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Gustavo Sanchez Sarmiento - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES AND THERMAL RESIDUAL... 165 SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES AND THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESS FROM QUENCHING STUDIES
2015Co-Authors: Renata Neves Penha, Lauralice Franceschini C. Canale, Gustavo Sanchez SarmientoAbstract:This paper describes the use of computational simulation to examine the heat transfer properties and resulting residual stress obtained by quenching a standard probe into various quench oils. Cooling curves (time-temperature profiles) were obtained after immersing a preheated 12.5 mm dia × 60 mm cylindrical Inconel 600 (Wolfson) probe with a Type K thermocouple inserted into the geometric center into a mineral oil Quenchant. Different quenching conditions were used, as received (“fresh”) and after oxidation. Surface temperatures at the cooling metal–liquid Quenchant interface and heat transfer coefficients are calculated using HT-Mod, a recently released computational code. Using this data, the temperature distribution was calculated. The corresponding distortion and residual stresses were calculated using ABAQUS. This work illustrates potential benefits of computational simulation to examine the expected impact of different Quenchants and quenching conditions on a heat treatment process. Key words: heat transfer, thermal stress, computational simulation
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epoxidized soybean oil evaluation of oxidative stabilization and metal quenching heat transfer performance
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: Rosa Lucia Simencio Otero, George E. Totten, Gustavo Sanchez Sarmiento, Lauralice De Campos Franceschini Canale, Diego Said Schicchi, Eliana AgaliotisAbstract:Vegetable and animal oils as a class of fluids have been used for hundreds of years, if not longer, as Quenchants for hardening steel. However, when petroleum oils became available in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the use of these fluids as Quenchants, in addition to their use in other industrial oil applications, quickly diminished. This was primarily, but not exclusively, due to their generally very poor thermal-oxidative instability and the difficulty for formulating fluid analogs with varying viscosity properties. Interest in the use of renewable fluids, such as vegetable oils, has increased dramatically in recent years as alternatives to the use of relatively non-biodegradable and toxic petroleum oils. However, the relatively poor thermal-oxidative stability has continued to be a significant reason for their general non-acceptance in the marketplace. Soybean oil (SO) is one of the most highly produced vegetable oils in Brazil. Currently, there are commercially produced epoxidized versions of SO which are available. The objective of this paper is to discuss the potential use of epoxidized SO and its heat transfer properties as a viable alternative to petroleum oils for hardening steel.
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Experimental determination of the temperature evolution within the Quenchant during immersion quenching in still water
International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 2011Co-Authors: Bernardo Hern Ndezmorales, Gustavo Sanchez Sarmiento, Ayax L Pez Vald Z, H Ctor J. Vergarahern Ndez, Anal A Gast NAbstract:Experimentally, steel quenching processing is studied by inserting thermocouples into a probe or actual part to determine cooling curves. However, this is not always possible. To explore the possibilities and limitations of a technique based on measuring the temperature increase of the Quenchant in the vicinity of the cooling metal surface, experimental work with a conicalend cylindrical AISI 304 stainless steel test probe quenched in still water at 60?C, with thermocouples located within the probe and in the Quenchant, was conducted. The thermal response in the Quenchant was quite sensitive to the proximity of the thermocouple to the surface of the metal as well as to the thermocouple position in the vertical direction. The Quenchant volume must also be considered carefully.
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water and polymer quenching of aluminum alloys a review of the effect of surface condition water temperature and polymer Quenchant concentration on the yield strength of 7075 t6 aluminum plate
Journal of Astm International, 2009Co-Authors: Gustavo Sanchez Sarmiento, Carlos Bronzini, Antonio Carlos Canale, Lauralice C.f. CanaleAbstract:Cold water is perhaps the most common Quenchant used for heat treatable aluminum alloys. In many situations, excessive distortion and cracking problems require the use of a less severe Quenchant such as hot water or a Type I aqueous polymer Quenchant. However, when these alternative quenching media are used, the distortion improvement achieved is typically accompanied by a corresponding loss of strength. This paper will provide an overview of cold versus hot water quenching and the potential use of Type I polymer Quenchants. The potential use of quench factor analysis to aid in Quenchant media selection and corresponding property prediction is reviewed and applications are demonstrated. The often dramatic impact of the surface condition of aluminum on quenching performance and properties achieved will also be included in this review.
George E. Totten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using Thermal Gradient Measurements to Compare Bath Temperature and Agitation Effects on the Quenching Performance of Palm Oil, Canola Oil and a Conventional Petroleum Oil
Materials Performance and Characterization, 2019Co-Authors: Božidar Matijevic, Bozidar Liscic, Bruno F. Canale, George E. TottenAbstract:A proprietary Liscic/Petrofer cylindrical Inconel 600 probe of 50-mm diameter and 200-mm length which was instrumented with three thermocouples on the same radius of the cross-section at the middle of the length was used to determine the differences in quenching performance of two vegetable oils, palm oil and canola oil, and they were compared to a locally produced conventional petroleum oil Quenchant. The cooling curves and heat transfer performance of these oils were determined at different bath temperatures and agitation rates. The work was performed at the Quenching Research Centre located at the Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of this comparative study are reported herein.
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Quenchant Cooling Curves, Rewetting, and Surface Heat Flux Properties of Vegetable Oils
Materials Performance and Characterization, 2018Co-Authors: Rosa Lucia Simencio Otero, George E. Totten, Jônatas M. Viscaino, Lauralice De Campos Franceschini CanaleAbstract:Vegetable oils are currently used for biodegradable and renewable base stocks for Quenchant formulation. However, there are relatively few references relating to their true equivalency, or lack thereof, comparative to the quenching performance of petroleum oil-based Quenchant formulations. To obtain an overview of the variability vegetable oil quenching performance, the cooling curves and rewetting properties were determined, and the surface heat flux properties were calculated. The vegetable oils that were studied included canola, coconut, corn, cottonseed, palm, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oils. Cooling curves were obtained using the Tensi multiple-surface thermocouple 15 mm diameter by 45 mm cylindrical Inconel 600 probe (Note: The multiple thermocouple probe was custom manufactured to conform to a drawing provided by: Heattec located at Seglaregatan 1C, 302 90 Halmstad, Sweden). For comparison, similar data was obtained with Houghto-Quench H100, a conventional (slow) petroleum Quenchant oil, and Houghto-Quench HKM, an accelerated (fast) petroleum oil Quenchant (Houghton International Inc., Valley Forge, PA). The results of this work will be discussed here.
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Comparative Measurement and Evaluation of the Quenching Intensity of Palm Oil, Canola Oil and a Conventional Petroleum Oil Quenchant Based on Temperature Gradient Measurements
Materials Performance and Characterization, 2017Co-Authors: Božidar Matijevic, George E. Totten, Bozidar Liscic, Lauralice De Campos Franceschini CanaleAbstract:In contrast with small laboratory probes developed to evaluate the cooling properties of relatively small samples of a Quenchant, the new Liscic/Petrofer probe is designed to measure and record the quenching intensity under real industrial conditions. The Liscic/Petrofer probe is a cylindrical Inconel 600 probe with a 50-mm diameter and a 200-mm length and is instrumented with three thermocouples on the same radius of the cross-section at the middle point of its length. The outer thermocouple measures the temperature 1 mm below the surface, the second one 4.5 mm below the surface, and the third one at the center of the probe. The working principle of the probe is the measurement of the dynamic of heat extraction, which is best represented by the change of temperature gradients. Comparative testing was recently performed with the Liscic/Petrofer probe in two different vegetable oils (canola oil and palm oil) and a commercially available conventional petroleum oil Quenchant. The work was performed at the Quenching Research Centre (QRC) of the Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of this work showed distinctive differences in the quenching behavior of these three Quenchant media. The results of this comparative study are reported herein.
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stabilization of vegetable oil based Quenchants to thermal oxidative degradation experimental strategy and effect of oxidation on quenching performance
La Metallurgia-Italiana, 2016Co-Authors: Eder Cicero Adao Simencio, Rosa Lucia Simencio Otero, Lauralice De Campos Franceschini Canale, George E. TottenAbstract:Although petroleum oils continue to be the dominant type of basestock for the formulation of vaporizable Quenchants, there is increasing pressure to identify an alternative basestock to address the limitations to their continued use because they are not a renewable basestock and they possess generally poor toxicity and biodegradability properties. Currently the most often cited alternative basestocks are those based on seed oils since they are renewable and usually non-toxic but especially because they are typically readily biodegradable. However, they suffer a critically important deficiency in that they are also typically much less stable to thermal-oxidative degradation than petroleum oils. There have been various reports discussing the effect of vegetable oil structure on oxidation and on the use of oxidation inhibitors to provide the necessary stabilization. However, most of these reports do not detail the experimental strategies used to provide this assessment and generally they do not address the relative effects of specific antioxidant structures on inhibiting oxidation and on quenching performance. This paper will address the experimental strategies used to determine the optimal antioxidant structure and concentration on properties and thermal-oxidative stability of seed oil derived Quenchants and the effect of oxidation on quenching performance.
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Heat Transfer Properties of a Series of Oxidized and Unoxidized Vegetable Oils in Comparison with Petroleum Oil-Based Quenchants
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2013Co-Authors: Ester Carvalho Souza, Lauralice C.f. Canale, Eliana Agaliotis, G. Sánchez Sarmiento, Juan C. Carrara, Diego S. Schicchi, George E. TottenAbstract:Vegetable oils, especially soybean oil, exhibit substantially poorer thermal-oxidative stability than commercially available petroleum oil Quenchant formulations. Therefore, to achieve any commercially interesting performance, vegetable oils must be stabilized by the addition of antioxidant inhibitors. This work describes the ability of two commercially available antioxidants, Irganox L 57 and Irganox L 109, to stabilize soybean oil against thermal-oxidative degradation. In addition, the effect of antioxidant stabilization on quenching performance was evaluated by determining the profile of heat transfer coefficient variation throughout the quenching process at different times after being subjected to an accelerated thermal-oxidation aging test. The results of this work are discussed here.
Weimin Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.118.227 The Effects of Probe Geometric Shape on the Cooling Rate Curves Obtained from Different Quenchants
2014Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin Zhang, Chang Yin Gao, Bo Liao, Jian Sheng PanAbstract:solubility Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of probe geometric shape on cooling curves of Quenchants, the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe and a flat probe (Dimension: 120 mm × 120 mm × 20mm, phase-transformation free CrNi-steel) were both adopted to measure the cooling curves of oil, water and aqueous polymer Quenchant. By comparing and analyzing the cooling rate curves measured by the two kinds of probes, it can be found that the shape of water and oil’s cooling rate curves obtained using different probes are almost same. While those for the aqueous polymer Quenchant are not, especially at the initial cooling phase. During the initial cooling phase the cooling rate measured by the flat probe fluctuates in a narrow range, whereas this phenomenon couldn’t be seen while using the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe. The reason could be contributed to the geometric shape difference of the two kinds of probes and the property of inverse solubility of the aqueous polymer Quenchant. In order to illustrate the inverse solubility property of the aqueous polymer Quenchants the probe geometric shape should be considered
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enhancing mechanical properties and avoiding cracks by simulation of quenching connecting rods
Materials Letters, 2007Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin ZhangAbstract:If the service load onto a part is heavy, e.g. for the connecting rods of high-power diesel engine, high mechanical properties are critically required. When quenched in oil, it cannot meet the requirements. While quenching it in aqueous polymer Quenchant or water, the mechanical properties could be higher than that required but cracking would occasionally happen. In order to obtain the expected mechanical properties and avoid cracking by quenching and tempering, the heat transfer coefficients of Quenchants were measured and calculated, and the quenching process of connecting rods was simulated by using finite element method so that its processing parameters were determined. The results show that the mechanical properties of the treated rods have been enhanced and cracks were avoided.
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The effects of probe geometric shape on the cooling rate curves obtained from different Quenchants. Diffusion and defect data Solid state data Part B, Solid state phenomena 118:227–231
2006Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin Zhang, Chang Yin Gao, Bo Liao, Jian Sheng PanAbstract:solubility Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of probe geometric shape on cooling curves of Quenchants, the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe and a flat probe (Dimension: 120 mm × 120 mm × 20mm, phase-transformation free CrNi-steel) were both adopted to measure the cooling curves of oil, water and aqueous polymer Quenchant. By comparing and analyzing the cooling rate curves measured by the two kinds of probes, it can be found that the shape of water and oil’s cooling rate curves obtained using different probes are almost same. While those for the aqueous polymer Quenchant are not, especially at the initial cooling phase. During the initial cooling phase the cooling rate measured by the flat probe fluctuates in a narrow range, whereas this phenomenon couldn’t be seen while using the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe. The reason could be contributed to the geometric shape difference of the two kinds of probes and the property of inverse solubility of the aqueous polymer Quenchant. In order to illustrate the inverse solubility property of the aqueous polymer Quenchants the probe geometric shape should be considered
Ahmad Kermanpur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Application of polymeric Quenchant in heat treatment of crack-sensitive steel mechanical parts: Modeling and experiments
Materials & Design, 2011Co-Authors: M. Eshraghi-kakhki, M.a. Golozar, Ahmad KermanpurAbstract:Success or failure of a quenching process is determined by selecting an appropriate Quenchant. In this work, the quenching process of the automobile tie rods in different media including water, oil, and a polymeric solution was investigated. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the rods were predicted by a finite element simulation model. Several specimens were cut from the tie rods and heat treated by quenching in five different quenching media including water, oil, and PAG aqueous solutions with polymer concentrations of 10, 20, and 30%. The hardness tests and metallographic analyses were performed on the specimens. Considering the results of the simulations and the experiments, the optimum Quenchant was selected and the tie rods were heat treated using this Quenchant. The results showed that the use of Poly Alkylene Glycol (PAG) solution Quenchants, with respect to its unique cooling mechanism, outperformed water and oil Quenchants. The distortion and cracking was reduced compared to water quenching and, on the other hand, the mechanical properties which were not achievable by oil quenching were resulted using polymer-based quenching medium.
Nailu Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.118.227 The Effects of Probe Geometric Shape on the Cooling Rate Curves Obtained from Different Quenchants
2014Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin Zhang, Chang Yin Gao, Bo Liao, Jian Sheng PanAbstract:solubility Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of probe geometric shape on cooling curves of Quenchants, the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe and a flat probe (Dimension: 120 mm × 120 mm × 20mm, phase-transformation free CrNi-steel) were both adopted to measure the cooling curves of oil, water and aqueous polymer Quenchant. By comparing and analyzing the cooling rate curves measured by the two kinds of probes, it can be found that the shape of water and oil’s cooling rate curves obtained using different probes are almost same. While those for the aqueous polymer Quenchant are not, especially at the initial cooling phase. During the initial cooling phase the cooling rate measured by the flat probe fluctuates in a narrow range, whereas this phenomenon couldn’t be seen while using the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe. The reason could be contributed to the geometric shape difference of the two kinds of probes and the property of inverse solubility of the aqueous polymer Quenchant. In order to illustrate the inverse solubility property of the aqueous polymer Quenchants the probe geometric shape should be considered
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enhancing mechanical properties and avoiding cracks by simulation of quenching connecting rods
Materials Letters, 2007Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin ZhangAbstract:If the service load onto a part is heavy, e.g. for the connecting rods of high-power diesel engine, high mechanical properties are critically required. When quenched in oil, it cannot meet the requirements. While quenching it in aqueous polymer Quenchant or water, the mechanical properties could be higher than that required but cracking would occasionally happen. In order to obtain the expected mechanical properties and avoid cracking by quenching and tempering, the heat transfer coefficients of Quenchants were measured and calculated, and the quenching process of connecting rods was simulated by using finite element method so that its processing parameters were determined. The results show that the mechanical properties of the treated rods have been enhanced and cracks were avoided.
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The effects of probe geometric shape on the cooling rate curves obtained from different Quenchants. Diffusion and defect data Solid state data Part B, Solid state phenomena 118:227–231
2006Co-Authors: Nailu Chen, Weimin Zhang, Chang Yin Gao, Bo Liao, Jian Sheng PanAbstract:solubility Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of probe geometric shape on cooling curves of Quenchants, the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe and a flat probe (Dimension: 120 mm × 120 mm × 20mm, phase-transformation free CrNi-steel) were both adopted to measure the cooling curves of oil, water and aqueous polymer Quenchant. By comparing and analyzing the cooling rate curves measured by the two kinds of probes, it can be found that the shape of water and oil’s cooling rate curves obtained using different probes are almost same. While those for the aqueous polymer Quenchant are not, especially at the initial cooling phase. During the initial cooling phase the cooling rate measured by the flat probe fluctuates in a narrow range, whereas this phenomenon couldn’t be seen while using the ISO Inconel 600 alloy probe. The reason could be contributed to the geometric shape difference of the two kinds of probes and the property of inverse solubility of the aqueous polymer Quenchant. In order to illustrate the inverse solubility property of the aqueous polymer Quenchants the probe geometric shape should be considered
