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Kevin D Frick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cost of military eye injury and vision impairment related to traumatic brain injury 2001 2017
Military Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Kevin D Frick, Eric L SingmanAbstract:INTRODUCTION Annual incidence of eye injury among members of the US armed services is high and can cause vision impairment and blindness. Traumatic brain injury is also associated with visual function. An estimate of the cost of treatment, benefits for those who are disabled, Productivity Loss for those with reduced vision function, and the cost of replacing and retraining others to take the responsibility of those who are discharged from the military will provide a benchmark to which to compare the cost of new methods to prevent, diagnose, mitigate, treat, and rehabilitate vision Loss after injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The modeling exercise used a combination of data from military websites, results previously published in the literature, and from other government websites. Data were combined to estimate the number of superficial injuries, the number of injuries with a high risk of blindness, the cost of medical care, the cost of disability benefits, and the cost of potential lost Productivity. RESULTS Over the time period in question, the average annual incidence of eye injury was 15,681 with 304 hospitalized and 298 at high risk of blindness. There were 4,394 annual TBI cases without injury to the eye but with visual impairment. The total cost of treatment, benefits, and potential lost Productivity is $2.4 billion annually; $1.9 billion is associated with TBI. $11.7 million is associated with replacing and retraining members of the military. CONCLUSIONS The cost of eye injury and vision dysfunction in the military is substantial. The cost of potential Productivity Loss associated with TBI makes up the largest proportion of total costs. Developing new standards to enhance eye safety and limit TBI could be cost-effective. Cost analyses such as this study should prove helpful in determining the economic return on investments to prevent, mitigate, treat, and rehabilitate visual system injury.
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potential lost Productivity resulting from the global burden of myopia systematic review meta analysis and modeling
Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Kovin Naidoo, Kevin D Frick, Timothy R Fricke, Monica Jong, Thomas Naduvilath, Serge Resnikoff, Padmaja SankaridurgAbstract:Purpose We estimated the potential global economic Productivity Loss resulting from vision impairment (VI) and blindness as a result of uncorrected myopia and myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in 2015. Clinical Relevance Understanding the economic burden of VI associated with myopia is critical to addressing myopia as an increasingly prevalent public health problem. Methods We estimated the number of people with myopia and MMD corresponding to critical visual acuity thresholds. Spectacle correction coverage was analyzed against country-level variables from the year of data collection; variation in spectacle correction was described best by a model based on a human development index, with adjustments for urbanization and age. Spectacle correction and myopia data were combined to estimate the number of people with each level of VI resulting from uncorrected myopia. We then applied disability weights, labor force participation rates, employment rates, and gross domestic product per capita to estimate the potential Productivity lost among individuals with each level and type of VI resulting from myopia in 2015 in United States dollars (US$). An estimate of care-associated Productivity Loss also was included. Results People with myopia are less likely to have adequate optical correction if they are older and live in a rural area of a less developed country. The global potential Productivity Loss associated with the burden of VI in 2015 was estimated at US$244 billion (95% confidence interval [CI], US$49 billion–US$697 billion) from uncorrected myopia and US$6 billion (95% CI, US$2 billion—US$17 billion) from MMD. Our estimates suggest that the Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia Global Burden of Disease regions bear the greatest potential burden as a proportion of their economic activity, whereas East Asia bears the greatest potential burden in absolute terms. Conclusions Even under conservative assumptions, the potential Productivity Loss associated with VI and blindness resulting from uncorrected myopia is substantially greater than the cost of correcting myopia.
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a simple method for estimating the economic cost of Productivity Loss due to blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment
Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2015Co-Authors: Kristen A Eckert, Kevin D Frick, David A Wilson, Marissa J Carter, Van C Lansingh, Joao M Furtado, Serge ResnikoffAbstract:AbstractPurpose: To estimate the annual Loss of Productivity from blindness and moderate to severe visual impairment (MSVI) using simple models (analogous to how a rapid assessment model relates to a comprehensive model) based on minimum wage (MW) and gross national income (GNI) per capita (US$, 2011).Methods: Cost of blindness (COB) was calculated for the age group ≥50 years in nine sample countries by assuming the Loss of current MW and Loss of GNI per capita. It was assumed that all individuals work until 65 years old and that half of visual impairment prevalent in the ≥50 years age group is prevalent in the 50–64 years age group. For cost of MSVI (COMSVI), individual wage and GNI Loss of 30% was assumed. Results were compared with the values of the uncorrected refractive error (URE) model of Productivity Loss.Results: COB (MW method) ranged from $0.1 billion in Honduras to $2.5 billion in the United States, and COMSVI ranged from $0.1 billion in Honduras to $5.3 billion in the US. COB (GNI method) ran...
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the global burden of potential Productivity Loss from uncorrected presbyopia
Ophthalmology, 2015Co-Authors: Kovin Naidoo, Kevin D Frick, Brien A Holden, David A WilsonAbstract:Purpose The onset of presbyopia in middle adulthood results in potential Losses in Productivity among otherwise healthy adults if uncorrected or undercorrected. The economic burden could be significant in lower-income countries, where up to 94% of cases may be uncorrected or undercorrected. This study estimates the global burden of potential Productivity lost because of uncorrected functional presbyopia. Design Population data from the US Census Bureau were combined with the estimated presbyopia prevalence, age of onset, employment rate, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in current US dollars, and near vision impairment disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study to estimate the global Loss of Productivity from uncorrected and undercorrected presbyopia in each country in 2011. To allow comparison with earlier work, we also calculated the Loss with the conservative assumption that the contribution to Productivity extends only up to 50 years of age. Participants The economic modeling did not require the use of subjects. Methods We estimated the number of cases of uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia in each country among the working-age population. The number of working-age cases was multiplied by the labor force participation rate, the employment rate, a disability weight, and the GDP per capita to estimate the potential Loss of GDP due to presbyopia. Main Outcome Measures The outcome being measured is the lost Productivity in 2011 US dollars resulting from uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia. Results There were an estimated 1.272 billion cases of presbyopia worldwide in 2011. A total of 244 million cases, uncorrected or undercorrected among people aged Conclusions Even with conservative assumptions regarding the productive population, presbyopia is a significant burden on Productivity, and correction would have a significant impact on Productivity in lower-income countries.
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potential lost Productivity resulting from the global burden of uncorrected refractive error
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2009Co-Authors: T S T Smith, Brien A Holden, Kevin D Frick, Timothy R Fricke, Kovin NaidooAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential global economic Productivity Loss associated with the existing burden of visual impairment from uncorrected refractive error (URE). METHODS: Conservative assumptions and national population, epidemiological and economic data were used to estimate the purchasing power parity-adjusted gross domestic product (PPP-adjusted GDP) Loss for all individuals with impaired vision and blindness, and for individuals with normal sight who provide them with informal care. FINDINGS: An estimated 158.1 million cases of visual impairment resulted from uncorrected or undercorrected refractive error in 2007; of these, 8.7 million were blind. We estimated the global economic Productivity Loss in international dollars (I$) associated with this burden at I$ 427.7 billion before, and I$ 268.8 billion after, adjustment for country-specific labour force participation and employment rates. With the same adjustment, but assuming no economic Productivity for individuals aged > 50 years, we estimated the potential Productivity Loss at I$ 121.4 billion. CONCLUSION: Even under the most conservative assumptions, the total estimated Productivity Loss, in $I, associated with visual impairment from URE is approximately a thousand times greater than the global number of cases. The cost of scaling up existing refractive services to meet this burden is unknown, but if each affected individual were to be provided with appropriate eyeglasses for less than I$ 1000, a net economic gain may be attainable.
Kovin Naidoo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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potential lost Productivity resulting from the global burden of myopia systematic review meta analysis and modeling
Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Kovin Naidoo, Kevin D Frick, Timothy R Fricke, Monica Jong, Thomas Naduvilath, Serge Resnikoff, Padmaja SankaridurgAbstract:Purpose We estimated the potential global economic Productivity Loss resulting from vision impairment (VI) and blindness as a result of uncorrected myopia and myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in 2015. Clinical Relevance Understanding the economic burden of VI associated with myopia is critical to addressing myopia as an increasingly prevalent public health problem. Methods We estimated the number of people with myopia and MMD corresponding to critical visual acuity thresholds. Spectacle correction coverage was analyzed against country-level variables from the year of data collection; variation in spectacle correction was described best by a model based on a human development index, with adjustments for urbanization and age. Spectacle correction and myopia data were combined to estimate the number of people with each level of VI resulting from uncorrected myopia. We then applied disability weights, labor force participation rates, employment rates, and gross domestic product per capita to estimate the potential Productivity lost among individuals with each level and type of VI resulting from myopia in 2015 in United States dollars (US$). An estimate of care-associated Productivity Loss also was included. Results People with myopia are less likely to have adequate optical correction if they are older and live in a rural area of a less developed country. The global potential Productivity Loss associated with the burden of VI in 2015 was estimated at US$244 billion (95% confidence interval [CI], US$49 billion–US$697 billion) from uncorrected myopia and US$6 billion (95% CI, US$2 billion—US$17 billion) from MMD. Our estimates suggest that the Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia Global Burden of Disease regions bear the greatest potential burden as a proportion of their economic activity, whereas East Asia bears the greatest potential burden in absolute terms. Conclusions Even under conservative assumptions, the potential Productivity Loss associated with VI and blindness resulting from uncorrected myopia is substantially greater than the cost of correcting myopia.
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the global burden of potential Productivity Loss from uncorrected presbyopia
Ophthalmology, 2015Co-Authors: Kovin Naidoo, Kevin D Frick, Brien A Holden, David A WilsonAbstract:Purpose The onset of presbyopia in middle adulthood results in potential Losses in Productivity among otherwise healthy adults if uncorrected or undercorrected. The economic burden could be significant in lower-income countries, where up to 94% of cases may be uncorrected or undercorrected. This study estimates the global burden of potential Productivity lost because of uncorrected functional presbyopia. Design Population data from the US Census Bureau were combined with the estimated presbyopia prevalence, age of onset, employment rate, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in current US dollars, and near vision impairment disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study to estimate the global Loss of Productivity from uncorrected and undercorrected presbyopia in each country in 2011. To allow comparison with earlier work, we also calculated the Loss with the conservative assumption that the contribution to Productivity extends only up to 50 years of age. Participants The economic modeling did not require the use of subjects. Methods We estimated the number of cases of uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia in each country among the working-age population. The number of working-age cases was multiplied by the labor force participation rate, the employment rate, a disability weight, and the GDP per capita to estimate the potential Loss of GDP due to presbyopia. Main Outcome Measures The outcome being measured is the lost Productivity in 2011 US dollars resulting from uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia. Results There were an estimated 1.272 billion cases of presbyopia worldwide in 2011. A total of 244 million cases, uncorrected or undercorrected among people aged Conclusions Even with conservative assumptions regarding the productive population, presbyopia is a significant burden on Productivity, and correction would have a significant impact on Productivity in lower-income countries.
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potential lost Productivity resulting from the global burden of uncorrected refractive error
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2009Co-Authors: T S T Smith, Brien A Holden, Kevin D Frick, Timothy R Fricke, Kovin NaidooAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential global economic Productivity Loss associated with the existing burden of visual impairment from uncorrected refractive error (URE). METHODS: Conservative assumptions and national population, epidemiological and economic data were used to estimate the purchasing power parity-adjusted gross domestic product (PPP-adjusted GDP) Loss for all individuals with impaired vision and blindness, and for individuals with normal sight who provide them with informal care. FINDINGS: An estimated 158.1 million cases of visual impairment resulted from uncorrected or undercorrected refractive error in 2007; of these, 8.7 million were blind. We estimated the global economic Productivity Loss in international dollars (I$) associated with this burden at I$ 427.7 billion before, and I$ 268.8 billion after, adjustment for country-specific labour force participation and employment rates. With the same adjustment, but assuming no economic Productivity for individuals aged > 50 years, we estimated the potential Productivity Loss at I$ 121.4 billion. CONCLUSION: Even under the most conservative assumptions, the total estimated Productivity Loss, in $I, associated with visual impairment from URE is approximately a thousand times greater than the global number of cases. The cost of scaling up existing refractive services to meet this burden is unknown, but if each affected individual were to be provided with appropriate eyeglasses for less than I$ 1000, a net economic gain may be attainable.
Grant L Iverson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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work Productivity Loss after mild traumatic brain injury
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2017Co-Authors: Noah D Silverberg, William J Panenka, Grant L IversonAbstract:Abstract Objectives To examine the completeness of return to work (RTW) and the degree of Productivity Loss in individuals who do achieve a complete RTW after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Design Multisite prospective cohort. Setting Outpatient concussion clinics. Participants Patients (N=79; mean age, 41.5y; 55.7% women) who sustained an MTBI and were employed at the time of the injury. Participants were enrolled at their first clinic visit and assessed by telephone 6 to 8 months postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Structured interview of RTW status, British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (BC-PSI), Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and brief pain questionnaire. Participants who endorsed symptoms from ≥3 categories with at least moderate severity on the BC-PSI were considered to meet International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision criteria for postconcussional syndrome. RTW status was classified as complete if participants returned to their preinjury job with the same hours and responsibilities or to a new job that was at least as demanding. Results Of the 46 patients (58.2%) who achieved an RTW, 33 (71.7%) had a complete RTW. Participants with complete RTW had high rates of postconcussional syndrome (44.5%) and comorbid depression (18.2%), anxiety disorder (24.2%), and bodily pain (30.3%). They also reported Productivity Loss on the LEAPS, such as “getting less work done” (60.6%) and “making more mistakes” (42.4%). In a regression model, Productivity Loss was predicted by the presence of postconcussional syndrome and a comorbid psychiatric condition, but not bodily pain. Conclusions Even in patients who RTW after MTBI, detailed assessment revealed underemployment and Productivity Loss associated with residual symptoms and psychiatric complications.
Brien A Holden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the global burden of potential Productivity Loss from uncorrected presbyopia
Ophthalmology, 2015Co-Authors: Kovin Naidoo, Kevin D Frick, Brien A Holden, David A WilsonAbstract:Purpose The onset of presbyopia in middle adulthood results in potential Losses in Productivity among otherwise healthy adults if uncorrected or undercorrected. The economic burden could be significant in lower-income countries, where up to 94% of cases may be uncorrected or undercorrected. This study estimates the global burden of potential Productivity lost because of uncorrected functional presbyopia. Design Population data from the US Census Bureau were combined with the estimated presbyopia prevalence, age of onset, employment rate, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in current US dollars, and near vision impairment disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study to estimate the global Loss of Productivity from uncorrected and undercorrected presbyopia in each country in 2011. To allow comparison with earlier work, we also calculated the Loss with the conservative assumption that the contribution to Productivity extends only up to 50 years of age. Participants The economic modeling did not require the use of subjects. Methods We estimated the number of cases of uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia in each country among the working-age population. The number of working-age cases was multiplied by the labor force participation rate, the employment rate, a disability weight, and the GDP per capita to estimate the potential Loss of GDP due to presbyopia. Main Outcome Measures The outcome being measured is the lost Productivity in 2011 US dollars resulting from uncorrected or undercorrected presbyopia. Results There were an estimated 1.272 billion cases of presbyopia worldwide in 2011. A total of 244 million cases, uncorrected or undercorrected among people aged Conclusions Even with conservative assumptions regarding the productive population, presbyopia is a significant burden on Productivity, and correction would have a significant impact on Productivity in lower-income countries.
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potential lost Productivity resulting from the global burden of uncorrected refractive error
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2009Co-Authors: T S T Smith, Brien A Holden, Kevin D Frick, Timothy R Fricke, Kovin NaidooAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential global economic Productivity Loss associated with the existing burden of visual impairment from uncorrected refractive error (URE). METHODS: Conservative assumptions and national population, epidemiological and economic data were used to estimate the purchasing power parity-adjusted gross domestic product (PPP-adjusted GDP) Loss for all individuals with impaired vision and blindness, and for individuals with normal sight who provide them with informal care. FINDINGS: An estimated 158.1 million cases of visual impairment resulted from uncorrected or undercorrected refractive error in 2007; of these, 8.7 million were blind. We estimated the global economic Productivity Loss in international dollars (I$) associated with this burden at I$ 427.7 billion before, and I$ 268.8 billion after, adjustment for country-specific labour force participation and employment rates. With the same adjustment, but assuming no economic Productivity for individuals aged > 50 years, we estimated the potential Productivity Loss at I$ 121.4 billion. CONCLUSION: Even under the most conservative assumptions, the total estimated Productivity Loss, in $I, associated with visual impairment from URE is approximately a thousand times greater than the global number of cases. The cost of scaling up existing refractive services to meet this burden is unknown, but if each affected individual were to be provided with appropriate eyeglasses for less than I$ 1000, a net economic gain may be attainable.
Wei Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How to analyze work Productivity Loss due to health problems in randomized controlled trials? A simulation study
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021Co-Authors: Wei Zhang, Huiying SunAbstract:Abstract Background An increasing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have measured the impact of interventions on work Productivity Loss. Productivity Loss outcome is inflated at zero and max Loss values. Our study was to compare the performance of five commonly used methods in analysis of Productivity Loss outcomes in RCTs. Methods We conducted a simulation study to compare Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Negative Binominal (NB), two-part models (the non-zero part following truncated NB distribution or gamma distribution) and three-part model (the middle part between zero and max values following Beta distribution). The main number of observations each arm, Nobs, that we considered were 50, 100 and 200. Baseline Productivity Loss was included as a covariate. Results All models performed similarly well when baseline Productivity Loss was set at the mean value. When baseline Productivity Loss was set at other values and Nobs = 50 with ≤5 subjects having max Loss, two-part models performed best if the proportion of zero Loss> 50% in at least one arm and otherwise, OLS performed best. When Nobs = 100 or 200, the three-part model performed best if the two arms had equal scale parameters for their Productivity Loss outcome distributions between zero and max values. Conclusions Our findings suggest that when treatment effect at any given values of one single covariate is of interest, the model selection depends on the sample size, the proportions of zero Loss and max Loss, and the scale parameter for the Productivity Loss outcome distribution between zero and max Loss in each arm of RCTs
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the association between chronic conditions and non agricultural work Productivity Loss among the middle aged chinese population
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Wei Zhang, Huiying SunAbstract:OBJECTIVE To measure the association between different chronic conditions and non-agricultural work Productivity Loss among the middle-aged Chinese population. METHODS We used 2011, 2013, and 2015 data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The study focused on middle-aged respondents who had the potential to work in the non-agricultural sector. Work Productivity Loss was measured by non-agricultural work participation and number of absent workdays among those conducting non-agricultural work. Seven different chronic conditions were considered. RESULTS Heart diseases had the strongest association with lower work participation for men and women. Stomach/digestive disease and arthritis/rheumatism were conditions with the largest incremental absent workdays for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The associations with non-agricultural work Productivity Loss varied by chronic conditions, outcomes, and sex. The findings will help motivate chronic condition prevention/management programs and set priorities.
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the preventable burden of Productivity Loss due to suboptimal asthma control a population based study
Chest, 2014Co-Authors: Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Wei Zhang, Roxanne Rousseau, Wenjia Chen, Larry D Lynd, Mark J FitzgeraldAbstract:Background Productivity Loss is an overlooked aspect of the burden of chronic health conditions. While modern guidelines emphasize achieving clinical control in asthma management, few studies have reported on the relationship between asthma control and Productivity Loss. We calculated the Productivity Loss that can be avoided by achieving and maintaining clinical control in employed adults with asthma. Methods We prospectively recruited a population-based random sample of adults with asthma in British Columbia, Canada. We measured Productivity Loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism using validated instruments, and ascertained asthma control according to the GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) classification. We estimated the average gain in Productivity for each individual if the individual's asthma was controlled in the past week, by fitting two-part regression models associating asthma control and Productivity Loss, controlling for potential confounding variables. Results The final sample included 300 employed adults (mean age, 47.9 years [SD 12.0]; 67.3% women). Of these, 49 (16.3%) reported absenteeism, and 137 (45.7%) reported presenteeism. Productivity Loss due to presenteeism, but not absenteeism, was associated with asthma control. A person with uncontrolled asthma would avoid $184.80 (Canadian dollars [CAD]) in Productivity Loss by achieving clinical control during a week, CAD$167.50 (90.6%) of which would be due to presenteeism. The corresponding value was CAD$34.20 for partially controlled asthma and was not statistically significant. Conclusions Our results indicate that substantial gain in Productivity can be obtained by achieving asthma control. Presenteeism is more responsive than absenteeism to asthma control, and, thus, is a more important source of preventable burden.
