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Joost Duflou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toward integrated product and Process Life Cycle planning—An environmental perspective
Cirp Annals-manufacturing Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Yasushi Umeda, Tetsuo Tomiyama, John W Sutherland, Sami Kara, Christoph Herrmann, Shozo Takata, Fumihiko Kimura, Joost DuflouAbstract:Life Cycle engineering (LCE) is a key concept for promoting environmentally sustainable practices among manufacturing firms. A major hurdle in the implementation of LCE is the lack of a systematic and strategic method to design or plan an entire product Life Cycle. To address this issue, this keynote provides a framework for Life Cycle development and proposes the concept of Life Cycle planning. This paper aims to provide explicit and systematic methodologies for Life Cycle planning by reviewing this research area. Practical cases that employ Life Cycle planning are also illustrated. Finally, some research directions are suggested.
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toward integrated product and Process Life Cycle planning an environmental perspective
Cirp Annals-manufacturing Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Yasushi Umeda, Tetsuo Tomiyama, John W Sutherland, Sami Kara, Christoph Herrmann, Shozo Takata, Fumihiko Kimura, Joost DuflouAbstract:Life Cycle engineering (LCE) is a key concept for promoting environmentally sustainable practices among manufacturing firms. A major hurdle in the implementation of LCE is the lack of a systematic and strategic method to design or plan an entire product Life Cycle. To address this issue, this keynote provides a framework for Life Cycle development and proposes the concept of Life Cycle planning. This paper aims to provide explicit and systematic methodologies for Life Cycle planning by reviewing this research area. Practical cases that employ Life Cycle planning are also illustrated. Finally, some research directions are suggested.
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methodology for systematic analysis and improvement of manufacturing unit Process Life Cycle inventory uplci co2pe initiative cooperative effort on Process emissions in manufacturing part 2 case studies
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2012Co-Authors: Karel Kellens, Wim Dewulf, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Michael Overcash, Joost DuflouAbstract:Purpose This report presents two case studies, one for both the screening approach and the in-depth approach, demonstrating the application of the Life Cycle assessment-oriented methodology for systematic inventory analysis of the machine tool use phase of manufacturing unit Processes, which has been developed in the framework of the CO2PE! collaborative research programme (CO2PE! 2011) and is described in part 1 of this paper (Kellens et al. 2011).
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Methodology for systematic analysis and improvement of manufacturing unit Process Life Cycle inventory (UPLCI) Part 2: Case Studies
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2011Co-Authors: Karel Kellens, Michael Overcash, Wim Dewulf, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Joost DuflouAbstract:Click on the DOI link below to access the article (may not be free).This report presents two case studies, one for both the screening approach and the in-depth approach, demonstrating the application of the Life Cycle assessment-oriented methodology for systematic inventory analysis of the machine tool use phase of manufacturing unit Processes, which has been developed in the framework of the CO2PE! collaborative research programme (CO2PE! 2011) and is described in part 1 of this paper (Kellens et al. 2011). The screening approach, which provides a first insight into the unit Process and results in a set of approximate LCI data, relies on representative industrial data and engineering calculations for energy use and material loss. This approach is illustrated by means of a case study of a drilling Process. The in-depth approach, which leads to more accurate LCI data as well as the identification of potential for environmental improvements of the manufacturing unit Processes, is subdivided into four modules, including a time study, a power consumption study, a consumables study and an emissions study, in which all relevant Process in- and outputs are measured and analysed in detail. The procedure of this approach, together with the proposed CO2PE! template, is illustrated by means of a case study of a laser cutting Process. The CO2PE! methodology aims to provide high-quality LCI data for the machine tool use phase of manufacturing unit Processes, to be used in Life Cycle inventory databases and libraries, as well as to identify potential for environmental improvement based on the in-depth analysis of individual manufacturing unit Processes. Two case studies illustrate the applicability of the methodology.Peer reviewed articl
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Methodology for systematic analysis and improvement of manufacturing unit Process Life Cycle inventory (UPLCI) Part 1: Methodology Description
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2011Co-Authors: Karel Kellens, Michael Overcash, Wim Dewulf, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Joost DuflouAbstract:Click on the DOI link below to access the article (may not be free).This report proposes a Life-Cycle analysis (LCA)-oriented methodology for systematic inventory analysis of the use phase of manufacturing unit Processes providing unit Process datasets to be used in Life-Cycle inventory (LCI) databases and libraries. The methodology has been developed in the framework of the CO(2)PE! collaborative research programme (CO(2)PE! 2011a) and comprises two approaches with different levels of detail, respectively referred to as the screening approach and the in-depth approach. The screening approach relies on representative, publicly available data and engineering calculations for energy use, material loss, and identification of variables for improvement, while the in-depth approach is subdivided into four modules, including a time study, a power consumption study, a consumables study and an emissions study, in which all relevant Process in- and outputs are measured and analysed in detail. The screening approach provides the first insight in the unit Process and results in a set of approximate LCI data, which also serve to guide the more detailed and complete in-depth approach leading to more accurate LCI data as well as the identification of potential for energy and resource efficiency improvements of the manufacturing unit Process. To ensure optimal reproducibility and applicability, documentation guidelines for data and metadata are included in both approaches. Guidance on definition of functional unit and reference flow as well as on deter! mination of system boundaries specifies the generic goal and scope definition requirements according to ISO 14040 (2006) and ISO 14044 (2006). The proposed methodology aims at ensuring solid foundations for the provision of high-quality LCI data for the use phase of manufacturing unit Processes. Envisaged usage encompasses the provision of high-quality data for LCA studies of products using these unit Process datasets for the manufacturing Processes, as well as the in-depth analysis of individual manufacturing unit Processes. In addition, the accruing availability of data for a range of similar machines (same Process, different suppliers and machine capacities) will allow the establishment of parametric emission and resource use estimation models for a more streamlined LCA of products including reliable manufacturing Process data. Both approaches have already provided useful results in some initial case studies (Kellens et al. 2009; Duflou et al. (Int J Sustain Manufacturing 2:80-98, 2010); Santos et al. (J Clean Prod 19:356-364, 2011); UPLCI 2011; Kellens et al. 2011a) and the use will be illustrated by two case studies in Part 2 of this paper (Kellens et al. 2011b).Peer reviewed articl
Michael Overcash - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unit Process Life Cycle Inventory (UPLCI) – A Structured Framework to Complete Product Life Cycle Studies
Leveraging Technology for a Sustainable World, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Overcash, Janet TwomeyAbstract:Major Life Cycle studies of even moderately complex products have been limited to the Life Cycle of the product materials and possibly assembly of the final product. The intervening manufacturing transformation of materials/chemicals into products is thus a major segment not well represented by Life Cycle analysis tools. Yet these transformational manufacturing plants are a large and important industrial sector. In contrast the synthesis of chemicals or materials (often representing the supply chain) is well developed on the basis of connected unit Processes (reactors, furnaces, heat exchangers, distillation, etc) to make chemical plant Life Cycle inventories. This paper addresses an international Life Cycle effort to develop a unit Process approach for the manufacturing plant transformations of materials representing the majority of all product manufacturing plants. The UPLCI approach is thus an enabling technology in the Life Cycle field. This paper discusses the development of the UPLCI structure, recent successful efforts in verifying/improving UPLCI, the challenges of linking these in sequences to represent plants, and combining the manufacturing and the supply chain Life Cycle profiles. An important part of this effort is the CO2PE! Project which develops UPLCI data sets with a quality assurance system based on in-depth multi-plant field testing.
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advancements in unit Process Life Cycle inventories uplci tools
Procedia CIRP, 2018Co-Authors: Michael Overcash, Janet Twomey, Evan M Griffing, Eric Vozzola, W Flanagan, Jackie IsaacsAbstract:Abstract Interest in environmental benefits and impacts of products continues to evolve. Direct macro-creation of pieces, parts, and components assembled into products is an essential final step, requiring energy and chemical profiles. The UPLCI effort is a multi-university effort to create reusable, quantitative descriptions of the energy/mass efficiencies of each unit Process step (e.g. drilling, joining, surface coating, etc.) that work together to take materials as inputs and achieve the final manufacturing step to products (industry, consumer, and military). The majority of all macro-shape construction have been catalogued in taxonomies as 100 - 120 separate unit Processes. The UPLCI effort has completed 31 unit Processes and recently undertook a trial application. An aviation component (jet fuel nozzle) was analyzed using the UPLCI approach. It had 14 subassemblies, required 67 separate unit Processes, and involved 4 different materials. This paper describes the results and important lessons learned from the UPLCI industrial Process approach to Life Cycle analysis.
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Reusable unit Process Life Cycle inventory for manufacturing: grinding
Production Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Barbara Linke, Michael OvercashAbstract:This paper is a part of a series in which the goal is to provide users with calculation tools to estimate the energy use and mass loss of one unit Process in a full manufacturing line. It is known as a unit Process Life Cycle inventory (UPLCI). As such, this information is reusable in a wide range of products made of different materials. Grinding is the first UPLCI in this series, which is in the mass reduction category of the taxonomy of manufacturing Processes. The energy calculations are not limited to the active or tip grinding energy, but include idle and basic energy values. In addition, an example calculation is provided to assist the UPLCI reader. The UPLCI can then be connected to others to estimate whole product manufacturing sequences.
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Prediction of unit Process Life Cycle inventory (UPLCI) energy consumption in a friction stir weld
Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2015Co-Authors: Amber Shrivastava, Michael Overcash, Frank E. PfefferkornAbstract:The objective of this study is to determine a method of quantifying the energy consumption in friction stir welding (FSW). Qualitatively, it has long been known that FSW uses less energy than fusion welding Processes because the average FSW weld temperature does not exceed the solidus temperature. However, tools and data to quantitatively determine the energy consumption in FSW have been missing. The power consumption as a function of time was measured during FSW of 5.2-mm-deep welds in 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys on a 3-axis CNC mill. The energy consumption is divided into four parts: idle energy and standby energy related to the machine being used as well as plunge energy and FSW energy related to creating the joint. Equations for calculating each of the energy components and the total energy consumption are presented. The concept of specific weld energy is presented as an intrinsic material property that can be used to estimate the FSW power if the weld cross-section and weld speed are known. A method of estimating the weld cross-section based on the FSW tool geometry is presented. It is found that for these two aluminum alloys the specific weld energy decreases significantly with increased weld speed, however, it can be treated as independent of spindle rotation rate. The FSW Process/machine is identified as low tare and it is acknowledged that the strategies to reduce total energy consumption may be different than those used for metal cutting.
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Applying unit Process Life Cycle inventor (UPLCI) methodology in product/packaging combinatons
Re-engineering Manufacturing for Sustainability, 2013Co-Authors: Ellen Oude Luttikhuis, Marten E. Toxopeus, Michael OvercashAbstract:This paper discusses how the UPLCI approach can be used for determining the inventory of the manufacturing phases of product/packaging combinations. The UPLCI approach can make the inventory of the manufacturing Process of the product that is investigated more accurate. The Life Cycle of product/packaging combinations looks different from the Life Cycle of just a product, because two Life Cycles are interwoven. A first draft for a possible adaption and extension of the UPLCI framework is described. This is illustrated by examples from case studies. A suggestion for a taxonomy focusing on unit Processes for product/packaging combinations is presented.
M. Fischer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of Life Cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts
Building and Environment, 2013Co-Authors: J. Basbagill, F. Flager, Michael Lepech, M. FischerAbstract:Abstract Decisions made during a building's early design stages critically determine its environmental impact. However, designers are faced with many decisions during these stages and typically lack intuition on which decisions are most significant to a building's impact. As a result, designers often defer decisions to later stages of the design Process. Life-Cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to enable better early stage decision-making by providing feedback on the environmental impacts of building information modeling (BIM) design choices. This paper presents a method for applying LCA to early stage decision-making in order to inform designers of the relative environmental impact importance of building component material and dimensioning choices. Sensitivity analysis is used to generalize the method across a range of building shapes and design parameters. An impact allocation scheme is developed that shows the distribution of embodied impacts among building elements, and an impact reduction scheme shows which material and thickness decisions achieve the greatest embodied impact reductions. A multi-building residential development is used as a case study for introducing the proposed method to industry practice. Results show that the method can assist in the building design Process by highlighting those early stage decisions that frequently achieve the most significant reductions in embodied carbon footprint.
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Application of Life-Cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts
Building and Environment, 2013Co-Authors: J. Basbagill, F. Flager, Michael Lepech, M. FischerAbstract:Decisions made during a building's early design stages critically determine its environmental impact. However, designers are faced with many decisions during these stages and typically lack intuition on which decisions are most significant to a building's impact. As a result, designers often defer decisions to later stages of the design Process. Life-Cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to enable better early stage decision-making by providing feedback on the environmental impacts of building information modeling (BIM) design choices. This paper presents a method for applying LCA to early stage decision-making in order to inform designers of the relative environmental impact importance of building component material and dimensioning choices. Sensitivity analysis is used to generalize the method across a range of building shapes and design parameters. An impact allocation scheme is developed that shows the distribution of embodied impacts among building elements, and an impact reduction scheme shows which material and thickness decisions achieve the greatest embodied impact reductions. A multi-building residential development is used as a case study for introducing the proposed method to industry practice. Results show that the method can assist in the building design Process by highlighting those early stage decisions that frequently achieve the most significant reductions in embodied carbon footprint. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
J. Basbagill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of Life Cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts
Building and Environment, 2013Co-Authors: J. Basbagill, F. Flager, Michael Lepech, M. FischerAbstract:Abstract Decisions made during a building's early design stages critically determine its environmental impact. However, designers are faced with many decisions during these stages and typically lack intuition on which decisions are most significant to a building's impact. As a result, designers often defer decisions to later stages of the design Process. Life-Cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to enable better early stage decision-making by providing feedback on the environmental impacts of building information modeling (BIM) design choices. This paper presents a method for applying LCA to early stage decision-making in order to inform designers of the relative environmental impact importance of building component material and dimensioning choices. Sensitivity analysis is used to generalize the method across a range of building shapes and design parameters. An impact allocation scheme is developed that shows the distribution of embodied impacts among building elements, and an impact reduction scheme shows which material and thickness decisions achieve the greatest embodied impact reductions. A multi-building residential development is used as a case study for introducing the proposed method to industry practice. Results show that the method can assist in the building design Process by highlighting those early stage decisions that frequently achieve the most significant reductions in embodied carbon footprint.
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Application of Life-Cycle assessment to early stage building design for reduced embodied environmental impacts
Building and Environment, 2013Co-Authors: J. Basbagill, F. Flager, Michael Lepech, M. FischerAbstract:Decisions made during a building's early design stages critically determine its environmental impact. However, designers are faced with many decisions during these stages and typically lack intuition on which decisions are most significant to a building's impact. As a result, designers often defer decisions to later stages of the design Process. Life-Cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to enable better early stage decision-making by providing feedback on the environmental impacts of building information modeling (BIM) design choices. This paper presents a method for applying LCA to early stage decision-making in order to inform designers of the relative environmental impact importance of building component material and dimensioning choices. Sensitivity analysis is used to generalize the method across a range of building shapes and design parameters. An impact allocation scheme is developed that shows the distribution of embodied impacts among building elements, and an impact reduction scheme shows which material and thickness decisions achieve the greatest embodied impact reductions. A multi-building residential development is used as a case study for introducing the proposed method to industry practice. Results show that the method can assist in the building design Process by highlighting those early stage decisions that frequently achieve the most significant reductions in embodied carbon footprint. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Jan C. Minx - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Truncation Error Estimates in Process Life Cycle Assessment Using Input‐Output Analysis
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Hauke Ward, Leonie Wenz, Jan C. Steckel, Jan C. MinxAbstract:Process Life Cycle assessment (PLCA) is widely used to quantify environmental flows associated with the manufacturing of products and other Processes. As PLCA always depends on defining a system boundary, its application involves truncation errors. Different methods of estimating truncation errors are proposed in the literature; most of these are based on artificially constructed system complete counterfactuals. In this article, we review the literature on truncation errors and their estimates and systematically explore factors that influence truncation error estimates. We classify estimation approaches, together with underlying factors influencing estimation results according to where in the estimation procedure they occur. By contrasting different PLCA truncation/error modeling frameworks using the same underlying input‐output (I‐O) data set and varying cut‐off criteria, we show that modeling choices can significantly influence estimates for PLCA truncation errors. In addition, we find that differences in I‐O and Process inventory databases, such as missing service sector activities, can significantly affect estimates of PLCA truncation errors. Our results expose the challenges related to explicit statements on the magnitude of PLCA truncation errors. They also indicate that increasing the strictness of cut‐off criteria in PLCA has only limited influence on the resulting truncation errors. We conclude that applying an additional I‐O Life Cycle assessment or a path exchange hybrid Life Cycle assessment to identify where significant contributions are located in upstream layers could significantly reduce PLCA truncation errors.
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Truncation Error Estimates in Process Life Cycle Assessment Using Input-Output Analysis
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Hauke Ward, Leonie Wenz, Jan C. Steckel, Jan C. MinxAbstract:Process Life Cycle assessment (PLCA) is widely used to quantify environmental flows associated with the manufacturing of products and other Processes. As PLCA always depends on defining a system boundary, its application involves truncation errors. Different methods of estimating truncation errors are proposed in the literature; most of these are based on artificially constructed system complete counterfactuals. In this article, we review the literature on truncation errors and their estimates and systematically explore factors that influence truncation error estimates. We classify estimation approaches, together with underlying factors influencing estimation results according to where in the estimation procedure they occur. By contrasting different PLCA truncation/error modeling frameworks using the same underlying input-output (I-O) data set and varying cut-off criteria, we show that modeling choices can significantly influence estimates for PLCA truncation errors. In addition, we find that differences in I-O and Process inventory databases, such as missing service sector activities, can significantly affect estimates of PLCA truncation errors. Our results expose the challenges related to explicit statements on the magnitude of PLCA truncation errors. They also indicate that increasing the strictness of cut-off criteria in PLCA has only limited influence on the resulting truncation errors. We conclude that applying an additional I-O Life Cycle assessment or a path exchange hybrid Life Cycle assessment to identify where significant contributions are located in upstream layers could significantly reduce PLCA truncation errors.