The Experts below are selected from a list of 2007 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kaarina Kauhala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal Rhythms of Body Temperature in the Free‐Ranging Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) with Special Emphasis on Winter Sleep
Chronobiology International, 2020Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±
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genetic diversity and population structure of east asian Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides genetic features in central and marginal populations
Zoological Science, 2018Co-Authors: Yoon-jee Hong, Kaarina Kauhala, Junpei Kimura, Inna Voloshina, Mikhail S Goncharuk, Li Yu, Yaping Zhang, Mariko SashikaAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is endemic to East Asia but has been introduced in Europe. Its high adaptability enabled its rapid colonization of European countries, where population growth has been raising concerns regarding ecosystem disturbance and the spread of zoonotic diseases. The genetic diversity and structure of endemic, source, and introduced populations from seven locations across South Korea, China, Russian Far East, Finland (spread to Finland after introduction to European part of Russia from Russian Far East), Vietnam, and Japan (Honshu and Hokkaido) were examined based on 16 microsatellite loci. Two major and significantly different (FST = 0.236) genetic clusters were found: continental (South Korean, Chinese, Russian, Finnish, and Vietnamese) and island (Japanese) populations. The continental Raccoon Dog population comprises three subpopulations (Chinese_Russian_Finnish, South Korean, and Vietnamese) and the Japanese population consists of Honshu and Hokkaido subpopulations. T...
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invasion of the Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in europe history of colonization features behind its success and threats to native fauna
Current Zoology, 2011Co-Authors: Kaarina Kauhala, Rafal KowalczykAbstract:We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. The Raccoon Dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the European part of the former Soviet Union. Today it is widespread in Northern and Eastern Europe and is still spreading in Central Europe. Features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omnivory, hibernation in northern areas, multiple introductions with > 9000 individuals from different localities, and tendency to wander enabling gene flow between populations. Firm evidence of the Raccoon Dog's negative impact on native fauna, such as a reduction in bird populations, is still scarce. Raccoon Dogs may destroy waterfowl nests, although a nest predation study in Latvia did not confirm this. Predator removal studies in Finland suggested that the Raccoon Dog's impact on game birds is smaller than expected. However, Raccoon Dogs may have caused local extinction of frog populations, especially on islands. Raccoon Dogs may compete with other carnivores for food, for example for carrion in winter, or for the best habitat patches. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. The Raccoon Dog is an important vector of diseases and parasites, such as rabies, Echinococcus mul- tilocularis and Trichinella spp. and this is no doubt the most severe consequence arising from the spread of this alien species in Europe (Current Zoology 57 (5): 584-598, 2011). Keywords Nyctereutes procyonoides, Competition, Introduction, Predation, Vector of diseases and parasites
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diet of the Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy
Acta Theriologica, 2010Co-Authors: Astrid Siglinde Sutor, Kaarina Kauhala, Hermann AnsorgeAbstract:We examined the Raccoon Dog’s Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) diet in two agricultural landscapes of Germany and compared these results with other diet studies from its native and introduced ranges. The diet composition was influenced as well by the landscape structures as by the seasons: in the waterrich study area 2 amphibians (54.1%) and fish (10.8%) occurred more frequently in the samples. In study area 1 amphibians (19.0%) and invertebrates (69.4%) gained more significance in the diet in summer, whereas in winter samples maize (32.8%) was an important food item. The diet composition shifted according to the availability of different food items. Raccoon Dogs, ability to feed temporarily on one food source may possibly cause a serious problem to endangered small populations of birds and amphibians. The review of 81 data sets from nine countries showed that seasons and locality affected the occurrence of most food items. However, comparable to the present study, small mammals, insects and plants were identified as important food items both in native and introduced ranges of the Raccoon Dog. In regard to its diet composition, gathering foraging strategy and inactivity during winter, the Raccoon Dog probably preys less often on game animals and birds than the native red fox Vulpes vulpes.
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Diet of the Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides — a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy
Acta Theriologica, 2010Co-Authors: Astrid Siglinde Sutor, Kaarina Kauhala, Hermann AnsorgeAbstract:We examined the Raccoon Dog’s Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) diet in two agricultural landscapes of Germany and compared these results with other diet studies from its native and introduced ranges. The diet composition was influenced as well by the landscape structures as by the seasons: in the waterrich study area 2 amphibians (54.1%) and fish (10.8%) occurred more frequently in the samples. In study area 1 amphibians (19.0%) and invertebrates (69.4%) gained more significance in the diet in summer, whereas in winter samples maize (32.8%) was an important food item. The diet composition shifted according to the availability of different food items. Raccoon Dogs, ability to feed temporarily on one food source may possibly cause a serious problem to endangered small populations of birds and amphibians. The review of 81 data sets from nine countries showed that seasons and locality affected the occurrence of most food items. However, comparable to the present study, small mammals, insects and plants were identified as important food items both in native and introduced ranges of the Raccoon Dog. In regard to its diet composition, gathering foraging strategy and inactivity during winter, the Raccoon Dog probably preys less often on game animals and birds than the native red fox Vulpes vulpes.
Petteri Nieminen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal Rhythms of Body Temperature in the Free‐Ranging Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) with Special Emphasis on Winter Sleep
Chronobiology International, 2020Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±
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seasonal rhythms of body temperature in the free ranging Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides with special emphasis on winter sleep
Chronobiology International, 2007Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±<0.01°C during the snow‐free period (May–November). The highest and lowest Tb were usually recorded around midnight (21∶00–02∶00 h) and between 05∶00–11∶00 h, respectively, and the range of the 24 h oscillations was 1.2±0.01°C. The animals lost approximately 43±6% of body mass in winter (December–April), when the average size of the home ranges was 372±108 ha. During the 2–9‐wk periods of passivity in January–March, the average 24 h Tb decreased by 1.4–2.1°C compared to the snow‐free period. The Raccoon Dogs were hypothermic for 5 h in ...
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thermoregulatory adaptations of the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in boreal climate
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2005Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Esa Hohtola, Martina Cittovakontu, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a nocturnal canid thought to utilise passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. To record the deep body temperature (Tb), 12 farmed Raccoon Dogs were implanted with intra-abdominal Tb loggers on November 26, 2003. Between December 3, 2003 and January 27, 2004 half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks. The amplitude of the diurnal Tb oscillations increased due to fasting. However, the mean diurnal Tb was lower in the fasted animals only during two occasions. Unlike observed previously in other species, not only did the Raccoon Dogs experience hypothermia between 0600 and 1000 hr but also hyperthermia between noon and 1800 hr. The fasted animals were as active as the fed animals measured after 42–43 days of fasting and there was a significant cross-correlation between physical activity and Tb. The nocturnal period of hypothermia is probably an adaptation to save energy during food deprivation. The diurnal hyperthermia could be explained by the opportunistic foraging behaviour of the species. Opposite to the established assumptions, the Raccoon Dog does not seem to enter winter sleep on fur farms. In the future it is important to determine if true winter sleep occurs in nature in the species. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:776–784, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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endocrine response to fasting in the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, S Saarela, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an omnivorous canid utilizing the passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. Farmed Raccoon Dogs (n=12) were randomly assigned into two study groups on 26 November 2003. Between 3 December 2003 and 27 January 2004, half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks and plasma weight-regulatory hormone concentrations determined on 26 November and 30 December 2003 and on 27 January 2004. The plasma peptide YY, ghrelin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations increased due to food deprivation, while the T4 and Acrp30 concentrations decreased. Furthermore, the plasma GH concentrations were higher in the fasted Raccoon Dogs than in the fed animals, which had higher plasma insulin, glucagon, and T4 concentrations. However, fasting had no effect on the plasma leptin concentrations. The results confirm previous findings with unchanged leptin levels in fasting carnivores. Increased GH levels probably contribute to increased lipolysis and mobilization of fat stores. Ghrelin can also enhance lipolysis by increasing the GH levels. The decreased levels of T4 may reduce the metabolic rate. The plasma dopamine concentrations decreased due to fasting unlike observed previously in rats. Together with the unaffected adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations, this suggests that food deprivation in winter does not cause stress to the Raccoon Dog but is an integral part of its natural life history. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:919–929, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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seasonal physiology of the wild Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Zoological Science, 2004Co-Authors: Juha Asikainen, Anne-mari Mustonen, Heikki Hyvarinen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid omnivore with autumnal fattening and winter sleep. Farmraised Raccoon Dogs have elevated plasma leptin and growth hormone levels in the winter and depressed plasma cortisol and insulin concentrations during wintertime food deprivation. However, these parameters were not previously tested in the wild population. In the present study 37 wild Raccoon Dogs were sampled at different seasons and diverse biochemical variables were determined. The results mostly confirmed previous observations on farmraised Raccoon Dogs. The liver glycogen stores increased during the autumnal fattening period but were low in the winter. The liver glycogen phosphorylase activity decreased but lipase activity increased in the winter indicating the use of fat as the principal metabolic fuel. The plasma insulin concentrations were low in the winter allowing the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Low wintertime cortisol and thyroid hormone levels could contribute to protein sparing. Unlike on farms, wild Raccoon Dogs did not show seasonal fluctuations in their plasma ghrelin or growth hormone levels. The observed physiological phenomena emphasise the adaptation of the species to long periods of food scarcity in the winter.
Anne-mari Mustonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal Rhythms of Body Temperature in the Free‐Ranging Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) with Special Emphasis on Winter Sleep
Chronobiology International, 2020Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±
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seasonal rhythms of body temperature in the free ranging Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides with special emphasis on winter sleep
Chronobiology International, 2007Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±<0.01°C during the snow‐free period (May–November). The highest and lowest Tb were usually recorded around midnight (21∶00–02∶00 h) and between 05∶00–11∶00 h, respectively, and the range of the 24 h oscillations was 1.2±0.01°C. The animals lost approximately 43±6% of body mass in winter (December–April), when the average size of the home ranges was 372±108 ha. During the 2–9‐wk periods of passivity in January–March, the average 24 h Tb decreased by 1.4–2.1°C compared to the snow‐free period. The Raccoon Dogs were hypothermic for 5 h in ...
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thermoregulatory adaptations of the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in boreal climate
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2005Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Esa Hohtola, Martina Cittovakontu, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a nocturnal canid thought to utilise passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. To record the deep body temperature (Tb), 12 farmed Raccoon Dogs were implanted with intra-abdominal Tb loggers on November 26, 2003. Between December 3, 2003 and January 27, 2004 half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks. The amplitude of the diurnal Tb oscillations increased due to fasting. However, the mean diurnal Tb was lower in the fasted animals only during two occasions. Unlike observed previously in other species, not only did the Raccoon Dogs experience hypothermia between 0600 and 1000 hr but also hyperthermia between noon and 1800 hr. The fasted animals were as active as the fed animals measured after 42–43 days of fasting and there was a significant cross-correlation between physical activity and Tb. The nocturnal period of hypothermia is probably an adaptation to save energy during food deprivation. The diurnal hyperthermia could be explained by the opportunistic foraging behaviour of the species. Opposite to the established assumptions, the Raccoon Dog does not seem to enter winter sleep on fur farms. In the future it is important to determine if true winter sleep occurs in nature in the species. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:776–784, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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endocrine response to fasting in the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, S Saarela, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an omnivorous canid utilizing the passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. Farmed Raccoon Dogs (n=12) were randomly assigned into two study groups on 26 November 2003. Between 3 December 2003 and 27 January 2004, half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks and plasma weight-regulatory hormone concentrations determined on 26 November and 30 December 2003 and on 27 January 2004. The plasma peptide YY, ghrelin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations increased due to food deprivation, while the T4 and Acrp30 concentrations decreased. Furthermore, the plasma GH concentrations were higher in the fasted Raccoon Dogs than in the fed animals, which had higher plasma insulin, glucagon, and T4 concentrations. However, fasting had no effect on the plasma leptin concentrations. The results confirm previous findings with unchanged leptin levels in fasting carnivores. Increased GH levels probably contribute to increased lipolysis and mobilization of fat stores. Ghrelin can also enhance lipolysis by increasing the GH levels. The decreased levels of T4 may reduce the metabolic rate. The plasma dopamine concentrations decreased due to fasting unlike observed previously in rats. Together with the unaffected adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations, this suggests that food deprivation in winter does not cause stress to the Raccoon Dog but is an integral part of its natural life history. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:919–929, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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seasonal physiology of the wild Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Zoological Science, 2004Co-Authors: Juha Asikainen, Anne-mari Mustonen, Heikki Hyvarinen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid omnivore with autumnal fattening and winter sleep. Farmraised Raccoon Dogs have elevated plasma leptin and growth hormone levels in the winter and depressed plasma cortisol and insulin concentrations during wintertime food deprivation. However, these parameters were not previously tested in the wild population. In the present study 37 wild Raccoon Dogs were sampled at different seasons and diverse biochemical variables were determined. The results mostly confirmed previous observations on farmraised Raccoon Dogs. The liver glycogen stores increased during the autumnal fattening period but were low in the winter. The liver glycogen phosphorylase activity decreased but lipase activity increased in the winter indicating the use of fat as the principal metabolic fuel. The plasma insulin concentrations were low in the winter allowing the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Low wintertime cortisol and thyroid hormone levels could contribute to protein sparing. Unlike on farms, wild Raccoon Dogs did not show seasonal fluctuations in their plasma ghrelin or growth hormone levels. The observed physiological phenomena emphasise the adaptation of the species to long periods of food scarcity in the winter.
Mariann Chriel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The diet of feral Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and native badger (Meles meles) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark
Mammal Research, 2018Co-Authors: Morten Elmeros, Louise Solveig Norgaard, Dorthe Malene Gotz Mikkelsen, Cino Pertoldi, Trine Hammer Jensen, Mariann ChrielAbstract:The Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) is an East Asian Canid that has been introduced in Europe. Introduction of alien species is an increasing conservation issue. We examined the diet of a recently established Raccoon Dog population in Denmark by analysing stomach content in 249 carcasses collected in 2008–2016. Raccoon Dog diet was compared to the diet of native badger ( Meles meles ) and red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) in Denmark. The most common food for Raccoon Dogs were invertebrates (frequency of occurrence, FO 69%), small mammals (FO 68%), birds (FO 41%), fruits (FO 38%), amphibians (FO 36%) and carrions (FO 34%). The occurrence of invertebrates was highest during spring and summer, while fruits, cereals and carrions were eaten most often during autumn and winter. As expected, Raccoon Dog shared the major food categories with badger and red fox, but generally, it had a wider dietary niche. Overall, dietary overlap between Raccoon Dog and badger was 0.74 (Pianka index, O_ jk ). The dietary overlap with red fox was relatively high in all seasons, peaking in summer (O_ jk 0.87) and dropping in winter (O_ jk 0.79). Despite the dietary overlap between the alien racoon Dog and native red fox and badger, the species may coexist due to partitioning of feeding habitats and/or because the red fox is limited by other factors, e.g. diseases and anthropogenic activities. The introduced Raccoon Dog seems to fit a dietary niche between badger and red foxes in human-dominated landscapes in north-western Europe.
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population genomics of the Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in denmark insights into invasion history and population development
Biological Invasions, 2017Co-Authors: Louise Solveig Norgaard, Mariann Chriel, Morten Elmeros, Aksel Bo Madsen, Cino Pertoldi, Dorthe Marlene Gotz Mikkelsen, Jeppe Lund Nielsen, Ettore Randi, Joerns Fickel, Slaska BrygidaAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) has a wide distribution in Europe and is a prominent example of a highly adaptable alien species. It has been recorded sporadically in Denmark since 1980 but observations since 2008 suggested that the species had established a free-ranging, self-sustaining population. To elucidate the origin and genetic patterns of Danish Raccoon Dogs, we studied the population genomics of 190 individuals collected in Denmark (n = 141) together with reference captive individuals from Poland (n = 21) and feral individuals from different European localities (Germany, Poland, Estonia and Finland, n = 28). We used a novel genotyping-by-sequencing approach simultaneously identifying and genotyping a large panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (n = 4526). Overall, there was significant indication for contemporary genetic structuring of the analysed Raccoon Dog populations, into at least four different clusters, in spite of the existence of long distance gene flow and secondary admixture from different population sources. The Danish population was characterized by a high level of genetic admixture with neighbouring feral European ancestries and the presence of private clusters, non-retrieved in any other feral or captive populations sampled. These results suggested that the Raccoon Dog population in Denmark was founded by escapees from genetically unidentified Danish captive stocks, followed by a recent admixture with individuals migrating from neighbouring Germany.
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population viability analysis of feral Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in denmark
Archives of Biological Sciences, 2015Co-Authors: Anna Elisabeth Romer, Louise Solveig Norgaard, Dorthe Malene Gotz Mikkelsen, Mariann Chriel, Morten Elmeros, Aksel Bo Madsen, Cino Pertoldi, Trine Hammer JensenAbstract:To assess the effects of actions implemented by the Danish Action Plan (DAP) for eradication of the Raccoon Dog, the population dynamics of the Raccoon Dog in Denmark was simulated. A population viability analysis (PVA) was generated with the stochastic simulation program, VORTEX, based on population parameters of Raccoon Dog in other European countries (Poland, Finland and Germany), combined with statistics on dead Raccoon Dogs reported to the Dan- ish National Veterinary Institute between 2008 and 2012. Simulations showed that the present feral population of Raccoon Dogs would expand markedly and reach an assessed carrying capacity of 30 000 individuals with no intervention within 10 years. Simulations of the current culling strategy showed that the Raccoon Dog in Denmark would reach the carrying capacity with only a few years' delay compared to simulations with no intervention. This indicates that more efficient and intensive actions are needed to reach the goal of the DAP, aiming at eradicating the breeding population of Raccoon Dogs in Denmark within 2015. Simulations suggested that around 950 individuals should be culled a year from 2012 to 2015. Sensitivity analysis that was performed showed that the only parameter that had a strong influence on the population dynamic was the first year mortality.
Juha Asikainen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal Rhythms of Body Temperature in the Free‐Ranging Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) with Special Emphasis on Winter Sleep
Chronobiology International, 2020Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±
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seasonal rhythms of body temperature in the free ranging Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides with special emphasis on winter sleep
Chronobiology International, 2007Co-Authors: Anne-mari Mustonen, Kaarina Kauhala, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is the only canid with passive overwintering in areas with cold winters, but the depth and rhythmicity of wintertime hypothermia in the wild Raccoon Dog are unknown. To study the seasonal rhythms of body temperature (Tb), seven free‐ranging animals were captured and implanted with intra‐abdominal Tb loggers and radio‐tracked during years 2004–2006. The average size of the home ranges was 306±26 ha, and the average 24 h Tb was 38.0±<0.01°C during the snow‐free period (May–November). The highest and lowest Tb were usually recorded around midnight (21∶00–02∶00 h) and between 05∶00–11∶00 h, respectively, and the range of the 24 h oscillations was 1.2±0.01°C. The animals lost approximately 43±6% of body mass in winter (December–April), when the average size of the home ranges was 372±108 ha. During the 2–9‐wk periods of passivity in January–March, the average 24 h Tb decreased by 1.4–2.1°C compared to the snow‐free period. The Raccoon Dogs were hypothermic for 5 h in ...
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thermoregulatory adaptations of the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides in boreal climate
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2005Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, Tommi Paakkonen, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Esa Hohtola, Martina Cittovakontu, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a nocturnal canid thought to utilise passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. To record the deep body temperature (Tb), 12 farmed Raccoon Dogs were implanted with intra-abdominal Tb loggers on November 26, 2003. Between December 3, 2003 and January 27, 2004 half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks. The amplitude of the diurnal Tb oscillations increased due to fasting. However, the mean diurnal Tb was lower in the fasted animals only during two occasions. Unlike observed previously in other species, not only did the Raccoon Dogs experience hypothermia between 0600 and 1000 hr but also hyperthermia between noon and 1800 hr. The fasted animals were as active as the fed animals measured after 42–43 days of fasting and there was a significant cross-correlation between physical activity and Tb. The nocturnal period of hypothermia is probably an adaptation to save energy during food deprivation. The diurnal hyperthermia could be explained by the opportunistic foraging behaviour of the species. Opposite to the established assumptions, the Raccoon Dog does not seem to enter winter sleep on fur farms. In the future it is important to determine if true winter sleep occurs in nature in the species. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:776–784, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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endocrine response to fasting in the overwintering captive Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Petteri Nieminen, Juha Asikainen, S Saarela, Teija Pyykonen, Jaakko Mononen, Anne-mari MustonenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an omnivorous canid utilizing the passive wintering strategy in the boreal climate. Farmed Raccoon Dogs (n=12) were randomly assigned into two study groups on 26 November 2003. Between 3 December 2003 and 27 January 2004, half of the animals were fasted for 8 weeks and plasma weight-regulatory hormone concentrations determined on 26 November and 30 December 2003 and on 27 January 2004. The plasma peptide YY, ghrelin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations increased due to food deprivation, while the T4 and Acrp30 concentrations decreased. Furthermore, the plasma GH concentrations were higher in the fasted Raccoon Dogs than in the fed animals, which had higher plasma insulin, glucagon, and T4 concentrations. However, fasting had no effect on the plasma leptin concentrations. The results confirm previous findings with unchanged leptin levels in fasting carnivores. Increased GH levels probably contribute to increased lipolysis and mobilization of fat stores. Ghrelin can also enhance lipolysis by increasing the GH levels. The decreased levels of T4 may reduce the metabolic rate. The plasma dopamine concentrations decreased due to fasting unlike observed previously in rats. Together with the unaffected adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations, this suggests that food deprivation in winter does not cause stress to the Raccoon Dog but is an integral part of its natural life history. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:919–929, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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seasonal physiology of the wild Raccoon Dog nyctereutes procyonoides
Zoological Science, 2004Co-Authors: Juha Asikainen, Anne-mari Mustonen, Heikki Hyvarinen, Petteri NieminenAbstract:The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid omnivore with autumnal fattening and winter sleep. Farmraised Raccoon Dogs have elevated plasma leptin and growth hormone levels in the winter and depressed plasma cortisol and insulin concentrations during wintertime food deprivation. However, these parameters were not previously tested in the wild population. In the present study 37 wild Raccoon Dogs were sampled at different seasons and diverse biochemical variables were determined. The results mostly confirmed previous observations on farmraised Raccoon Dogs. The liver glycogen stores increased during the autumnal fattening period but were low in the winter. The liver glycogen phosphorylase activity decreased but lipase activity increased in the winter indicating the use of fat as the principal metabolic fuel. The plasma insulin concentrations were low in the winter allowing the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Low wintertime cortisol and thyroid hormone levels could contribute to protein sparing. Unlike on farms, wild Raccoon Dogs did not show seasonal fluctuations in their plasma ghrelin or growth hormone levels. The observed physiological phenomena emphasise the adaptation of the species to long periods of food scarcity in the winter.
