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Monique G. Dubé - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be “scaled up” to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:469–479. © 2012 SETAC
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be "scaled up" to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements.
Murray Ball - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be “scaled up” to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:469–479. © 2012 SETAC
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be "scaled up" to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements.
Bram F. Noble - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be “scaled up” to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:469–479. © 2012 SETAC
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valued ecosystem components for watershed cumulative effects an analysis of environmental impact Assessments in the south saskatchewan river watershed canada
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Murray Ball, Bram F. Noble, Monique G. DubéAbstract:The accumulating effects of human development are threatening water quality and availability. In recognition of the constraints to cumulative effects Assessment (CEA) under traditional environmental impact Assessment (EIA), there is an emerging body of research dedicated to watershed-based cumulative effects Assessment (WCEA). To advance the science of WCEA, however, a standard set of ecosystem components and indicators is required that can be used at the watershed scale, to inform effects-based understanding of cumulative change, and at the Project scale, to inform regulatory-based Project based impact Assessment and mitigation. A major challenge, however, is that it is not clear how such ecosystem components and indicators for WCEA can or should be developed. This study examined the use of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators in EIA practice in the South Saskatchewan River watershed, Canada, to determine whether current practice at the Project scale could be "scaled up" to support ecosystem component and indicator development for WCEA. The hierarchy of Assessment components and indicators used in a sample of 35 environmental impact Assessments was examined and the factors affecting aquatic ecosystem component selection and indicator use were identified. Results showed that public environmental impact statements are not necessarily publically accessible, thus limiting opportunities for data and information sharing from the Project to the watershed scale. We also found no consistent terminology across the sample of impact statements, thus making comparison of Assessment processes and results difficult. Regulatory compliance was found to be the dominant factor influencing the selection of ecosystem components and indicators for use in Project Assessment, rather than scientific reasoning, followed by the mandate of the responsible government agency for the Assessment, public input to the Assessment process, and preexisting water licensing arrangements external to the Assessment process. The current approach to Project-based Assessment offered little support for WCEA initiatives. It did not provide a standard set of aquatic ecosystem components and indicators or allow the sharing of information across Projects and from the Project to the watershed scale. We suggest that determining priority Assessment parameters for WCEA requires adoption of a standardized framework of component and indicator terminology, which can then be populated for the watershed of concern based on both watershed-based priorities and Project-specific regulatory requirements.
Martínez-garcía Carolina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Avaliación da cuncha de mexillón para o desenvolvemento de diferentes biomateriais de construcción
2020Co-Authors: Martínez-garcía CarolinaAbstract:Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Computación . 5009V01[Abstract] Assessment of mussel shells for the development of different bio‐based building materials Cultured mussels are produced worldwide, and Spain is one of the top producers, being the shores of Galicia the centre of this industry, with an annual production in Galicia of about 200,000 tonnes. These mussels are sold in fresh although a large fraction is processed and commercialized canned (approximately 38%). This canning industry sells only the flesh discarding the shells that subsequently become a by‐product. The estimation of waste generation of this industry only in Galicia is of 25,000 annual tonnes. The management of this waste is not solved and nowadays some of the waste is dumped in uncontrolled landfills. This is also a global problem and it was approached in numerous publications since the 1990s. This doctoral thesis analyses the use of mussel shells as bio‐based building material in different applications such as aggregates for the manufacture of concrete, innovative coating mortars and as loose‐fill insulation. The mussel shell was heat‐treated at 135 °C for 30 minutes and then crushed and sieved to produce gravel and sand. The aggregate are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (>95%) with traces of organic compounds and small amounts of sulphate and chloride. The first application considered was the production of plain concrete. The results lead to establish that mussel shell replacement should be limited to 25% of fine or coarse aggregates, or 12.5% of both fine and coarse aggregates. With these percentages the concrete displays a correct behaviour and an interesting aesthetic finishing with fragments of seashells. The second application was mortars for coatings, in these, the 25%, 50% and 75% of the aggregate was replaced by shell aggregates. The binders considered were cement and lime that was studied as sustainable alternative. The cement‐based mortars agreed with the results in concrete with a recommended replacement rate of 25%. This limit is also the recommendation for the lime mortars, although with larger quantities the changes are not severe, and the finishing could be appealing. Mussel shell aggregates affect workability, density, and mechanical properties of coating mortars with both binders. Also, the capillary uptake was reduced alongside with the enhancement of water retention. This was attributed mainly to the organic matter content and flaky shape. This two parameters also affect the carbonation of lime mortars, at young ages it was decreased while the total carbonated area was increased at old ages when compared with baseline. The third application was to use mussel shell aggregate as loose fill material. This mussel shell material has been found suitable for using as building insulation material. Mussel shell confined inside an enclosed space (e.g. a wooden box) has a thermal conductivity similar to that of a light conifer wood, so it can be considered a material with low thermal conductivity. In addition, the material displays an acoustic behaviour comparable to others commercialised insulation materials. This research work was part of the Biovalvo Project "Assessment of Galician bivalve shell in the construction sector ". The last step of this Project was the erection of an experimental building that includes all the building materials described in this research: roof, walls, floor and foundation included mussel shells with very good outcomes. The results of this experience will be published in scientific papers after this document although a description of the building and the preliminary results are presented in annex A of this thesis.[Resumen] Evaluación de las conchas de mejillón para el desarrollo de diferentes biomateriales de construcción España es uno de los principales productores mundiales de mejillón, siendo las costas de Galicia el centro de esta industria, con una producción anual de aproximadamente 200,000 toneladas. Estos mejillones se venden frescos, aunque una gran fracción se procesa y comercializa en conserva (aproximadamente el 38%). Esta industria conservera vende solo la carne desechando las conchas que posteriormente se convierten en un subproducto. La estimación de la generación de residuos de esta industria solo en Galicia es de 25,000 toneladas anuales, pero no todos los residuos se reciclan y hoy en día gran parte de estos terminan en vertederos no controlados. Este es también un problema global, que ha sido abordado en numerosas publicaciones desde los años 90. Esta tesis doctoral analiza el uso de conchas de mejillón como biomaterial de construcción en diferentes aplicaciones como áridos para la fabricación de hormigón, morteros de revestimiento innovadores y como relleno suelto para aislamiento. La concha de mejillón fue tratada térmicamente a 135 °C durante 30 minutos y luego triturada y tamizada para producir arena y grava. El árido está compuesto principalmente de carbonato cálcico (> 95%) con trazas de compuestos orgánicos y pequeñas cantidades de sulfato y cloruro. La primera aplicación considerada fue la producción de hormigón en masa. Los resultados conducen a establecer que la sustitución de la concha de mejillón debe limitarse al 25% de los áridos finos o gruesos, o al 12.5% de los áridos finos y gruesos juntos. Con estos porcentajes, el hormigón muestra un comportamiento correcto y, al pulirse, se consigue un interesante acabado estético con fragmentos vistos de conchas marinas. La segunda aplicación fueron los morteros de revestimientos, en estos, el 25%, 50% y 75% del árido fue reemplazado por áridos de mejillón. Los ligantes considerados fueron el cemento y la cal. Los áridos de mejillón afectan la trabajabilidad, la densidad y las propiedades mecánicas de las mezclas. También se reduce considerablemente la absorción capilar. Esto se atribuyó principalmente al contenido de materia orgánica y la forma lajosa de las conchas. Estos dos parámetros también afectan a la carbonatación de los morteros de cal, reduciéndose el avance a edades tempranas con respecto al patrón mientras que el área carbonatada total se incrementó a edades avanzadas con el contenido de mejillón. El límite de sustitución recomendado para los morteros de revestimiento es del 25%, aunque en el caso de la cal con mayores porcentajes los cambios no son severos. La tercera aplicación fue el uso como material de relleno suelto. Las conchas de mejillón confinadas dentro de un espacio cerrado (una caja de madera) tienen una conductividad térmica similar a la de una madera de conífera ligera, por lo que puede considerarse un material con baja conductividad térmica. Además, el material muestra un comportamiento acústico como el de otros materiales aislantes comercializados. Este trabajo de investigación nació en el marco del Proyecto Biovalvo "Valoración de las conchas bivalvos gallegos en el ámbito de la construcción". El último paso de este proyecto fue la construcción de un edificio experimental que incluye todos los materiales de construcción descritos en esta investigación. Se incluyeron conchas de mejillón en el techo, las paredes, el suelo y los cimientos del edificio. Los resultados de esta experiencia se publicarán en documentos científicos posteriores, aunque una descripción del edificio y los resultados preliminares se presentan en el Anexo A de esta tesis.[Resumo] Avaliación da cuncha de mexillón para o desenvolvemento de diferentes biomateriais de construción España é un dos principais produtores mundiais de mexillón, sendo as costas de Galicia o centro desta industria, cunha produción anual de aproximadamente 200.000 toneladas. Estes mexillóns véndense frescos, aínda que unha gran fracción procésase e comercializa en conserva (aproximadamente o 38%). Esta industria conserveira vende só a carne refugando as cunchas que posteriormente se converten nun subproducto. A estimación da xeración de residuos desta industria só en Galicia é de 25.000 toneladas anuais, pero non todos os residuos recíclanse e hoxe en día gran parte destes terminan en vertedoiros non controlados. Este é tamén un problema global, que foi abordado en numerosas publicacións dende os anos 90. Esta tese doutoral analiza o uso de cunchas de mexillón como biomaterial de construción para o seu uso en diferentes aplicacións como áridos para a fabricación de formigón, morteiros de revestimento innovadores e como recheo solto para illamento. A cuncha de mexillón foi tratada térmicamente a 135 °C durante 30 minutos e logo triturada e tamizada para producir grava e area. O árido está composto principalmente de carbonato cálcico (> 95%) con trazas de compostos orgánicos e pequenas cantidades de sulfato e cloruro. A primeira aplicación considerada foi a produción de formigón en masa. Os resultados conducen a establecer que a substitución da cuncha de mexillón debe limitarse ao 25% dos áridos finos ou grosos, ou ao 12.5% dos áridos finos e grosos xuntos. Con estas porcentaxes, o formigón mostra un comportamento correcto e, ao puírse, conséguese un interesante acabado estético con fragmentos vistos de cunchas mariñas. A segunda aplicación foron os morteiros de revestimentos, nestes, o 25%, 50% e 75% do árido foi substituído por áridos de mexillón. Os ligantes considerados foron o cemento e o cal. Os áridos de mexillón afectan a trabajabilidad, a densidade e as propiedades mecánicas das mesturas. Tamén se reduce considerablemente a absorción capilar. Isto atribuíuse principalmente ao contido de materia orgánica e a forma lajosa das cunchas. Estes dous parámetros tamén afectan á carbonatación dos morteiros de cal, reducíndose o avance a idades temperás con respecto ao patrón mentres que a área carbonatada total incrementouse a idades avanzadas co contido de mexillón. O límite de substitución recomendado para os morteiros de revestimento é do 25%, aínda que no caso do cal con maiores porcentaxes os cambios non son severos. A terceira aplicación foi o uso como material de recheo solto. As cunchas de mexillón confinadas dentro dun espazo pechado (unha caixa de madeira) teñen unha condutividade térmica similar á dunha madeira de conífera lixeira, polo que pode considerarse un material con baixa condutividade térmica. Ademais, o material mostra un comportamento acústico como o doutros materiais illantes comercializados. Este traballo de investigación naceu no marco do Proxecto Biovalvo "Valoración das cunchas bivalvos galegos no ámbito da construción". O último paso deste proxecto foi a construción dun edificio experimental que inclúe todos os materiais de construción descritos nesta investigación. Incluíronse cunchas de mexillón no teito, nas paredes, no chan e nos cimentos do edificio. Os resultados desta experiencia publicaranse en documentos científicos posteriores, aínda que unha descrición do edificio e os resultados preliminares preséntanse no anexo A de esta tese
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Avaliación da cuncha de mexillón para o desenvolvemento de diferentes biomateriais de construcció
Universidad de A Coruña, 2020Co-Authors: Martínez-garcía CarolinaAbstract:Cultured mussels are produced worldwide, and Spain is one of the top producers, being the shores of Galicia the centre of this industry, with an annual production in Galicia of about 200,000 tonnes. These mussels are sold in fresh although a large fraction is processed and commercialized canned (approximately 38%). This canning industry sells only the flesh discarding the shells that subsequently become a by-product. The estimation of waste generation of this industry only in Galicia is of 25,000 annual tonnes. The management of this waste is not solved and nowadays some of the waste is dumped in uncontrolled landfills. This is also a global problem and it was approached in numerous publications since the 1990s. This doctoral thesis analyses the use of mussel shells as bio-based building material in different applications such as aggregates for the manufacture of concrete, innovative coating mortars and as loose-fill insulation. The mussel shell was heat-treated at 135 °C for 30 minutes and then crushed and sieved to produce gravel and sand. The aggregate are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (>95%) with traces of organic compounds and small amounts of sulphate and chloride. The first application considered was the production of plain concrete. The results lead to establish that mussel shell replacement should be limited to 25% of fine or coarse aggregates, or 12.5% of both fine and coarse aggregates. With these percentages the concrete displays a correct behaviour and an interesting aesthetic finishing with fragments of seashells. The second application was mortars for coatings, in these, the 25%, 50% and 75% of the aggregate was replaced by shell aggregates. The binders considered were cement and lime that was studied as sustainable alternative. The cement-based mortars agreed with the results in concrete with a recommended replacement rate of 25%. This limit is also the recommendation for the lime mortars, although with larger quantities the changes are not severe, and the finishing could be appealing. Mussel shell aggregates affect workability, density, and mechanical properties of coating mortars with both binders. Also, the capillary uptake was reduced alongside with the enhancement of water retention. This was attributed mainly to the organic matter content and flaky shape. This two parameters also affect the carbonation of lime mortars, at young ages it was decreased while the total carbonated area was increased at old ages when compared with baseline. The third application was to use mussel shell aggregate as loose fill material. This mussel shell material has been found suitable for using as building insulation material. Mussel shell confined inside an enclosed space (e.g. a wooden box) has a thermal conductivity similar to that of a light conifer wood, so it can be considered a material with low thermal conductivity. In addition, the material displays an acoustic behaviour comparable to others commercialised insulation materials. This research work was part of the Biovalvo Project "Assessment of Galician bivalve shell in the construction sector ". The last step of this Project was the erection of an experimental building that includes all the building materials described in this research: roof, walls, floor and foundation included mussel shells with very good outcomes. The results of this experience will be published in scientific papers after this document although a description of the building and the preliminary results are presented in annex A of this thesis.Evaluación de las conchas de mejillón para el desarrollo de diferentes biomateriales de construcción España es uno de los principales productores mundiales de mejillón, siendo las costas de Galicia el centro de esta industria, con una producción anual de aproximadamente 200,000 toneladas. Estos mejillones se venden frescos, aunque una gran fracción se procesa y comercializa en conserva (aproximadamente el 38%). Esta industria conservera vende solo la carne desechando las conchas que posteriormente se convierten en un subproducto. La estimación de la generación de residuos de esta industria solo en Galicia es de 25,000 toneladas anuales, pero no todos los residuos se reciclan y hoy en día gran parte de estos terminan en vertederos no controlados. Este es también un problema global, que ha sido abordado en numerosas publicaciones desde los años 90. Esta tesis doctoral analiza el uso de conchas de mejillón como biomaterial de construcción en diferentes aplicaciones como áridos para la fabricación de hormigón, morteros de revestimiento innovadores y como relleno suelto para aislamiento. La concha de mejillón fue tratada térmicamente a 135 °C durante 30 minutos y luego triturada y tamizada para producir arena y grava. El árido está compuesto principalmente de carbonato cálcico (> 95%) con trazas de compuestos orgánicos y pequeñas cantidades de sulfato y cloruro. La primera aplicación considerada fue la producción de hormigón en masa. Los resultados conducen a establecer que la sustitución de la concha de mejillón debe limitarse al 25% de los áridos finos o gruesos, o al 12.5% de los áridos finos y gruesos juntos. Con estos porcentajes, el hormigón muestra un comportamiento correcto y, al pulirse, se consigue un interesante acabado estético con fragmentos vistos de conchas marinas. La segunda aplicación fueron los morteros de revestimientos, en estos, el 25%, 50% y 75% del árido fue reemplazado por áridos de mejillón. Los ligantes considerados fueron el cemento y la cal. Los áridos de mejillón afectan la trabajabilidad, la densidad y las propiedades mecánicas de las mezclas. También se reduce considerablemente la absorción capilar. Esto se atribuyó principalmente al contenido de materia orgánica y la forma lajosa de las conchas. Estos dos parámetros también afectan a la carbonatación de los morteros de cal, reduciéndose el avance a edades tempranas con respecto al patrón mientras que el área carbonatada total se incrementó a edades avanzadas con el contenido de mejillón. El límite de sustitución recomendado para los morteros de revestimiento es del 25%, aunque en el caso de la cal con mayores porcentajes los cambios no son severos. La tercera aplicación fue el uso como material de relleno suelto. Las conchas de mejillón confinadas dentro de un espacio cerrado (una caja de madera) tienen una conductividad térmica similar a la de una madera de conífera ligera, por lo que puede considerarse un material con baja conductividad térmica. Además, el material muestra un comportamiento acústico como el de otros materiales aislantes comercializados. Este trabajo de investigación nació en el marco del Proyecto Biovalvo "Valoración de las conchas bivalvos gallegos en el ámbito de la construcción". El último paso de este proyecto fue la construcción de un edificio experimental que incluye todos los materiales de construcción descritos en esta investigación. Se incluyeron conchas de mejillón en el techo, las paredes, el suelo y los cimientos del edificio. Los resultados de esta experiencia se publicarán en documentos científicos posteriores, aunque una descripción del edificio y los resultados preliminares se presentan en el Anexo A de esta tesis.Avaliación da cuncha de mexillón para o desenvolvemento de diferentes biomateriais de construción España é un dos principais produtores mundiais de mexillón, sendo as costas de Galicia o centro desta industria, cunha produción anual de aproximadamente 200.000 toneladas. Estes mexillóns véndense frescos, aínda que unha gran fracción procésase e comercializa en conserva (aproximadamente o 38%). Esta industria conserveira vende só a carne refugando as cunchas que posteriormente se converten nun subproducto. A estimación da xeración de residuos desta industria só en Galicia é de 25.000 toneladas anuais, pero non todos os residuos recíclanse e hoxe en día gran parte destes terminan en vertedoiros non controlados. Este é tamén un problema global, que foi abordado en numerosas publicacións dende os anos 90. Esta tese doutoral analiza o uso de cunchas de mexillón como biomaterial de construción para o seu uso en diferentes aplicacións como áridos para a fabricación de formigón, morteiros de revestimento innovadores e como recheo solto para illamento. A cuncha de mexillón foi tratada térmicamente a 135 °C durante 30 minutos e logo triturada e tamizada para producir grava e area. O árido está composto principalmente de carbonato cálcico (> 95%) con trazas de compostos orgánicos e pequenas cantidades de sulfato e cloruro. A primeira aplicación considerada foi a produción de formigón en masa. Os resultados conducen a establecer que a substitución da cuncha de mexillón debe limitarse ao 25% dos áridos finos ou grosos, ou ao 12.5% dos áridos finos e grosos xuntos. Con estas porcentaxes, o formigón mostra un comportamento correcto e, ao puírse, conséguese un interesante acabado estético con fragmentos vistos de cunchas mariñas. A segunda aplicación foron os morteiros de revestimentos, nestes, o 25%, 50% e 75% do árido foi substituído por áridos de mexillón. Os ligantes considerados foron o cemento e o cal. Os áridos de mexillón afectan a trabajabilidad, a densidade e as propiedades mecánicas das mesturas. Tamén se reduce considerablemente a absorción capilar. Isto atribuíuse principalmente ao contido de materia orgánica e a forma lajosa das cunchas. Estes dous parámetros tamén afectan á carbonatación dos morteiros de cal, reducíndose o avance a idades temperás con respecto ao patrón mentres que a área carbonatada total incrementouse a idades avanzadas co contido de mexillón. O límite de substitución recomendado para os morteiros de revestimento é do 25%, aínda que no caso do cal con maiores porcentaxes os cambios non son severos. A terceira aplicación foi o uso como material de recheo solto. As cunchas de mexillón confinadas dentro dun espazo pechado (unha caixa de madeira) teñen unha condutividade térmica similar á dunha madeira de conífera lixeira, polo que pode considerarse un material con baixa condutividade térmica. Ademais, o material mostra un comportamento acústico como o doutros materiais illantes comercializados. Este traballo de investigación naceu no marco do Proxecto Biovalvo "Valoración das cunchas bivalvos galegos no ámbito da construción". O último paso deste proxecto foi a construción dun edificio experimental que inclúe todos os materiais de construción descritos nesta investigación. Incluíronse cunchas de mexillón no teito, nas paredes, no chan e nos cimentos do edificio. Os resultados desta experiencia publicaranse en documentos científicos posteriores, aínda que unha descrición do edificio e os resultados preliminares preséntanse no anexo A de esta tese
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ecological success in stream restoration case studies from the midwestern united states
Environmental Management, 2007Co-Authors: Gretchen G Alexander, David J AllanAbstract:Despite rapid growth in river restoration, few Projects receive the necessary evaluation and reporting to determine their success or failure and to learn from experience. As part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis, we interviewed 39 Project contacts from a database of 1,345 restoration Projects in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ohio to (1) verify Project information; (2) gather data on Project design, implementation, and coordination; (3) assess the extent of monitoring; and (4) evaluate success and the factors that may influence it. Projects were selected randomly within the four most common Project goals from a national database: in-stream habitat improvement, channel reconfiguration, riparian management, and water-quality improvement. Roughly half of the Projects were implemented as part of a watershed management plan and had some advisory group. Monitoring occurred in 79% of Projects but often was minimal and seldom documented biological improvements. Baseline data for evaluation often relied on previous data obtained under regional monitoring programs using state protocols. Although 89% of Project contacts reported success, only 11% of the Projects were considered successful because of the response of a specific ecological indicator, and monitoring data were underused in Project Assessment. Estimates of ecological success, using three criteria from Palmer and others (2005), indicated that half or fewer of the Projects were ecologically successful, markedly below the success level that Project contacts self-reported, and sent a strong signal of the need for well-designed evaluation programs that can document ecological success.
