The Experts below are selected from a list of 38211 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
U Breuer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
smart alloys for a future fusion power plant first studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Nuclear materials and energy, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:Abstract In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization. The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150 µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering. Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000 °C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys.
-
Smart alloys for a future fusion power plant: First studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Elsevier, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization.The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering.Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000°C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys. Keywords: DEMO, Advanced plasma-facing materials, Smart tungsten alloys, Suppressed oxidation, Plasma sputtering, Accidental condition
A Litnovsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
smart alloys for a future fusion power plant first studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Nuclear materials and energy, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:Abstract In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization. The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150 µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering. Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000 °C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys.
-
Smart alloys for a future fusion power plant: First studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Elsevier, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization.The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering.Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000°C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys. Keywords: DEMO, Advanced plasma-facing materials, Smart tungsten alloys, Suppressed oxidation, Plasma sputtering, Accidental condition
Pedro Rodriguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
control of power converters in ac microgrids
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012Co-Authors: Joan Rocabert, Alvaro Luna, Frede Blaabjerg, Pedro RodriguezAbstract:The enabling of ac microgrids in distribution networks allows delivering distributed power and providing grid support services during Regular Operation of the grid, as well as powering isolated islands in case of faults and contingencies, thus increasing the performance and reliability of the electrical system. The high penetration of distributed generators, linked to the grid through highly controllable power processors based on power electronics, together with the incorporation of electrical energy storage systems, communication technologies, and controllable loads, opens new horizons to the effective expansion of microgrid applications integrated into electrical power systems. This paper carries out an overview about microgrid structures and control techniques at different hierarchical levels. At the power converter level, a detailed analysis of the main Operation modes and control structures for power converters belonging to microgrids is carried out, focusing mainly on grid-forming, grid-feeding, and grid-supporting configurations. This analysis is extended as well toward the hierarchical control scheme of microgrids, which, based on the primary, secondary, and tertiary control layer division, is devoted to minimize the Operation cost, coordinating support services, meanwhile maximizing the reliability and the controllability of microgrids. Finally, the main grid services that microgrids can offer to the main network, as well as the future trends in the development of their Operation and control for the next future, are presented and discussed.
B. Unterberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
smart alloys for a future fusion power plant first studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Nuclear materials and energy, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:Abstract In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization. The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150 µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering. Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000 °C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys.
-
Smart alloys for a future fusion power plant: First studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Elsevier, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization.The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering.Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000°C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys. Keywords: DEMO, Advanced plasma-facing materials, Smart tungsten alloys, Suppressed oxidation, Plasma sputtering, Accidental condition
Ch Linsmeier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
smart alloys for a future fusion power plant first studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Nuclear materials and energy, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:Abstract In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization. The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150 µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering. Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000 °C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys.
-
Smart alloys for a future fusion power plant: First studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental conditions
Elsevier, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, Ch Linsmeier, Franziska Klein, Arkadi Kreter, Thomas Wegener, Marcin Rasinski, B. Unterberg, M Vogel, S Kraus, U BreuerAbstract:In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at adjusting their properties to environment. During Regular Operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting tungsten from mobilization.The first direct comparative test of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2. The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW = 1000–1150µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering.Plasma exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000°C accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in a plasma environment and under accidental conditions. Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur, calling for further optimization of alloys. Keywords: DEMO, Advanced plasma-facing materials, Smart tungsten alloys, Suppressed oxidation, Plasma sputtering, Accidental condition
