., Saimiri sciureus, Leontocebus nigricollis) are highly recognized and culturally salient. Primates are used as food, medicine, pets, domestic tools and in the production of handicrafts. They are primarily hunted for local consumption, with larger Primates such as L. lagotricha being preferred. Lagothrix lagotricha was also the most commonly reported pet species and the only observed pet Primate in the community during surveys. Maijuna traditional beliefs include ancestral dietary taboos for A. seniculus, which are referred to as sorcerer monkeys, but this taboo is no longer fully adhered to. Maijuna traditional stories associated with Primates describe the origin of Primates found in Sucusari. Primates are embedded in the intricate sociocultural system of the community of Sucusari. Better understanding the relationship between Primates and people can help to focus conservation efforts on Primate species of particularly high sociocultural importance as well as ecological value, such as L. lagotricha. We highly recommend the inclusion of ethnoprimatological studies into Primate conservation initiatives to accomplish more effective conservation planning, ultimately integrating the goals of biodiversity conservation with the cultural and economic needs of indigenous and local communities.
Colin A Chapman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Primate Seed Dispersal and Forest Restoration: An African Perspective for a Brighter Future
International Journal of Primatology, 2018Co-Authors: Colin A Chapman, Amy E. DunhamAbstract:Primate seed dispersal is a vital, but complex, ecological process that involves many interacting agents and plays important roles in the maintenance of old-growth forest, as well as in the development of regenerating forest. Focusing primarily on African examples, in this article we briefly review the ecological process of Primate seed dispersal, highlighting understudied and contentious topics, and then we discuss how our knowledge on Primate seed dispersal can promote both forest restoration and Primate conservation. Though it is frequently claimed that Primates are critically important for the maintenance of diverse tropical forest ecosystems, we believe that more empirical evidence is needed to support this claim. Confounding factors can often be difficult to rule out and long-term studies extending beyond the seedling or sapling stage are very rare. In addition, though Primates are critical for initial seed dispersal of many tree species, spatial and temporal variation in post-deposition processes, such as secondary seed dispersal and predation by rodents, can dramatically alter the initial patterns generated by Primates. However, given the need for immediate conservation action to prevent further Primate extinctions, we advocate that the knowledge about Primate seed dispersal be used in formulating informed conservation plans. One prominent area where this knowledge will prove extremely valuable is in forest restoration efforts. To aid in the development of such efforts, we pose five questions, the answers to which will help facilitate forest restoration becoming a useful tool in strategies designed to conserve Primates.
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Primate Fruit Color: Useful Concept or Alluring Myth?
International Journal of Primatology, 2018Co-Authors: Kim Valenta, Omer Nevo, Colin A ChapmanAbstract:While the importance of frugivorous Primates as seed dispersers is well established, the question of the extent to which they exert selective pressure on fruit color phenotypes is contested. Numerous studies have identified suites of Primate fruit colors, but the lack of agreement among them illustrates the difficulty of identifying the match between Primate foraging behavior and the extent of Primate–plant coevolution. This may indicate that Primates do not shape fruit traits, at least in a consistent direction, or that the evolution of fruit color is affected by a complex array of selection pressures in which Primates play only a part. Here, we review the role of Primates in shaping fruit color in the context of Primate color vision phenotypes, and fruit phenotypic constraints and selective pressures. To test the hypothesis that fruit color is subjected to selection pressures by Primates, we offer six testable predictions aimed at disentangling the complex array of factors that can contribute to fruit color phenotypes, including animal mutualists, animal antagonists, and developmental and phylogenetic constraints of fruits. We conclude that identifying the importance of Primate seed dispersers in shaping fruit visual traits is possible, but more complex than previously thought.
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Primate parasite ecology the dynamics and study of host parasite relationships
2009Co-Authors: Michael A Huffman, Colin A ChapmanAbstract:Primate disease ecology: an integrative approach Part I. Methods to Study Primate-Parasite Interactions: 1. Collection methods and diagnostic procedures for Primate parasitology 2. Methods of collection and identification of minute nematodes from the feces of Primates, with special application to coevolutionary study of pinworms 3. The utility of molecular methods for elucidating Primate-pathogen relationships - the Oesophagostomum bifurcum example 4. The application of endocrine measures in Primate parasite ecology 5. Using agent-based models to investigate Primate disease ecology Part II. The Natural History of Primate-Parasite Interactions: 6. What does a parasite see when it looks at a chimpanzee? 7. Primate malarias: evolution, adaptation, and species jumping 8. Disease avoidance and the evolution of Primate social connectivity: Ebola, bats, gorillas, and chimpanzees 9. Primate-parasitic zoonoses and anthropozoonses: a literature review 10. Lice and other parasites as markers of Primate evolutionary history 11. Cryptic species and biodiversity of lice from Primates 12. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in intestinal microflora of non-human Primates 13. Intestinal bacteria of chimpanzees in the wild and in captivity - an application of molecular ecological methodologies 14. Gastrointestinal parasites of bonobos in the Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo 15. Habitat disturbance and seasonal fluctuations of lemur parasites in the rain forest of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar 16. Chimpanzee-parasite ecology at Budongo Forest (Uganda) and the Mahale Mountains (Tanzania): influence of climatic differences on self-medicative behavior Part III. The Ecology of Primate-Parasite Interactions: 17. Primate exposure and the emergence of novel retroviruses 18. Overview of parasites infecting howler monkeys, Alouatta sp., and potential consequences of human-howler interactions 19. Primate parasite ecology: patterns and predictions from an ongoing study of Japanese macaques 20. Crop raiding: the influence of behavioral and nutritional changes on Primate-parasite relationships 21. Can parasites infections be a selective force influencing Primate group size? A test with red colobus 22. How does diet quality affect the parasite ecology of mountain gorillas? 23 Host-parasite Dynamics: Connecting Primate Field Data to Theory Part IV. Conclusions: 24. Ways forward in the study of Primate disease ecology 25. Useful diagnostic references and images of protozoans, helminths, and nematodes commonly found in wild Primates.
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Forest Fragmentation as Cause of Bacterial Transmission among Nonhuman Primates, Humans, and Livestock, Uganda
Emerging infectious diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Tony L. Goldberg, Thomas R. Gillespie, Innocent B. Rwego, Elizabeth L. Estoff, Colin A ChapmanAbstract:We conducted a prospective study of bacterial transmission among humans, nonhuman Primates (Primates hereafter), and livestock in western Uganda. Humans living near forest fragments harbored Escherichia coli bacteria that were ≈75% more similar to bacteria from Primates in those fragments than to bacteria from Primates in nearby undisturbed forests. Genetic similarity between human/ livestock and Primate bacteria increased ≈3-fold as anthropogenic disturbance within forest fragments increased from moderate to high. Bacteria harbored by humans and livestock were approximately twice as similar to those of redtailed guenons, which habitually enter human settlements to raid crops, than to bacteria of other Primate species. Tending livestock, experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms, and residing near a disturbed forest fragment increased genetic similarity between a participant’s bacteria and those of nearby Primates. Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbance within fragments, Primate ecology, and human behavior all infl uence bidirectional, interspecifi c bacterial transmission. Targeted interventions on any of these levels should reduce disease transmission and emergence.
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Primate seed dispersal coevolution and conservation implications
Evolutionary Anthropology, 2005Co-Authors: Colin A ChapmanAbstract:Early studies of Primates have demonstrated that many species rely heavily on fruit, and that Primates constitute a large component of the frugivore biomass in tropical forests. Consequently, Primates have long been thought to be important seed dispersers. It is only recently that studies have been conducted that have illustrated the complex nature of the interactions between fruit-eating Primates and their food trees. Such studies have raised questions as to the causes and conse-quences of the intriguing differences between Primate communities, the importance of other animals in the interactions (such as dung beetles and rodents that secon-darily disperse seeds), how Primate-plant interactions evolve, and the significance of Primates in forest regeneration and conservation. Since subsistence and com-mercial hunting of Primates has heavily impacted frugivore communities, but left the physical structure of the forest relatively unaltered, studies of Primate seed dispersal have important implications for the future of forests where seed dispersers have declined or disappeared.
Mark Bowler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ethnoprimatology of the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon and implications for Primate conservation
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2018Co-Authors: Carla Mere Roncal, Mark Bowler, Michael P GilmoreAbstract:Background In Amazonia, Primates are not only an important food source but they also hold significant cultural and symbolic value for many indigenous groups. We document the relationship between Primates and community members of the Maijuna indigenous community of Sucusari in the Peruvian Amazon and describe how ethnoprimatological studies provide a better understanding of the significance of Primates in people’s lives. Additionally, we explore how ethnoprimatological studies can help inform and enhance Primate conservation initiatives. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 residents of the community of Sucusari to assess the classification, cultural significance and traditional uses, beliefs, ceremonies and stories of Primates within the Sucusari River basin. Results Primates play an important role in the lives of individuals in the Sucusari community. They are distinguished by their arboreal lifestyle, and among the 11 species reported in the area, seven ( Lagothrix lagotricha , Alouatta seniculus , Pithecia monachus , Callicebus spp., Saimiri sciureus , Leontocebus nigricollis ) are highly recognized and culturally salient. Primates are used as food, medicine, pets, domestic tools and in the production of handicrafts. They are primarily hunted for local consumption, with larger Primates such as L . lagotricha being preferred. Lagothrix lagotricha was also the most commonly reported pet species and the only observed pet Primate in the community during surveys. Maijuna traditional beliefs include ancestral dietary taboos for A . seniculus , which are referred to as sorcerer monkeys, but this taboo is no longer fully adhered to. Maijuna traditional stories associated with Primates describe the origin of Primates found in Sucusari. Conclusion Primates are embedded in the intricate sociocultural system of the community of Sucusari. Better understanding the relationship between Primates and people can help to focus conservation efforts on Primate species of particularly high sociocultural importance as well as ecological value, such as L. lagotricha . We highly recommend the inclusion of ethnoprimatological studies into Primate conservation initiatives to accomplish more effective conservation planning, ultimately integrating the goals of biodiversity conservation with the cultural and economic needs of indigenous and local communities.
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The ethnoprimatology of the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon and implications for Primate conservation
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2018Co-Authors: Carla Mere Roncal, Mark Bowler, Michael P GilmoreAbstract:In Amazonia, Primates are not only an important food source but they also hold significant cultural and symbolic value for many indigenous groups. We document the relationship between Primates and community members of the Maijuna indigenous community of Sucusari in the Peruvian Amazon and describe how ethnoprimatological studies provide a better understanding of the significance of Primates in people’s lives. Additionally, we explore how ethnoprimatological studies can help inform and enhance Primate conservation initiatives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 residents of the community of Sucusari to assess the classification, cultural significance and traditional uses, beliefs, ceremonies and stories of Primates within the Sucusari River basin. Primates play an important role in the lives of individuals in the Sucusari community. They are distinguished by their arboreal lifestyle, and among the 11 species reported in the area, seven (Lagothrix lagotricha, Alouatta seniculus, Pithecia monachus, Callicebus spp., Saimiri sciureus, Leontocebus nigricollis) are highly recognized and culturally salient. Primates are used as food, medicine, pets, domestic tools and in the production of handicrafts. They are primarily hunted for local consumption, with larger Primates such as L. lagotricha being preferred. Lagothrix lagotricha was also the most commonly reported pet species and the only observed pet Primate in the community during surveys. Maijuna traditional beliefs include ancestral dietary taboos for A. seniculus, which are referred to as sorcerer monkeys, but this taboo is no longer fully adhered to. Maijuna traditional stories associated with Primates describe the origin of Primates found in Sucusari. Primates are embedded in the intricate sociocultural system of the community of Sucusari. Better understanding the relationship between Primates and people can help to focus conservation efforts on Primate species of particularly high sociocultural importance as well as ecological value, such as L. lagotricha. We highly recommend the inclusion of ethnoprimatological studies into Primate conservation initiatives to accomplish more effective conservation planning, ultimately integrating the goals of biodiversity conservation with the cultural and economic needs of indigenous and local communities.
Kimberley J Hockings - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the implications of Primate behavioral flexibility for sustainable human Primate coexistence in anthropogenic habitats
International Journal of Primatology, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew R Mclennan, Noemi Spagnoletti, Kimberley J HockingsAbstract:People are an inescapable aspect of most environments inhabited by nonhuman Primates today. Consequently, interest has grown in how Primates adjust their behavior to live in anthropogenic habitats. However, our understanding of Primate behavioral flexibility and the degree to which it will enable Primates to survive alongside people in the long term remains limited. This Special Issue brings together a collection of papers that extend our knowledge of this subject. In this introduction, we first review the literature to identify past and present trends in research and then introduce the contributions to this Special Issue. Our literature review confirms that publications on Primate behavior in anthropogenic habitats, including interactions with people, increased markedly since the 2000s. Publications concern a diversity of Primates but include only 17% of currently recognized species, with certain Primates overrepresented in studies, e.g., chimpanzees and macaques. Primates exhibit behavioral flexibility in anthropogenic habitats in various ways, most commonly documented as dietary adjustments, i.e., incorporation of human foods including agricultural crops and provisioned items, and as differences in activity, ranging, grouping patterns, and social organization, associated with changing anthropogenic factors. Publications are more likely to include information on negative rather than positive or neutral interactions between humans and Primates. The contributions to this Special Issue include both empirical research and reviews that examine various aspects of the human–Primate interface. Collectively, they show that Primate behavior in shared landscapes does not always conflict with human interests, and demonstrate the value of examining behavior from a cost–benefit perspective without making prior assumptions concerning the nature of interactions. Careful interdisciplinary research has the potential to greatly improve our understanding of the complexities of human–Primate interactions, and is crucial for identifying appropriate mechanisms to enable sustainable human–Primate coexistence in the 21st century and beyond.
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The Implications of Primate Behavioral Flexibility for Sustainable Human–Primate Coexistence in Anthropogenic Habitats
International Journal of Primatology, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew R Mclennan, Noemi Spagnoletti, Kimberley J HockingsAbstract:People are an inescapable aspect of most environments inhabited by nonhuman Primates today. Consequently, interest has grown in how Primates adjust their behavior to live in anthropogenic habitats. However, our understanding of Primate behavioral flexibility and the degree to which it will enable Primates to survive alongside people in the long term remains limited. This Special Issue brings together a collection of papers that extend our knowledge of this subject. In this introduction, we first review the literature to identify past and present trends in research and then introduce the contributions to this Special Issue. Our literature review confirms that publications on Primate behavior in anthropogenic habitats, including interactions with people, increased markedly since the 2000s. Publications concern a diversity of Primates but include only 17% of currently recognized species, with certain Primates overrepresented in studies, e.g., chimpanzees and macaques. Primates exhibit behavioral flexibility in anthropogenic habitats in various ways, most commonly documented as dietary adjustments, i.e., incorporation of human foods including agricultural crops and provisioned items, and as differences in activity, ranging, grouping patterns, and social organization, associated with changing anthropogenic factors. Publications are more likely to include information on negative rather than positive or neutral interactions between humans and Primates. The contributions to this Special Issue include both empirical research and reviews that examine various aspects of the human–Primate interface. Collectively, they show that Primate behavior in shared landscapes does not always conflict with human interests, and demonstrate the value of examining behavior from a cost–benefit perspective without making prior assumptions concerning the nature of interactions. Careful interdisciplinary research has the potential to greatly improve our understanding of the complexities of human–Primate interactions, and is crucial for identifying appropriate mechanisms to enable sustainable human–Primate coexistence in the 21st century and beyond.
Daniel L. Gebo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Species Diversity and Postcranial Anatomy of Eocene Primates from Shanghuang, China
Evolutionary Anthropology, 2012Co-Authors: Daniel L. Gebo, Marian Dagosto, Xijun Ni, K. Christopher BeardAbstract:The middle Eocene Shanghuang fissure-fillings, located in southern Jiangsu Province in China near the coastal city of Shanghai (Fig. 1), contain a remarkably diverse array of fossil Primates that provide a unique window into the complex role played by Asia during early Primate evolution. 1 Compared to contemporaneous localities in North America or Europe, the ancient Primate community sampled at the Shanghuang fissure-fillings is unique in several ways. Although Shanghuang has some typical Eocene Primates (Omomyidae and Adapoidea), it also contains the earliest known members of the Tarsiidae and Anthropoidea (Fig. 2), and some new taxa that are not as yet known from elsewhere. It exhibits a large number of Primate species, at least 18, most of which are very small (15-500 g), including some of the smallest Primates that have ever been recovered. 2‐4
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A shrew‐sized origin for Primates
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel L. GeboAbstract:The origin of Primates has had a long history of discussion and debate, with few ever considering the impact of the original body weight on subsequent Primate adaptive radiations. Here, I attempt to reconstruct early Primate evolution by considering the initial size of Primates as well as the critical functional-adaptive events that had to occur prior to the early Eocene. Microcebus is often viewed as a living model, and thus 40-65 g might represent a practical ancestral weight for the origin of Primates. I consider a smaller original body weight, likely 10-15 g in actual size, and I address the biological implications for shrew-sized Primates by comparing the behavioral ecology of mouse lemurs, our smallest living Primates, to another tiny-sized mammalian group, the shrews (Family Soricidae). Several behavioral and ecological characteristics are shared by shrews and mouse lemurs, and several mammalian trends are evident with decreased size. I suggest that a shrew-sized ancestral Primate would have had high metabolic, reproductive, and predation rates, relatively low population densities, and a dispersed and solitary existence with a promiscuous mating system. Although small mammals like shrews provide insights concerning the ancestral size of Primates, Primate origins have always been tied to arboreality. I assess other potential arboreal models such as Ptilocercus and Caluromys. By combining all of this information, I try to sequence the events in a functional-adaptive series that had to occur before the early Eocene Primate radiations. I suggest that all of these important adaptive events had to occur at a small body size below 50 g.
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A shrew-sized origin for Primates.
American journal of physical anthropology, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel L. GeboAbstract:The origin of Primates has had a long history of discussion and debate, with few ever considering the impact of the original body weight on subsequent Primate adaptive radiations. Here, I attempt to reconstruct early Primate evolution by considering the initial size of Primates as well as the critical functional-adaptive events that had to occur prior to the early Eocene. Microcebus is often viewed as a living model, and thus 40-65 g might represent a practical ancestral weight for the origin of Primates. I consider a smaller original body weight, likely 10-15 g in actual size, and I address the biological implications for shrew-sized Primates by comparing the behavioral ecology of mouse lemurs, our smallest living Primates, to another tiny-sized mammalian group, the shrews (Family Soricidae). Several behavioral and ecological characteristics are shared by shrews and mouse lemurs, and several mammalian trends are evident with decreased size. I suggest that a shrew-sized ancestral Primate would have had high metabolic, reproductive, and predation rates, relatively low population densities, and a dispersed and solitary existence with a promiscuous mating system. Although small mammals like shrews provide insights concerning the ancestral size of Primates, Primate origins have always been tied to arboreality. I assess other potential arboreal models such as Ptilocercus and Caluromys. By combining all of this information, I try to sequence the events in a functional-adaptive series that had to occur before the early Eocene Primate radiations. I suggest that all of these important adaptive events had to occur at a small body size below 50 g.
