The Experts below are selected from a list of 471 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Easwar A Nyshadham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Perception of Risk Due to Online Hazards
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Isaac J. GabrielAbstract:Increasingly and across several disciplines, risk is viewed as an emotional and affective response to hazards, rather than as simply a function of likelihood and consequence. We study people's perception of risk due to online hazards as affect-laden judgments using the Psychometric Paradigm. Analysis of data collected using real life consumers suggests that people use four factors or dimensions in judging risks due to online hazards. The first dimension is named Potential Loss and is related to the magnitude of consequences and potential for delayed consequences. Loss of Control is the second dimension and loads on lack of ability to control the risk and inability to reduce risk due to an online hazard. Lack of Knowledge and Inability to Avoid the Risk are the third and fourth dimensions. We discuss implications for future research.
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Bled eConference - A Study of Ecommerce Risk Perceptions among B2C Consumers: A Two Country Study
2009Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Monica C. UgbajaAbstract:The ecommerce environment is fairly new, and several risks associated with it are novel to consumers. Consequently, e-consumers may not have developed an appropriate mental picture (i.e., a schema or a perceptual map) of these risks. For example, identity theft, a serious risk that became prominent after ecommerce has become popular, is still not well understood by most consumers. Thus, it is not clear how consumers participating in ecommerce perceive the risks. Existing ecommerce studies do not focus on risk per se ; instead, they use very general constructs and measures of risk derived from general psychology and management studies in contexts other than ecommerce. Implicit in these studies is the assumption that the dimensions of perceived risk in ecommerce context are well understood. In this study, we use the Psychometric Paradigm to investigate how consumers organize novel online risks in memory. Data collected from consumers in two countries and analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling techniques shows significant differences in how consumers organize risks in their memory. This study is still in progress and preliminary analysis is presented.
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AMCIS - Dimensions of Perceived Ecommerce Risks: An Empirical Study Using the Psychometric Paradigm
2008Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Ling Wang, Bill HafnerAbstract:The ecommerce environment is relatively new, and several risks associated with ecommerce are novel to consumers. While there is some published work which tries to relate how risk perceptions affect purchase behavior, virtually no research addresses risk per se – that is, how do consumers judge perceived risk in online environments. In this research, we use the well-known Psychometric Paradigm to study perceived risk of consumers in ecommerce. We develop a taxonomy of ecommerce risks relevant to business to consumer domain, an instrument for data collection and identify multivariate statistical techniques for data analysis. The research design allows us to uncover the basis of consumer’s perceived risk judgments. We report results from a pilot study and provide details on work-in-progress.
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HICSS - A Cognitive Map of People's Online Risk Perceptions and Attitudes: An Empirical Study
Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008), 2008Co-Authors: Isaac J. Gabriel, Easwar A NyshadhamAbstract:This research studied online risk perceptions under the well known Psychometric Paradigm. We developed a taxonomy of risks appropriate for e-commerce along with variables to characterize risks and understand risk perceptions. A pilot study with 153 subjects was used to collect data on which factor analysis was conducted to identify online risk dimensions and produce a factor space diagram. This diagram represents a "cognitive map" of people's online risk perceptions and attitudes. Results suggested that subjects distinguish risks using four dimensions: direness of consequences, ability to control or avoid risks, observability/immediacy of risk consequences, and unfamiliarity of risks. A larger study is underway based on the results of the pilot study. The findings of this research study help researchers to understand and predict people's reaction to risks posed by online hazards. In addition, this study attempted to transfer a proven and popular methodology of risk perception research, the Psychometric Paradigm, to a new domain, e-commerce. Moreover, this study added empirical data regarding online risk perceptions to the existing body of the relevant academic research.
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dimensions of perceived ecommerce risks an empirical study using the Psychometric Paradigm
Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Ling Wang, Bill HafnerAbstract:The ecommerce environment is relatively new, and several risks associated with ecommerce are novel to consumers. While there is some published work which tries to relate how risk perceptions affect purchase behavior, virtually no research addresses risk per se – that is, how do consumers judge perceived risk in online environments. In this research, we use the well-known Psychometric Paradigm to study perceived risk of consumers in ecommerce. We develop a taxonomy of ecommerce risks relevant to business to consumer domain, an instrument for data collection and identify multivariate statistical techniques for data analysis. The research design allows us to uncover the basis of consumer’s perceived risk judgments. We report results from a pilot study and provide details on work-in-progress.
Bill Hafner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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AMCIS - Dimensions of Perceived Ecommerce Risks: An Empirical Study Using the Psychometric Paradigm
2008Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Ling Wang, Bill HafnerAbstract:The ecommerce environment is relatively new, and several risks associated with ecommerce are novel to consumers. While there is some published work which tries to relate how risk perceptions affect purchase behavior, virtually no research addresses risk per se – that is, how do consumers judge perceived risk in online environments. In this research, we use the well-known Psychometric Paradigm to study perceived risk of consumers in ecommerce. We develop a taxonomy of ecommerce risks relevant to business to consumer domain, an instrument for data collection and identify multivariate statistical techniques for data analysis. The research design allows us to uncover the basis of consumer’s perceived risk judgments. We report results from a pilot study and provide details on work-in-progress.
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dimensions of perceived ecommerce risks an empirical study using the Psychometric Paradigm
Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Easwar A Nyshadham, Ling Wang, Bill HafnerAbstract:The ecommerce environment is relatively new, and several risks associated with ecommerce are novel to consumers. While there is some published work which tries to relate how risk perceptions affect purchase behavior, virtually no research addresses risk per se – that is, how do consumers judge perceived risk in online environments. In this research, we use the well-known Psychometric Paradigm to study perceived risk of consumers in ecommerce. We develop a taxonomy of ecommerce risks relevant to business to consumer domain, an instrument for data collection and identify multivariate statistical techniques for data analysis. The research design allows us to uncover the basis of consumer’s perceived risk judgments. We report results from a pilot study and provide details on work-in-progress.
Claire Marris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a quantitative test of the cultural theory of risk perceptions comparison with the Psychometric Paradigm
Risk Analysis, 1998Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, Timothy OriordanAbstract:This paper seeks to compare two frameworks which have been proposed to explain risk perceptions, namely, cultural theory and the Psychometric Paradigm. A structured questionnaire which incorporated elements from both approaches was administered to 129 residents of Norwich, England. The qualitative risk characteristics generated by the Psychometric Paradigm explained a far greater proportion of the variance in risk perceptions than cultural biases, though it should be borne in mind that the qualitative characteristics refer directly to risks whereas cultural biases are much more distant variables. Correlations between cultural biases and risk perceptions were very low, but the key point was that each cultural bias was associated with concern about distinct types of risks and that the pattern of responses was compatible with that predicted by cultural theory. The cultural approach also provided indicators for underlying beliefs regarding trust and the environment; beliefs which were consistent within each world view but divergent between them. An important drawback, however, was that the Psychometric questionnaire could only allocate 32% of the respondents unequivocally to one of the four cultural types. The rest of the sample expressed several cultural biases simultaneously, or none at all. Cultural biases are therefore probably best interpreted as four extreme world views, and a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies would generate better insights into who might defend these views in what circumstances, whether there are only four mutually exclusive world views or not, and how these views are related to patterns of social solidarity, and judgments on institutional trust.
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A quantitative test of the cultural theory of risk perceptions
Risk Analysis, 1998Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, Timothy O'riordanAbstract:This paper seeks to compare two frameworks which have been proposed to explain risk perceptions, namely, cultural theory and the Psychometric Paradigm. A structured questionnaire which incorporated elements from both approaches was administered to 129 residents of Norwich, England. The qualitative risk characteristics generated by the Psychometric Paradigm explained a far greater proportion of the variance in risk perceptions than cultural biases, though it should be borne in mind that the qualitative characteristics refer directly to risks whereas cultural biases are much more distant variables. Correlations between cultural biases and risk perceptions were very low, but the key point was that each cultural bias was associated with concern about distinct types of risks and that the pattern of responses was compatible with that predicted by cultural theory. The cultural approach also provided indicators for underlying beliefs regarding trust and the environment; beliefs which were consistent within each world view but divergent between them. An important drawback, however, was that the Psychometric questionnaire could only allocate 32% of the respondents unequivocally to one of the four cultural types. The rest of the sample expressed several cultural biases simultaneously, or none at all. Cultural biases are therefore probably best interpreted as four extreme world views, and a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies would generate better insights into who might defend these views in what circumstances, whether there are only four mutually exclusive world views or not, and how these views are related to patterns of social solidarity, and judgments on institutional trust.
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exploring the Psychometric Paradigm comparisons between aggregate and individual analyses
Risk Analysis, 1997Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, Thomas Saunderson, Timothy OriordanAbstract:The “Psychometric Paradigm†developed by Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein was a landmark in research about public attitudes toward risks. One problem with this work, however, was that (at least initially) it did not attempt to distinguish between individuals or groups of people, except “experts†vs. “lay people.†This Paradigm produced a “cognitive map†of hazards, and the assumption seemed to be that the characteristics identified were inherent attributes of risk. This paper examines the validity of this assumption. A questionnaire survey similar to those designed by Slovic et al. was conducted, but the data were analyzed at both the aggregate level, using mean scores, and at the level of individuals (N= 131 Norwich residents). The results reported here demonstrate that (1) individuals vary in their perception of the same risk issue; (2) individuals vary in their rating of the same risk characteristics on the same risk issue; and (3) some of the strong intercorrelations observed between risk characteristics at the aggregate level are not supported when the same data are analysed at the level of individuals. Despite these findings, the relationship between risk characteristics and risk perceptions inferred by the Psychometric Paradigm did hold true at the level of individuals, for most—but not all—of the characteristics. In particular, the relationship between “lack of knowledge to those exposed†and risk perceptions appears to be a complex one, a finding which has important implications for risk communication strategies.
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Integrating sociological and psychological approaches to public perceptions of environmental risks: detailed results from a questionnaire survey
1996Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, T.o. RiordanAbstract:Decision-makers often despair at what they regard as fickle and unpredictable public attitudes toward environmental risks. Research has shown, however, that public perceptions of risk are not irrational. Psychologists have developed the so-called 'Psychometric Paradigm', which indicates that laypeople approach the meaning of 'risk' using a more political framework than that used by experts. This includes factors such as whether or not they have control over their exposure to the risk, whether the effect will be immediate or delayed, and whether future generations will be affected. Sociologists have proposed a 'cultural theory of risk', which argues that alternative views about risk are inextricably inter-linked with the ways in which social order is perceived and experienced. Both these theories have been developed and promoted largely within disciplinary boundaries and in isolation from each other. This report argues that both perspectives play important roles in shaping, maintaining, and changing views about risks, and that these two components are inter-related in complex but predictable ways. Thus, the aim of this research was to advance our understanding of risk perceptions by integrating the 'Psychometric Paradigm' and 'cultural theory' approaches. This paper reports the detailed results from a questionnaire survey (N=201) conducted in Norfolk (UK). Four distinct worldviews were identified, namely: fatalist, or phlegmatic over influence on outcomes; individualistic, or a preference for competitive procedures; hierarchist, or a belief in order and rules to guide decisions; and egalitarian, or an emphasis on fairness through justice. Each of these worldviews was associated with a specific pattern of risk perceptions in a manner which was consistent with cultural theory. Cultural theory, however, was only able to explain 14%, at most, of the variance in risk perceptions, whereas the 'Psychometric Paradigm' explained as much as 50% in some cases. The authors argue that the two methodologies explained importantly different dimensions of risk perceptions, and that deeper insights into the underlying rationales are obtained by using the two approaches in a complementary manner. Thus, the combined methodology provided insights into underlying social issues of trust and accountability which play an important role in shaping risk perceptions. This research suggests that social and political frameworks which influence the way environmental threats are interpreted can be identified and that a consistent theory of reactions to risks can be established.
Timothy Oriordan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a quantitative test of the cultural theory of risk perceptions comparison with the Psychometric Paradigm
Risk Analysis, 1998Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, Timothy OriordanAbstract:This paper seeks to compare two frameworks which have been proposed to explain risk perceptions, namely, cultural theory and the Psychometric Paradigm. A structured questionnaire which incorporated elements from both approaches was administered to 129 residents of Norwich, England. The qualitative risk characteristics generated by the Psychometric Paradigm explained a far greater proportion of the variance in risk perceptions than cultural biases, though it should be borne in mind that the qualitative characteristics refer directly to risks whereas cultural biases are much more distant variables. Correlations between cultural biases and risk perceptions were very low, but the key point was that each cultural bias was associated with concern about distinct types of risks and that the pattern of responses was compatible with that predicted by cultural theory. The cultural approach also provided indicators for underlying beliefs regarding trust and the environment; beliefs which were consistent within each world view but divergent between them. An important drawback, however, was that the Psychometric questionnaire could only allocate 32% of the respondents unequivocally to one of the four cultural types. The rest of the sample expressed several cultural biases simultaneously, or none at all. Cultural biases are therefore probably best interpreted as four extreme world views, and a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies would generate better insights into who might defend these views in what circumstances, whether there are only four mutually exclusive world views or not, and how these views are related to patterns of social solidarity, and judgments on institutional trust.
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exploring the Psychometric Paradigm comparisons between aggregate and individual analyses
Risk Analysis, 1997Co-Authors: Claire Marris, Ian H Langford, Thomas Saunderson, Timothy OriordanAbstract:The “Psychometric Paradigm†developed by Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein was a landmark in research about public attitudes toward risks. One problem with this work, however, was that (at least initially) it did not attempt to distinguish between individuals or groups of people, except “experts†vs. “lay people.†This Paradigm produced a “cognitive map†of hazards, and the assumption seemed to be that the characteristics identified were inherent attributes of risk. This paper examines the validity of this assumption. A questionnaire survey similar to those designed by Slovic et al. was conducted, but the data were analyzed at both the aggregate level, using mean scores, and at the level of individuals (N= 131 Norwich residents). The results reported here demonstrate that (1) individuals vary in their perception of the same risk issue; (2) individuals vary in their rating of the same risk characteristics on the same risk issue; and (3) some of the strong intercorrelations observed between risk characteristics at the aggregate level are not supported when the same data are analysed at the level of individuals. Despite these findings, the relationship between risk characteristics and risk perceptions inferred by the Psychometric Paradigm did hold true at the level of individuals, for most—but not all—of the characteristics. In particular, the relationship between “lack of knowledge to those exposed†and risk perceptions appears to be a complex one, a finding which has important implications for risk communication strategies.
Michael Siegrist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differences in risk perception between hazards and between individuals
Psychological Perspectives on Risk and Risk Analysis, 2018Co-Authors: Vivianne H.m. Visschers, Michael SiegristAbstract:How people think about a hazard often deviates from experts’ assessment of its probability and severity. The aim of this chapter is to clarify how people perceive risks. We thereby focus on two important research lines: (1) research on the Psychometric Paradigm, which explains variations between the perceptions of different risks, and (2) research on factors that may determine an individual’s perception of a risk (i.e., perceived benefits, trust, knowledge, affective associations, values, and fairness). Findings from studies about various risks (e.g., genetically modified organisms, food additives, and climate change) are reviewed in order to provide practical implications for risk management and communication. Overall, this chapter shows that the roles of benefit perception, trust, knowledge, affective associations, personal values, and fairness are not always straightforward; different factors appear involved in the perception of different hazards. We recommend practitioners, when they encounter a new hazard, to consult previous studies about similar hazards in order to identify the factors that describe the public’s perception of the new hazard.
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Perceived risks and perceived benefits of different nanotechnology foods and nanotechnology food packaging.
Appetite, 2008Co-Authors: Michael Siegrist, Nathalie Stampfli, Hans Kastenholz, Carmen KellerAbstract:Abstract Nanotechnology has the potential to generate new food products and new food packaging. In a mail survey in the German speaking part of Switzerland, lay people's (N = 337) perceptions of 19 nanotechnology applications were examined. The goal was to identify food applications that are more likely and food applications that are less likely to be accepted by the public. The Psychometric Paradigm was employed, and applications were described in short scenarios. Results suggest that affect and perceived control are important factors influencing risk and benefit perception. Nanotechnology food packaging was assessed as less problematic than nanotechnology foods. Analyses of individual data showed that the importance of naturalness in food products and trust were significant factors influencing the perceived risk and the perceived benefit of nanotechnology foods and nanotechnology food packaging.
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Perceived risks and perceived benefits of different nanotechnology foods and nanotechnology food packaging
Appetite, 2008Co-Authors: Michael Siegrist, Nathalie Stampfli, Hans Kastenholz, Carmen KellerAbstract:Nanotechnology has the potential to generate new food products and new food packaging. In a mail survey in the German speaking part of Switzerland, lay people's (N = 337) perceptions of 19 nanotechnology applications were examined. The goal was to identify food applications that are more likely and food applications that are less likely to be accepted by the public. The Psychometric Paradigm was employed, and applications were described in short scenarios. Results suggest that affect and perceived control are important factors influencing risk and benefit perception. Nanotechnology food packaging was assessed as less problematic than nanotechnology foods. Analyses of individual data showed that the importance of naturalness in food products and trust were significant factors influencing the perceived risk and the perceived benefit of nanotechnology foods and nanotechnology food packaging. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Laypeople's and Experts' Perception of Nanotechnology Hazards
Risk Analysis, 2007Co-Authors: Michael Siegrist, Hans Kastenholz, Carmen Keller, Silvia Frey, Arnim WiekAbstract:Public perception of nanotechnology may influence the realization of technological advances. Laypeople's (N= 375) and experts' (N= 46) perception of 20 different nanotechnology applications and three nonnanotechnology applications were examined. The Psychometric Paradigm was utilized and applications were described in short scenarios. Results showed that laypeople and experts assessed asbestos as much more risky than nanotechnology applications. Analyses of aggregated data suggested that perceived dreadfulness of applications and trust in governmental agencies are important factors in determining perceived risks. Similar results were observed for experts and laypeople, but the latter perceived greater risks than the former. Analyses of individual data showed that trust, perceived benefits, and general attitudes toward technology influenced the perceived risk of laypeople. In the expert sample, confidence in governmental agencies was an important predictor of risks associated with nanotechnology applications. Results suggest that public concerns about nanotechnology would diminish if measures were taken to enhance laypeople's trust in governmental agencies.
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Lay people's perception of food hazards: Comparing aggregated data and individual data
Appetite, 2006Co-Authors: Michael Siegrist, Carmen Keller, Henk A L KiersAbstract:Abstract The Psychometric Paradigm has been used to explain the perception of food hazard risks. In past studies, only aggregated data were analyzed, and individual differences were neglected. In the present study, both aggregated data and non-aggregated data are analyzed. Data stem from a mail survey conducted in Switzerland ( N = 448 ). Analyzing aggregated data, results of past studies were successfully replicated. The PCA analysis revealed the two factors “unknown risk” and “dread risk.” Results of a three-way component analysis (3MPCA) suggest, that two components explain individual differences in the perception of food hazards. The two components were labeled “unobservable hazards,” and “familiar hazards.” Individual differences in the cognitive representation of hazards were correlated with attitudes toward natural foods. Results suggest that people who prefer natural foods differ in perceived risks from people who do not prefer natural foods. Results show that methods permitting individual differences are crucial for a better understanding of the cognitive representation of food hazards.