Racial Segregation

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Heewon Jang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Racial Segregation and school poverty in the united states 1999 2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

  • Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

Thomas A. Laveist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Erratum to: Racial Segregation, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US Metropolitan Areas
    Journal of Urban Health, 2011
    Co-Authors: Amani Nuru-jeter, Thomas A. Laveist
    Abstract:

    The first two paragraphs of the article as published require some correction and should read as follows: Evidence of the relationship between income inequality and mortality in the United States has been mixed. The majority of the published research shows a positive income inequality/mortality association.1–15 However, there is also evidence suggesting that the association between income inequality and mortality is conditional on other factors such as Racial density.16–20 Further, income inequality in the United States largely reflects income inequality between Racial groups as the bifurcation of the middle class along with patterns of Racial residential Segregation has resulted in Racial differences in the concentration of poverty and affluence between Racial groups with blacks experiencing higher levels of concentrated poverty compared to whites.17,21–23 This has to do both with existing patterns of Racial Segregation and the higher proportion of low-income blacks relative to low-income whites. In spite of this phenomenon, little has been done to examine how the income inequality/mortality relationship varies as a function of race, Racial density, or Racial Segregation. Some studies have adjusted for % black, but results have been mixed. Whereas some studies show a significant positive association between income inequality and mortality after adjusting for % black, others show that after adjusting for % black, income inequality is no longer significantly associated with mortality. Still others show a protective effect of income inequality after adjusting for % black.17,24–29 Income inequality and mortality are both higher among blacks than among whites.11,19,30 Income inequality is also related to growing spatial separation between blacks and whites.17,22,23 However, it is unclear whether and to what extent Racial Segregation impacts the association between income inequality and mortality. Understanding these associations may help elucidate the mechanisms driving the association between income inequality and mortality both between and within Racial groups in the United States.

  • Racial Segregation, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US Metropolitan Areas
    Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Amani Nuru-jeter, Thomas A. Laveist
    Abstract:

    Evidence of the association between income inequality and mortality has been mixed. Studies indicate that growing income inequalities reflect inequalities between, rather than within, Racial groups. Racial Segregation may play a role. We examine the role of Racial Segregation on the relationship between income inequality and mortality in a cross-section of US metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas were included if they had a population of at least 100,000 and were at least 10% black (N = 107). Deaths for the time period 1991–1999 were used to calculate age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates for each metropolitan statistical area (MSA) using direct age-adjustment techniques. Multivariate least squares regression was used to examine associations for the total sample and for blacks and whites separately. Income inequality was associated with lower mortality rates among whites and higher mortality rates among blacks. There was a significant interaction between income inequality and Racial Segregation. A significant graded inverse income inequality/mortality association was found for MSAs with higher versus lower levels of black–white Racial Segregation. Effects were stronger among whites than among blacks. A positive income inequality/mortality association was found in MSAs with higher versus lower levels of Hispanic–white Segregation. Uncertainty regarding the income inequality/mortality association found in previous studies may be related to the omission of important variables such as Racial Segregation that modify associations differently between groups. Research is needed to further elucidate the risk and protective effects of Racial Segregation across groups.

  • Racial Segregation and longevity among African Americans: an individual-level analysis.
    Health services research, 2003
    Co-Authors: Thomas A. Laveist
    Abstract:

    Objective. To test the relationship between Racial Segregation and mortality using a multidimensional questionnaire-based measure of exposure to Segregation. Data Sources. Data for this analysis come from the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA), a national multistage probability sample of 2,107 African Americans (aged 18–101). The NSBA was conducted as a household survey. The NSBA was matched with the National Death Index (NDI). Study Design. Prospective cohort study, where Cox regression analysis was used to examine the effect of baseline variables on time to death over a 13-year period. Principal Findings. Respondents who were exposed to Racial Segregation were significantly less likely to survive the study period after controls for age, health status, and other predictors of mortality. Conclusion. The results support previous studies linking Segregation with health outcomes.

Erin M. Fahle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Racial Segregation and school poverty in the united states 1999 2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

  • Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

Sean F. Reardon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Racial Segregation and school poverty in the united states 1999 2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

  • Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016
    Race and Social Problems, 2020
    Co-Authors: Erin M. Fahle, Sean F. Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, Ericka S. Weathers, Heewon Jang
    Abstract:

    Research over the past decade suggests that Racial Segregation appears to have the largest implications for students’ achievement when linked to Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. This paper provides a summary and update to prior literature describing patterns and trends of Racial differences in school poverty rates from the 1998–1999 through 2015–2016 school years. We describe black-white and Hispanic-white differences in school poverty rates within U.S. school districts, metropolitan areas, states, and the nation over this nearly 20-year period. We find that while exposure to poverty in schools has risen dramatically, Racial differences in exposure to school poverty have been relatively stable during this time. These average trends, however, belie meaningful variability among places. Places serving large proportions of minority students have larger but declining average Racial differences in exposure to school poverty. Large school districts also have larger average Racial differences in exposure and have been experiencing increases in this measure over time.

  • The geographic scale of Metropolitan Racial Segregation
    Demography, 2008
    Co-Authors: Sean F. Reardon, Stephen A. Matthews, David O’sullivan, Barrett A. Lee, Glenn Firebaugh, Chad R. Farrell, Kendra Bischoff
    Abstract:

    This article addresses an aspect of Racial residential Segregation that has been largely ignored in prior work: the issue of geographic scale. In some metropolitan areas, Racial groups are segregated over large regions, with predominately white regions, predominately black regions, and so on, whereas in other areas, the separation of Racial groups occurs over much shorter distances. Here we develop an approach—featuring the Segregation profile and the corresponding macro/micro Segregation ratio—that offers a scale-sensitive alternative to standard methodological practice for describing Segregation. Using this approach, we measure and describe the geographic scale of Racial Segregation in the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000. We find considerable heterogeneity in the geographic scale of Segregation patterns across both metropolitan areas and Racial groups, a heterogeneity that is not evident using conventional “aspatial” Segregation measures. Moreover, because the geographic scale of Segregation is only modestly correlated with the level of Segregation in our sample, we argue that geographic scale represents a distinct dimension of residential Segregation. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of our findings for investigating the patterns, causes, and consequences of residential Segregation at different geographic scales.

Aggie J. Noah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Black-White Disparity in Sexually Transmitted Diseases During Pregnancy: How Do Racial Segregation and Income Inequality Matter?
    Sexually transmitted diseases, 2018
    Co-Authors: Aggie J. Noah, Tse-chuan Yang, Wei-lin Wang
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND We investigate the roles of residential Racial Segregation and income inequality for the black-white disparity in acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STD) during pregnancy in a multilevel framework. METHODS The analytic sample consisted of non-Hispanic white (n = 79,271) and non-Hispanic black (n = 17,669) mothers from 2012 population birth data from Pennsylvania. We used the 2009 to 2013 American Community Survey for neighborhood characteristics of mothers; we used multilevel models. RESULTS First, neighborhood-level factors are important for understanding this disparity because Racial Segregation and income inequality are significantly associated with acquiring STD during pregnancy, regardless of race. Second, Racial Segregation moderates the relationships between race/ethnicity and the acquisition of STD during pregnancy. White mothers are more vulnerable to neighborhood Segregation than black mothers, and black mothers are less likely to acquire STD during pregnancy than white mothers if they reside with co-ethnics. Third, mothers residing in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods-as indicated by both absolute and relative measures of income inequality-have the highest odds of acquiring STD during pregnancy, regardless of race. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood-level Segregation and income inequality are important for understanding the acquisition of STDs during pregnancy. Our findings have important implications for future research and for place-specific prevention and intervention to reduce the Racial disparity in STD during pregnancy.

  • Racial Segregation and maternal smoking during pregnancy: A multilevel analysis using the Racial Segregation interaction index
    Social science & medicine (1982), 2014
    Co-Authors: Tse-chuan Yang, Carla Shoff, Aggie J. Noah, Nyesha C. Black, Corey S. Sparks
    Abstract:

    Drawing from both the place stratification and ethnic enclave perspectives, we use multilevel modeling to investigate the relationships between women's race/ethnicity (i.e., non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Asian, and Hispanic) and maternal smoking during pregnancy, and examine if these relationships are moderated by Racial Segregation in the continental United States. The results show that increased interaction with whites is associated with increased probability of maternal smoking during pregnancy, and Racial Segregation moderates the relationships between race/ethnicity and maternal smoking. Specifically, living in a less Racially segregated area is related to a lower probability of smoking during pregnancy for black women, but it could double and almost triple the probability of smoking for Asian women and Hispanic women, respectively. Our findings provide empirical evidence for both the place stratification and ethnic enclave perspectives.