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Brian Wansink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • position of the american dietetic association food and nutrition misinformation
    Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 2006
    Co-Authors: Brian Wansink
    Abstract:

    It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that food and nutrition misinformation can have harmful effects on the health, well-being, and economic status of consumers. Nationally credentialed dietetics professionals working in health care, academia, Public health, the media, government, and the food industry are uniquely qualified to advocate for and promote science-based nutrition information to the Public, Function as primary nutrition educators to health professionals, and actively correct food and nutrition misinformation. Enormous scientific advances have been made in the area of food and nutrition, leading to a fine-tuning of recommendations about healthful eating. Consumers have become increasingly aware of the nutrition-health link and reliant on nutrition information to base their decisions, and have assumed partial responsibility for changing their eating behaviors. Unfortunately, these same trends also create opportunities for food and nutrition misinformation to flourish. News reports rarely provide enough context for consumers to interpret or apply the advice given, and preliminary findings often attract unmerited and misleading attention. Effective nutrition communication must be consumer-friendly and contain sufficient context to allow consumers to consider the information and determine whether it applies to their unique health and nutritional needs. Consistent with ADA's organizational vision that members "are the leading source of nutrition expertise," ADA recognizes its responsibility to help consumers identify food and nutrition misinformation in the following ways: (a) ADA members should provide consumers with sound, science-based nutrition information and help them to recognize misinformation; (b) ADA members need to be the primary source of sound, science-based nutrition information for the media and to inform them when misinformation is presented; and (c) ADA members should continue to diligently work with other health care practitioners, educators, policy makers, and food and dietary supplement industry representatives to responsibly address the health and psychological, physiological, and economic effects of nutrition-related misinformation.

  • position of the american dietetic association food and nutrition misinformation
    Social Science Research Network, 2005
    Co-Authors: Brian Wansink
    Abstract:

    It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that food and nutrition misinformation can have harmful effects on the health and economic status of consumers. It is the role of nationally credentialed dietetics professionals to advocate for and promote sound, science-based nutrition information to the Public, Function as primary nutrition educators to health professionals, and actively counter and correct food and nutrition misinformation.In recent years, enormous advances have been made in the science of food and nutrition, leading to a fine-tuning of many recommendations about eating healthfully. Consumers have become increasingly aware of the nutrition-health link, increasingly responsible for changing their own diets, and increasingly reliant on nutrition information to do so. Unfortunately, these same conditions also create opportunities for nutrition misinformation to flourish. News reports rarely provide enough context for consumers to interpret the advice given, and preliminary or idiosyncratic findings often attract unmerited and misleading attention.Effective nutrition communication must be consumer-focused and presented with sufficient context to allow consumers to weigh the information and determine whether it applies to his or her unique needs. Consistent with its vision that members “are the leading source of food and nutrition services,” the American Dietetic Association (ADA) recognizes its responsibility to help consumers identify food and nutrition misinformation in the following ways: ADA members need to be leaders in providing consumers with sound, science-based nutrition information and helping them to recognize and avoid misinformation. ADA members need to be primary resources of sound nutrition information for the media and to inform the media when misinformation is presented, as the electronic and print media are primary sources of nutrition information for consumers. ADA, the world’s largest organization of food and nutrition professionals, must continue to work diligently with other healthcare practitioners, educators, policy makers, and the food and dietary supplement industry to responsibly address the medical and psychological, physiological, and economic effects of food- and nutrition-related misinformation on consumers.

Carl Emery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • collateral attack attacking ultra vires action indirectly in courts and tribunals
    Modern Law Review, 1993
    Co-Authors: Carl Emery
    Abstract:

    Judicial review in England is not the exclusive preserve of the superior courts. It is clear that all levels of trial court, whether criminal or civil, have some jurisdiction to determine 'vires' points when properly raised by way of defence to proceedings of which they are seised. But certain questions remain as to precisely what is and what should be the extent of that jurisdiction.' It is clear also that there are circumstances in which both a plaintiff in ordinary civil proceedings2 and a party who has brought proceedings before an administrative tribunal3 may in those proceedings attack Public authority action on the basis that it is ultra vires. In order to explore the circumstances in which such attacks may be mounted, this article addresses the following two questions. In what circumstances may a plaintiff seek a determination of a Public law issue in ordinary civil proceedings? ('The plaintiff question'). And in what circumstances may a party who has brought a case before an administrative tribunal invite the tribunal to adjudicate upon any Public law issue arising? ('The tribunal question'). In the formulation of these two questions the term 'a Public law issue' means an issue as to whether a Public authority or body discharging a Public Function has acted ultra vires or in a manner which would otherwise attract the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court.4 Where a particular case raises either of these questions and the case contains also a European Community law element, certain special considerations arise. It will thus be convenient to deal first with the purely domestic case law on each question (Parts A and B). In Part C the Community law dimension of both questions will be considered. Part D advocates a more coherent approach to the questions.

Brittany J Cross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • predictability in punitive damages considering the use of punitive damage multipliers
    Defense Counsel Journal, 2012
    Co-Authors: Sarah G Cronan, Brittany J Cross
    Abstract:

    DEBATE ABOUT the various issues arising from the award of punitive damages, particularly in the context of mass tort and complex litigation, has raged for decades in courtrooms, classrooms, and the media. Faced with a class action lawsuit, or a multitude of lawsuits from hundreds to thousands of plaintiffs seeking compensatory and punitive damages, courts and counsel struggle to handle the issues surrounding punitive awards in the most economic and efficient manner that meets constitutional muster. For defendants in these lawsuits, the potential of being subjected to multiple punitive damage awards in different amounts--and the economic uncertainty that necessarily follows--presents an especially vexing situation. Defendants in mass tort, multi-district, and class action litigation often face lawsuits from numerous plaintiffs, each of whom is entitled to assert a claim for and potentially obtain an individual award of punitive damages for a single, allegedly egregious act. (1) While these multiple punitive awards may range from de minimus to an award that exceeds constitutional boundaries, in the aggregate, the cost to a defendant can be catastrophic, ultimately bankrupting a defendant and leaving future plaintiffs without recourse for their actual damages. One solution to this problem may be the punitive damage multiplier. Rather than awarding a single punitive damage award in each case, under the multiplier approach, a jury sets a mathematical relationship between punitive and compensatory damages by establishing a dollar-for-dollar ratio after hearing evidence of the reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct, including consideration of the harm to nonparties. (2) Over the past decade, the U.S. Supreme Court has made numerous attempts to provide more clarity to the calculation of punitive damage awards. Significantly, the Supreme Court suggested in Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker that a multiplier approach may be the best way to decrease the unpredictability of punitive damage awards. (3) Although the idea of a punitive damage multiplier has not yet been widely recognized, various courts and commentators have considered the use of a multiplier to increase the efficiency of complex litigation. This article examines the possibility of having juries use a punitive damage multiplier to determine punitive damages in class action or mass tort litigation, paying particular attention to the advantages and disadvantages of its use. In addition, this article will also analyze the context in which courts have utilized a multiplier approach and the common arguments presented by parties in favor of and opposed to punitive damage multipliers. I. Recent U.S. Supreme Court Punitive Damage Jurisprudence The most often cited rationale underlying punitive damage awards is the Public Function they serve: to punish and deter behavior society deems objectionable, similar to the Function of criminal punishments. (4) In order to achieve this goal, however, courts must provide for some predictability in punitive awards. (5) Research on punitive damage awards has revealed that a major source of unpredictability in how juries decide punitive damage awards "comes from the fact that people do not know how to 'translate' their moral judgments into dollar amounts." (6) In response, the U.S. Supreme Court has attempted to provide guidance in calculating a punitive award that both meets the requirements of Due Process and provides the necessary predictability for the award to fairly and adequately fulfill its Function. In 2007, the Supreme Court considered the Constitution's Due Process limitations with respect to awarding punitive damages in Phillip Morris U.S.A. v. Williams. (7) In Phillip Morris, the Court concluded that the Due Process Clause forbids a state from awarding punitive damages to punish a defendant for injuries to nonparties because such awards threaten punishment for conduct against which the defendant has no opportunity to defend. …

Bastos, Aline Maria Dias - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Regime disciplinar do servidor público temporário
    2016
    Co-Authors: Bastos, Aline Maria Dias
    Abstract:

    Tese de doutoramento (co-tutela), Ciências (Direito do Estado), Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Direito, 2015O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aprofundar o regime jurídico disciplinar do servidor público temporário. Analisam-se as características principais dessa espécie de agente público que o diferenciam dos demais servidores e que justificam um regime disciplinar próprio. Em uma breve investigação sobre as prováveis origens do temporário, constata-se a presença desse servidor na Administração Pública brasileira desde 1823. No direito estrangeiro (particularmente, no direito francês e no direito português), verifica-se a existência de figuras assemelhadas ao servidor público temporário brasileiro, que é uma espécie de “servidor público” do gênero “agente público”, exercendo uma função pública, mas não ocupando nem cargo, nem emprego públicos, sendo contratado por tempo determinado para atender a necessidade temporária de excepcional interesse público. A Constituição Federal, em seu artigo 37, IX, indica que a lei estabelecerá os casos de contratação por tempo determinado, mas não há uma uniformidade entre os entes da federação sobre o regime jurídico adotado para o servidor temporário. Esta análise concentra-se na Lei Federal n.º 8.745/93, que disciplina o assunto. No âmbito federal, o servidor público temporário é dotado de um regime jurídico com características mais próximas do regime jurídico administrativo, sendo recrutado por meio de contrato administrativo assemelhado ao regime estatutário. Tal contratação deve pautar-se pela observância dos princípios da continuidade do serviço público, da moralidade, da impessoalidade, da razoabilidade, da proporcionalidade e da motivação. Focaliza-se a responsabilidade do servidor público temporário no âmbito administrativo, procurando-se demonstrar que tal servidor, por um princípio de equiparação, submete-se a um processo administrativo disciplinar para apuração de suas faltas, o qual cumpre prazos especiais e condições específicas em razão do vínculo temporário com a Administração Pública, em tudo sendo respeitado o devido processo legal, a ampla defesa e o contraditório. Analisam-se as diferenças entre o processo disciplinar do servidor temporário (sindicância) e o processo do servidor público em geral, os ritos adotados, os prazos, as penalidades e os recursos, constatando-se que o servidor público temporário responde pelos atos ilícitos em todas as esferas: penal, civil, administrativa e por atos de improbidade. A transitoriedade na função não o exime de responsabilidades, por isso, com as devidas adaptações, está sujeito aos ônus e bônus do serviço público. Daí a necessidade de construir, com base nas características próprias dessa espécie de servidor público, um regime adaptado às especificações do vínculo especial a que se submete o servidor público temporário. Propõe-se aqui um miniprocesso disciplinar ou um processo disciplinar especial, ou uma minissindicância ou uma sindicância especial, sui generis.This paper examines at a deeper level the disciplinary legal regime of temporary Public servants. Some particularities of this kind of Public agent are analyzed in order to identify the main characteristics that differentiate them from other servers thus justifying its particular legal regime. From a brief history of its origin, the presence of temporary servers has been found in the Brazilian Public Administration since 1823. Based on the study of foreign laws, the existence of servants that resemble the Brazilian temporary Public servant was detected particularly in French and Portuguese laws. The temporary Public servant is a kind of “Public servant”, a genre of “Public agent”, who exercises a Public Function, but does not hold a Public office and is not a Public employee. This type of servant is hired for a specific time to meet a temporary professional demand of exceptional Public interest. As indicated by Article 37, IX of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, a regulatory law must determine the cases of employment for a pre-determined term, and there is no uniformity among Brazilian States about the legal framework adopted for temporary Public servants. This study is based on the Brazilian Federal Law number 8.745/93, which governs the matter. At federal level, temporary Public servants are covered by a legal regime that is similar to the administrative legal regime. They are hired via an administrative contract that resembles the statutory regime. This contract shall be governed by the observance of the principles of Public service continuity, morality, impartiality, reasonableness, proportionality and motivation. Public temporary servers are subject to the administrative proceedings and – through the principle of assimilation – are subject to disciplinary administrative proceedings to investigate their faults, under specific terms and conditions due to their temporary bond with the Public Administration. Such administrative proceedings, however, must follow the rules of the “due legal process”, namely the principle of unlimited right of defense and the adversary system. The differences between the disciplinary process of the temporary server (inquiry) and the process of Public servants in general are analyzed, as well as the adopted rites, deadlines, penalties and appeals, noting that temporary Public employees are liable for torts in all areas: criminal, civil, administrative and acts of misconduct. The transience Function does not exempt temporary Public servants from liability therefore, mutatis mutandis, they are subject to all rights and obligations of Public service. Hence the need to build, based on the characteristics of this kind of Public servant, a regime tailored to the specifications of the special bond that undergoes temporary Public service. A disciplinary mini-process, or a special disciplinary proceeding, or a small inquiry, or a special sui generis inquiry is proposed herein

  • Disciplinary legal regime of temporary Public servants
    'Universidade de Sao Paulo Agencia USP de Gestao da Informacao Academica (AGUIA)', 2016
    Co-Authors: Bastos, Aline Maria Dias
    Abstract:

    O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aprofundar o regime jurídico disciplinar do servidor público temporário. Analisam-se as características principais dessa espécie de agente público que o diferenciam dos demais servidores e que justificam um regime disciplinar próprio. Em uma breve investigação sobre as prováveis origens do temporário, constata-se a presença desse servidor na Administração Pública brasileira desde 1823. No direito estrangeiro (particularmente, no direito francês e no direito português), verifica-se a existência de figuras assemelhadas ao servidor público temporário brasileiro, que é uma espécie de servidor público do gênero agente público, exercendo uma função pública, mas não ocupando nem cargo, nem emprego públicos, sendo contratado por tempo determinado para atender a necessidade temporária de excepcional interesse público. A Constituição Federal, em seu artigo 37, IX, indica que a lei estabelecerá os casos de contratação por tempo determinado, mas não há uma uniformidade entre os entes da federação sobre o regime jurídico adotado para o servidor temporário. Esta análise concentra-se na Lei Federal n.º 8.745/93, que disciplina o assunto. No âmbito federal, o servidor público temporário é dotado de um regime jurídico com características mais próximas do regime jurídico administrativo, sendo recrutado por meio de contrato administrativo assemelhado ao regime estatutário. Tal contratação deve pautar-se pela observância dos princípios da continuidade do serviço público, da moralidade, da impessoalidade, da razoabilidade, da proporcionalidade e da motivação. Focaliza-se a responsabilidade do servidor público temporário no âmbito administrativo, procurando-se demonstrar que tal servidor, por um princípio de equiparação, submete-se a um processo administrativo disciplinar para apuração de suas faltas, o qual cumpre prazos especiais e condições específicas em razão do vínculo temporário com a Administração Pública, em tudo sendo respeitado o devido processo legal, a ampla defesa e o contraditório. Analisam-se as diferenças entre o processo disciplinar do servidor temporário (sindicância) e o processo do servidor público em geral, os ritos adotados, os prazos, as penalidades e os recursos, constatando-se que o servidor público temporário responde pelos atos ilícitos em todas as esferas: penal, civil, administrativa e por atos de improbidade. A transitoriedade na função não o exime de responsabilidades, por isso, com as devidas adaptações, está sujeito aos ônus e bônus do serviço público. Daí a necessidade de construir, com base nas características próprias dessa espécie de servidor público, um regime adaptado às especificações do vínculo especial a que se submete o servidor público temporário. Propõe-se aqui um miniprocesso disciplinar ou um processo disciplinar especial, ou uma minissindicância ou uma sindicância especial, sui generis.This paper examines at a deeper level the disciplinary legal regime of temporary Public servants. Some particularities of this kind of Public agent are analyzed in order to identify the main characteristics that differentiate them from other servers thus justifying its particular legal regime. From a brief history of its origin, the presence of temporary servers has been found in the Brazilian Public Administration since 1823. Based on the study of foreign laws, the existence of servants that resemble the Brazilian temporary Public servant was detected particularly in French and Portuguese laws. The temporary Public servant is a kind of Public servant, a genre of Public agent, who exercises a Public Function, but does not hold a Public office and is not a Public employee. This type of servant is hired for a specific time to meet a temporary professional demand of exceptional Public interest. As indicated by Article 37, IX of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, a regulatory law must determine the cases of employment for a pre-determined term, and there is no uniformity among Brazilian States about the legal framework adopted for temporary Public servants. This study is based on the Brazilian Federal Law number 8.745/93, which governs the matter. At federal level, temporary Public servants are covered by a legal regime that is similar to the administrative legal regime. They are hired via an administrative contract that resembles the statutory regime. This contract shall be governed by the observance of the principles of Public service continuity, morality, impartiality, reasonableness, proportionality and motivation. Public temporary servers are subject to the administrative proceedings and through the principle of assimilation are subject to disciplinary administrative proceedings to investigate their faults, under specific terms and conditions due to their temporary bond with the Public Administration. Such administrative proceedings, however, must follow the rules of the due legal process, namely the principle of unlimited right of defense and the adversary system. The differences between the disciplinary process of the temporary server (inquiry) and the process of Public servants in general are analyzed, as well as the adopted rites, deadlines, penalties and appeals, noting that temporary Public employees are liable for torts in all areas: criminal, civil, administrative and acts of misconduct. The transience Function does not exempt temporary Public servants from liability therefore, mutatis mutandis, they are subject to all rights and obligations of Public service. Hence the need to build, based on the characteristics of this kind of Public servant, a regime tailored to the specifications of the special bond that undergoes temporary Public service. A disciplinary mini-process, or a special disciplinary proceeding, or a small inquiry, or a special sui generis inquiry is proposed herein

Franco Cotana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy refurbishment of historical buildings with Public Function pilot case study
    Energy Procedia, 2014
    Co-Authors: Anna Laura Pisello, Alessandro Petrozzi, Veronica Lucia Castaldo, Franco Cotana
    Abstract:

    In the last few decades, an increasing attention has been paid to the enhancement of energy performance and indoor comfort conditions of historical buildings, where the architectural heritage and artistic value do not allow typical retrofit intervention. The need to enhance the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of historic buildings is addressed in this paper, through energy modeling and dynamic simulation of a real building with the integration of renewable energy plants for building heating and cooling. The pilot case study is “Palazzo Gallenga Stuart”, a historical university building located in Perugia, Italy. The energy performance of the building has been evaluated in order to reduce the building energy demand through the implementation of high-efficiency technologies in historic buildings. The increase of the energy efficiency of the building has been pursued through the improvement of the actual energy plants’ technology by introducing a more effective heat pump plant, in order to prevent the use of visually impacting external units on building historic facade.