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Satoru Suzuki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en

Katieann Skogsberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en

Dedre Gentner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • CogSci - Relational labels: A simple way to improve the likelihood of Relational retrieval
    Cognitive Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Anja Jamrozik, Dedre Gentner
    Abstract:

    Relational labels: A simple way to improve the likelihood of Relational retrieval Anja Jamrozik Northwestern University Dedre Gentner Northwestern University Abstract: The first step of successful analogical transfer is Relational retrieval—retrieval that is based on common Relational Structure, such as an underlying principle or pattern. Unfortunately, purely Relational retrieval often fails. Previous work has shown that schema abstraction via comparing two examples can improve Relational retrieval. We asked whether labels that name Relational Structure might also promote schema abstraction and improve retrieval. Using a cued-recall paradigm, we varied the presence of Relational labels at encoding and at test. We also varied whether labels were presented before or after the examples. The likelihood of Relational retrieval improved (relative to baseline) when labels were given at encoding and test, and also when labels were given only at encoding. There was also a trend suggesting that labels were particularly helpful when presented before named examples. These findings suggest that one simple way to improve Relational retrieval is through the use of Relational labels.

  • CogSci - Relational labels can improve Relational retrieval
    Cognitive Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: Anja Jamrozik, Dedre Gentner
    Abstract:

    Relational labels can improve Relational retrieval Anja Jamrozik (a.jamrozik@u.northwestern.edu) Dedre Gentner (gentner@northwestern.edu) Department of Psychology, Northwestern University 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA Abstract Even though Relational retrieval is typically rare, it is more likely for experts in a domain. For example, when solving challenging science problems, experts often retrieve problems that share common Relational Structure (e.g., Clement, 1988). Likewise, the likelihood of Relational retrieval is better for students with greater mathematical expertise than for novices (Novick, 1988), and mathematical expertise can predict the likelihood of transferring a solution strategy to analogous math problems (Novick & Holyoak, What contributes to experts’ improvement in Relational retrieval? Two factors that might be involved are having experienced many opportunities to compare examples and acquiring a technical vocabulary. There is abundant evidence that comparison of examples can improve the likelihood of Relational retrieval. When learners compare two instances of the same Relational Structure, the process of alignment renders their common Structure more salient. This process of schema abstraction increases the likelihood of retaining this common Relational Structure and transferring it to other instances (e.g., Gentner Loewenstein, Thompson, & Forbus, 2009; Gentner & Markman, 1997; Gick & Holyoak, 1983; Markman & Gentner, 1993; Reeves & Weisberg, 1994; Ross & Kennedy, 1990). In the current research, we focus on the second factor and ask how acquiring a vocabulary may impact Relational retrieval 1 . As someone develops expertise in a domain, they may acquire terms that name common relations or Relational patterns in that domain. We ask whether the use of such Relational language can improve Relational retrieval. Retrieval that is based on common Relational Structure, such as an underlying principle or pattern, is useful but typically rare. Based on evidence that comparison-derived schema abstraction can improve Relational retrieval, we asked whether the use of Relational labels can also promote abstraction and improve Relational retrieval. Using a cued-recall paradigm, we varied the presence of Relational labels at encoding and test. As compared to a no-label baseline condition, Relational retrieval improved when Relational labels were given at encoding and at test and also when Relational labels were given only at encoding. The findings demonstrate that one way to improve Relational retrieval is through the use of labels that name Relational Structure. Keywords: Relational retrieval; Relational language; inert knowledge Introduction When encountering a new example or problem, we sometimes retrieve examples from memory that share Relational Structure with the current example. This can be very useful as it allows us to transfer existing knowledge to the new example. For instance, if a social psychology student learns about the classic findings that a person’s attitude can become resistant against very persuasive arguments after the person has argued against weak versions of such arguments (e.g., McGuire, 1961; McGuire & Papageorgis, 1961), then this might remind the student of how someone can become immune to a disease after being exposed to a weakened form of that disease. Based on this connection, they may be able to draw some conclusions about the new situation, such as why the attitude becomes resistant to change, or why the initial arguments against the attitude have to be weak. As useful as it can be, Relational retrieval—retrieval based only on common Relational Structure—is typically rare (e.g., Gentner, Rattermann, & Forbus, 1993; Gick & Holyoak, 1980, 1983; Holyoak & Koh, 1987; Ross, 1987, 1989). Instead, memory retrieval is likely to be based either on overall similarity or on surface commonalities, such as matching entities (e.g., Brooks, Norman, & Allen, 1991; Gentner et al., 1993; Holyoak & Koh, 1987; Ross, 1987, 1989). This is an instance of the inert knowledge problem (Whitehead, 1929) – that people are often unable to retrieve knowledge and apply it to new situations even when that information has been stored in memory (e.g., Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Bransford, 1979). Relational Language In the current research, we ask whether an abstraction process like the one that operates during comparison also applies when Relational language is used. Specifically, we ask whether using known Relational terms like reciprocity or inoculation to label examples promotes the abstraction of their Relational Structure and leads to improved Relational retrieval. The idea is that using a Relational term to label a situation can promote the abstraction of Relational Structure The value of Relational language and comparison might in some cases be related because using the same term for different examples can invite comparison of these examples (e.g., Gentner, 2003, 2010; Gentner & Medina, 1998; Gentner & Namy, 1999). However, our focus here will be on the individual effects of Relational language and comparison.

  • the roles of similarity in transfer separating retrievability from inferential soundness
    Cognitive Psychology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Dedre Gentner, Mary Jo Rattermann, Kenneth D Forbus
    Abstract:

    Abstract Similarity is universally acknowledged to be central in transfer, but recent research suggests that its role is complex. The present research attempts to isolate and compare the determinants of similarity-based access to memory and the determinants of the subjective soundness and similarity of a match. We predicted, based on Structure-mapping theory, that subjective soundness would depend on the degree of shared Relational Structure, particularly higher-order Structure such as causal bindings. In contrast, we predicted that memory retrieval would be highly sensitive to surface similarities such as common object attributes. To assess retrievability , in three studies, subjects were asked to read a large set of stories and were later given a set of probe stories that resembled the original stories in systematically different ways; e.g., purely Relational analogies, surface-similarity matches, or overall (literal similarity) matches. Subjects were told to write out any of the original stories that came to mind. To assess subjective soundness, independent subjects (and also the same reminding subjects) were asked to rate the inferential soundness of each pair; i.e., how well inferences true of one story would apply to the other. As predicted, subjective soundness was highly related to the degree of common Relational Structure, while retrievability was chiefly related to the degree of surface similarity. Ratings of the similarity of the pairs did not predict the retrievability ordering, arguing against the possibility that the retrieval ordering simply reflected overall similarity. Further, a fourth study demonstrated that subjects given a forced-choice recognition task could discriminate between possible matches on the basis of Relational Structure, ruling out the possibility that the poor Relational retrieval resulted from forgetting or failing to encode the Relational Structure. We conclude that there is a dissociation between the similarity that governs access to long-term memory and that which is used in evaluating and reasoning from a present match. We describe a model, called MAC/FAC ("any are called but few are chosen"), that uses a two-stage similarity retrieval process to model these findings. Finally, we speculate on the implications of this view for learning and transfer.

Joshua Wilt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en

Lucica Iordanescu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors.

  • a Relational Structure of voluntary visual attention abilities
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2015
    Co-Authors: Katieann Skogsberg, Joshua Wilt, Lucica Iordanescu, Marcia Grabowecky, William Revelle, Satoru Suzuki
    Abstract:

    Many studies have examined attention mechanisms involved in specific behavioral tasks (e.g., search, tracking, distractor inhibition). However, relatively little is known about the relationships among those attention mechanisms. Is there a fundamental attention faculty that makes a person superior or inferior at most types of attention tasks, or do relatively independent processes mediate different attention skills? We focused on individual differences in voluntary visual-attention abilities using a battery of 11 representative tasks. An application of parallel analysis, hierarchical-cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to the intertask correlation matrix revealed 4 functional clusters, representing spatiotemporal attention, global attention, transient attention, and sustained attention, organized along 2 dimensions, one contrasting spatiotemporal and global attention and the other contrasting transient and sustained attention. Comparison with the neuroscience literature suggests that the spatiotemporal-global dimension corresponds to the dorsal frontoparietal circuit and the transient-sustained dimension corresponds to the ventral frontoparietal circuit, with distinct subregions mediating the separate clusters within each dimension. We also obtained highly specific patterns of gender difference and of deficits for college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. These group differences suggest that different mechanisms of voluntary visual attention can be selectively strengthened or weakened based on genetic, experiential, and/or pathological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en