The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Eric Rougier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the effect of macroeconomic instability on fdi flows a gravity estimation of the impact of Regional Integration in the case of euro mediterranean agreements
International Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Dalila Chenafnicet, Eric RougierAbstract:In order to diversify their risks, firms facing uncertainty in their domestic market may choose to increase their investment abroad by transferring production to more stable host economies. By estimating a gravity model of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from Europe and the Mediterranean region to the four main recipients of FDI in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from 1985 to 2009, this article tests (1) the extent to which FDI inflows are affected by macroeconomic volatility in the source country and (2) whether Regional trade and investment agreements could have increased this FDI sensitivity to external macroeconomic volatility. We find that the incidence of FDI between two countries increases with source GDP instability and with host GDP stability. Moreover, FDI to MENA countries tends to be countercyclical with respect to the source country’s business cycle. We also find that although FDI reactivity to host country’s uncertainty is not conditioned by North–South trade and investment agreements, it becomes negative for South–South Regional Integration. Last, we show that although the source country’s instability certainly matters when explaining bilateral FDI flows in our sample, its impact may be less important when investments are driven by cost differentials, that is, for vertical investment.
-
the effect of macroeconomic instability on fdi flows a gravity estimation of the impact of Regional Integration in the case of euro mediterranean agreements
Post-Print, 2016Co-Authors: Dalila Chenafnicet, Eric RougierAbstract:In order to diversify their risks, firms facing uncertainty in their domestic market may choose to increase their investment abroad by transferring production to more stable host economies. By estimating a gravity model of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from Europe and the Mediterranean region to the four main recipients of FDI in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from 1985 to 2009, this article tests (1) the extent to which FDI inflows are affected by macroeconomic volatility in the source country and (2) whether Regional trade and investment agreements could have increased this FDI sensitivity to source country’s macroeconomic volatility. We find that the incidence of FDI between two countries increases with source GDP instability and with host GDP stability. Moreover, FDI to MENA countries tends to be countercyclical with respect to the source country’s business cycle. We also find that although FDI reactivity to host country’s uncertainty is not conditioned by North-South trade and investment agreements, it becomes negative for South-South Regional Integration. Last, we show that although the source country’s instability certainly matters when explaining bilateral FDI flows in our sample, its impact may be less important when investments are driven by cost differentials, that is, for vertical investment.
Christina J Schneider - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the political economy of Regional Integration
Annual Review of Political Science, 2017Co-Authors: Christina J SchneiderAbstract:This article reviews and analyzes recent research on Regional Integration. The review is structured along a political economy framework and proceeds in three steps. After analyzing the development of Regional Integration agreements (RIAs) from a historical perspective, I first discuss Regional Integration as a consequence of the decision-making calculus of office-motivated political leaders who find themselves under pressure from different societal groups interested in promoting or hindering Regional Integration. These pressures are conveyed, constrained, and calibrated by domestic institutions, which provide an important context for policy making, and in particular for the choice to enter RIAs. The analysis also highlights the importance of international pressures for Regional Integration. Second, I summarize the determinants and consequences of variations in Regional institutional design. Third, I analyze the normative and strategic consequences of Regional Integration. The article concludes by outlinin...
Peter A Petri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
economic interdependence in asia developing indicators for Regional Integration and cooperation
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Giovanni Capannelli, Jongwha Lee, Peter A PetriAbstract:We develop indicators to measure the degree of economic Integration and cooperation among East Asian economies and compare these with similar measures for other regions. Our indicators cover Regional Integration in trade, investment, financial assets, and people-to-people exchange. We also analyze measures of Regional cooperation such as the density of free trade agreements and official policy dialogues. We find that in various Asian groupings, and especially in a group of 16 integrating Asian economies, interdependence in trade, direct investment, financial flows, and other forms of economic and social exchange has increased significantly over time, and now approaches that in the European Union. Nonetheless, Asia's official cooperation remains weak and formal Regional institutions remain relatively underdeveloped. To provide insight into the causes of this discrepancy, we also develop quantitative measures of political and cultural similarity of nations, and find that Asian countries have relatively low levels of political and cultural proximity compared to regions such as Europe. The diversity of political interests and cultural values may have hindered more intense cooperation among Asian economies in the past. But if Regional economic and social interactions continue to grow, requirements for joint decision-making are also likely to expand, leading to stronger frameworks of official cooperation.
Alex T. Chow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Improved fluorescence excitation-emission matrix Regional Integration to quantify spectra for fluorescent dissolved organic matter.
Journal of environmental quality, 2013Co-Authors: Jie Zhou, Jun-jian Wang, Antoine Baudon, Alex T. ChowAbstract:The purpose of this short communication is to demonstrate the importance of numerical analysis and wavelength increment selection when characterizing fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) Regional Integration. A variety of water samples, representing a landscape gradient and different types of FDOM, were analyzed for their percentage distribution of five operationally defined FDOM fractions (aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, fulvic acid-like, soluble microbial byproduct-like, and humic acid-like) using three numerical methods in integrating volume under the surface of the fluorescence EEMs: Riemann summation, composite trapezoidal rule, and composite Simpson's rule. The influence of wavelength increment was also examined for the precision of the percentage distribution of each fraction. Our results show that the FDOM fraction estimated by Riemann summation with a 10- or 5-nm excitation wavelength can cause >40% or >5% errors, respectively, when compared with the best estimated values obtained by averaging results from composite trapezoidal rule and composite Simpson's rule with 1-nm excitation wavelength at the same emission increment. Also, our experiments show that fluorescence matrix Regional Integration could underestimate the two aromatic protein fractions but could overestimate the soluble microbial byproduct-like and humic acid-like fractions if improper increment and integral methods are used. The error can be reduced if a smaller wavelength increment is used. The smallest increment in a spectrofluorometer and composite Simpson's rule should be used for scanning fluorescence EEMs and calculating the percentage distribution of each FDOM fraction. Alternatively, 5-nm wavelength increments with composite Simpson's rule could be cost effective, and the error of each FDOM fraction commonly falls within 5% compared with those estimated by 1-nm increments.
Zhao Youcai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
fluorescence excitation emission matrix combined with Regional Integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages
Waste Management, 2012Co-Authors: Chai Xiaoli, Liu Guixiang, Zhao Xin, Hao Yongxia, Zhao YoucaiAbstract:Abstract Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence Regional Integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420–470 nm/Em = 490–530 nm and Ex = 345–375 nm/Em = 450–465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315–335 nm/Em = 420–440 nm and Ex = 255–275 nm/Em = 425–455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r ( B , A ) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2–12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.
