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Scott P. Orr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment of PTSD: a potential research domain criteria construct.
    Psychological assessment, 2013
    Co-Authors: Margaret R. Bauer, Anna M. Ruef, Suzanne L. Pineles, Sandra J. Japuntich, Michael L. Macklin, Natasha B. Lasko, Scott P. Orr
    Abstract:

    Most research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relies on clinician-administered interview and self-report measures to establish the presence/absence and severity of the disorder. Accurate diagnosis of PTSD is made challenging by the presence of symptoms shared with other psychopathologies and the subjective nature of patients' descriptions of their symptoms. A physiological Assessment capable of reliably "diagnosing" PTSD could provide adjunctive information that might mitigate these diagnostic limitations. In the present study, we examined the construct validity of a potential Psychophysiological measure of PTSD, that is, Psychophysiological reactivity to script-driven imagery (SDI-PR), as measured against the current diagnostic "gold-standard" for PTSD, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Convergent and predictive validity and stability were examined. Thirty-six individuals completed an SDI-PR procedure, the CAPS, and self-report measures of mental and physical health at their initial visit and approximately 6 months later. SDI-PR and the CAPS demonstrated excellent stability across measurement occasions. SDI-PR showed moderately strong convergent validity with the CAPS. After adjusting for self-reported depression, predictive validity for the CAPS, with regard to health sequelae, was reduced, whereas it remained mostly unchanged for SDI-PR. Findings support SDI-PR as a valid and stable measure of PTSD that captures a pathophysiologic process in individuals with PTSD. Results are discussed with regard to the research domain criteria framework.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment: clinical applications for PTSD
    Journal of affective disorders, 2000
    Co-Authors: Scott P. Orr, Walton T. Roth
    Abstract:

    Descriptions of anxiety disorders clearly recognize the physiological features of anxiety, yet in most clinical practice and research there is little actual use of physiological measurement. This is unfortunate because a potentially important source of information is thereby unavailable and is likely to result in judgements about emotional experience that are less accurate, complete, and reliable than those that include physiological information. The neglect of physiological measures may result from a variety of concerns regarding test attributes such as reliability, validity, utility, and complexity. Promising results from studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate that physiological Assessment can provide valuable clinical and theoretical insight. Numerous studies have now shown that heightened physiological reactivity to trauma-related cues is highly indicative of a diagnosis of PTSD. Physiological tests have achieved some success in predicting the development and persistence of PTSD, and in predicting and assessing treatment response. Studies of the startle response, aversive conditioning, and brain potentials during cognitive processing have identified several potentially important differences between PTSD patients and controls. This paper provides an overview of Psychophysiological findings in PTSD and considers potential clinical applications of Psychophysiological Assessment for this disorder.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in world war ii and korean combat veterans
    Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Scott P. Orr, Natasha B. Lasko, Roger K Pitman, Lawrence Herz
    Abstract:

    We assessed the heart rate, skin conductance, and left lateral frontalis electromyographic responses of World War II (WWII) and Korean War male veterans to recollection of their combat experiences by using a script-driven imagery technique previously validated in Vietnam veterans (Pitman et al., 1990; Pitman, Orr, Forgue, de Jong, & Claiborn, 1987). Medication-free subjects were classified on the basis of criteria from the revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders into posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 8) and non-PTSD (n = 12) groups, which did not differ in overall combat exposure or severity of personal combat events. PTSD subjects' physiological responses during personal combat imagery were markedly larger than those of non-PTSD subjects', even though the self-reported emotional responses of the two groups were comparable. A physiological discriminant function derived from Vietnam veterans (Orr et al., 1990) correctly classified 7 of the 8 PTSD subjects (sensitivity was 88%) and 12 of the 12 non-PTSD subjects (specificity was 100%; p < .001).

Edward B. Blanchard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment of Youthful Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors
    Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2005
    Co-Authors: Jacqueline Jones-alexander, Edward B. Blanchard, Edward J. Hickling
    Abstract:

    Twenty-one children and adolescents (age range 8–17, mean 12.7 years) who had been in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), and 14 non-MVA controls matched for age and gender, underwent a Psychophysiological Assessment in which heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance were measured during baseline and two stressor phases: mental arithmetic and listening to and imagining a MVA like their own. The eight youth who currently met criteria for PTSD or sub-syndromal PTSD significantly reported more subjective distress to the MVA audiotape than the 13 MVA non-PTSD youth or the 14 non-MVA controls. All groups responded physiologically to the mental arithmetic. However, in contrast to expectations, there were no differential physiological responses among the groups to the stimuli reminiscent of the trauma. Possible explanations are explored.

  • The psychophsiology of aggressive drivers: comparison to non-aggressive drivers and pre- to post-treatment change following a cognitive-behavioural treatment.
    Behaviour research and therapy, 2003
    Co-Authors: Tara E. Galovski, Edward B. Blanchard, Loretta S. Malta, Brian M. Freidenberg
    Abstract:

    Twenty drivers were remanded to our treatment program by the courts following arrests related to serious aggressive driving behaviors. Ten additional drivers entered our program in response to our advertisements thus identifying themselves as aggressive drivers. Psychophysiological Assessments were conducted on all 30 drivers and heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and skin resistance level (SRL) were measured in response to exposure to a mental arithmetic neutral stressor, two idiosyncratic, audio-taped, aggressive driving vignettes (audio 1 and audio 2), and one non-driving related fearful vignette. Fourteen non-aggressive driving controls also completed the Assessment. The results indicated that the aggressive drivers (ADs) showed significantly more SBP responsivity during audio 1 and audio 2 and significantly less SBP reactivity during the mental arithmetic stressor than the controls. The aggressive drivers then completed a four-week, group intervention which included relaxation techniques specifically targeting aggressive driving behaviors. The same Psychophysiological Assessment was conducted at post-treatment. The results showed significant pre- to post-treatment decreases in HR, p

  • Psychophysiological Assessment of compulsive gamblers' arousal to gambling cues: a pilot study.
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2000
    Co-Authors: Edward B. Blanchard, Edelgard Wulfert, Brian M. Freidenberg, Loretta S. Malta
    Abstract:

    Psychophysiological Assessments measuring heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and skin resistance level were conducted on 7 male compulsive gamblers and on 7 age and gender matched controls while both groups performed mental arithmetic and listened to individualized tapes of the gamblers' preferred form of gambling and an individualized fear tape. Heart rate responses of the gamblers to the 2 gambling audiotapes were significantly greater than those found for the controls whereas the groups did not differ on mental arithmetic or the fear provoking scene, confirming some degree of cue-specific arousal in gamblers. The other physical responses did not yield such strong results. If physiological arousal provides the motivational basis for gambling and is maintained on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement, the findings may have implications for the treatment of compulsive gambling.

  • Psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder related to motor vehicle accidents: Replication and extension.
    Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Edward B. Blanchard, Edward J. Hickling, Todd C. Buckley, Ann E. Taylor, Alisa Vollmer, Warren R. Loos
    Abstract:

    Psychophysiological Assessment data, including heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and frontal electromyogram (EMG) responses to mental arithmetic, idiosyncratic audiotape descriptions of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), and a standard videotape of MVAs, were collected on 105 injured victims of recent MVAs and 54 non-MVA controls. Their data replicated data from an earlier report (Blanchard et al., 1994) and support the utility of HR response to the audiotaped description of the MVA as useful in distinguishing MVA victims with PTSD from those with subsyndromal PTSD and non-PTSD. At a 1-year follow-up, the Psychophysiological Assessment was repeated on 125 MVA victims; results showed a general diminution of Psychophysiological responding. Initial Psychophysiological Assessment results predicted 1-year follow-up clinical status (continued PTSD or full or partial remission) for 37 or 48 individuals who initially met criteria for PTSD. Language: en

  • The psychophysiology of motor vehicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder
    Behavior Therapy, 1994
    Co-Authors: Edward B. Blanchard, Edward J. Hickling, Ann E. Taylor, Warren R. Loos, Robert J. Gerardi
    Abstract:

    Fifty victims of recent motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and 40 non-MVA controls participated in a Psychophysiological Assessment in which heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressures, forehead EMG and electrodermal activity were measured during mental arithmetic, idiosyncratic audiotaped descriptions of the victim's own MVA, and a standard videotape of MVAs. The MVA victims were subdivided into 23 with full posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 10 with sub-syndromal PTSD, and 17 without PTSD. HR response to the idiosyncratic audiotape reliably ( p

Warren R. Loos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder related to motor vehicle accidents: Replication and extension.
    Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Edward B. Blanchard, Edward J. Hickling, Todd C. Buckley, Ann E. Taylor, Alisa Vollmer, Warren R. Loos
    Abstract:

    Psychophysiological Assessment data, including heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and frontal electromyogram (EMG) responses to mental arithmetic, idiosyncratic audiotape descriptions of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), and a standard videotape of MVAs, were collected on 105 injured victims of recent MVAs and 54 non-MVA controls. Their data replicated data from an earlier report (Blanchard et al., 1994) and support the utility of HR response to the audiotaped description of the MVA as useful in distinguishing MVA victims with PTSD from those with subsyndromal PTSD and non-PTSD. At a 1-year follow-up, the Psychophysiological Assessment was repeated on 125 MVA victims; results showed a general diminution of Psychophysiological responding. Initial Psychophysiological Assessment results predicted 1-year follow-up clinical status (continued PTSD or full or partial remission) for 37 or 48 individuals who initially met criteria for PTSD. Language: en

  • The psychophysiology of motor vehicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder
    Behavior Therapy, 1994
    Co-Authors: Edward B. Blanchard, Edward J. Hickling, Ann E. Taylor, Warren R. Loos, Robert J. Gerardi
    Abstract:

    Fifty victims of recent motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and 40 non-MVA controls participated in a Psychophysiological Assessment in which heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressures, forehead EMG and electrodermal activity were measured during mental arithmetic, idiosyncratic audiotaped descriptions of the victim's own MVA, and a standard videotape of MVAs. The MVA victims were subdivided into 23 with full posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 10 with sub-syndromal PTSD, and 17 without PTSD. HR response to the idiosyncratic audiotape reliably ( p

Walton T. Roth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment during exposure in driving phobic patients
    Journal of abnormal psychology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Georg W. Alpers, Frank H. Wilhelm, Walton T. Roth
    Abstract:

    A comprehensive Assessment of fear or anxiety requires measurement of both self-report and physiological responses. Respiratory abnormalities have been rarely examined during real-life exposure, although they are an integral part of fear. Twenty-one women with a specific driving phobia and 17 nonphobic women were Psychophysiologically monitored during 2 highway-driving sessions; phobic women completed an additional session. Respiratory movements, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, an electrocardiogram, skin conductance, and skin temperature were recorded. Phobic patients differed from control participants both physiologically and experientially before, during, and after exposure. Effect size during exposure was large for the authors' measure of hyperventilation. Discriminant analysis indicated that multiple physiological measures contributed nonredundant information and correctly classified 95% of phobic and control participants. Thus, selected respiratory and autonomic measures are valid diagnostic and therapeutic outcome criteria for this situational phobia.

  • Psychophysiological Assessment: clinical applications for PTSD
    Journal of affective disorders, 2000
    Co-Authors: Scott P. Orr, Walton T. Roth
    Abstract:

    Descriptions of anxiety disorders clearly recognize the physiological features of anxiety, yet in most clinical practice and research there is little actual use of physiological measurement. This is unfortunate because a potentially important source of information is thereby unavailable and is likely to result in judgements about emotional experience that are less accurate, complete, and reliable than those that include physiological information. The neglect of physiological measures may result from a variety of concerns regarding test attributes such as reliability, validity, utility, and complexity. Promising results from studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate that physiological Assessment can provide valuable clinical and theoretical insight. Numerous studies have now shown that heightened physiological reactivity to trauma-related cues is highly indicative of a diagnosis of PTSD. Physiological tests have achieved some success in predicting the development and persistence of PTSD, and in predicting and assessing treatment response. Studies of the startle response, aversive conditioning, and brain potentials during cognitive processing have identified several potentially important differences between PTSD patients and controls. This paper provides an overview of Psychophysiological findings in PTSD and considers potential clinical applications of Psychophysiological Assessment for this disorder.

Robert J. Gerardi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.