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Gerald A. Zeininger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Thermodynamic methods for pressure Relief system design parameters
    Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2006
    Co-Authors: Arnie R. Smith, Gerald A. Zeininger
    Abstract:

    Abstract The design of fire Relief Systems for petroleum refineries, petrochemical, chemical and natural gas plants requires two accurate system design parameters: the latent heat of vaporization and sonic velocity. These design parameters further require accurate thermodynamic properties. At present, various approximate methods and thermodynamic models are utilized to estimate the latent heat of vaporization of fluid mixtures with varying degrees of success. Similarly, approximate methods have been used in industry to estimate the sonic velocity at which compressible fluid mixtures can flow through Relief valve orifices and discharge piping. This paper presents the following: 1. Thermodynamically rigorous methods for the calculation of the latent heat of vaporization and the sonic velocity . These methods are applied to typical fluid mixtures using industry-standard property models and compare the calculated results with data published in scientific literature. 2. The American Petroleum Institute (API) recommendation of the minimum value of latent heat of vaporization of hydrocarbon mixtures is too large to accept for safe fire Relief system design when no accurate latent-heat value is available near the critical point . Note: recommendation by API for minimum approximate heat of vaporization of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures in the absence of latent-heat data at the critical point is 50 Btu/lb (116 kJ/kg) – see Section 3.15.3.1 of API Recommended Practice 521: “Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 1997”). 3. The need of accurate thermodynamic property data of fluid mixtures necessary to validate the thermodynamic model at Relief system operating conditions . Currently, these types of data are scarce in the open literature because data measurements have been difficult at the temperatures and pressure of interest.

Richard M. Wachowiak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A risk perspective for emergency pressure Relief system design
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1995
    Co-Authors: Michael A. Grolmes, Jeff R. Gabor, Marc Kenton, Richard M. Wachowiak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Improperly sized pressure Relief devices have historically been a factor in a significant fraction of serious accidents involving process reactions. The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) efforts have provided a methodology which minimizes the potential for inadequate pressure Relief capacity. Unfortunately, this methodology can lead to requirements for vent sizes which appear to be unreasonably large. The difficulty may be traceable directly to the selection of the design basis. It is often difficult to justify credible bounds for scenarios to be considered in the design by qualitative methods alone. In these instances, quantitative risk assessment methods can be effective in providing criteria for the elimination of excessive conservatism and thus can lead to a satisfactory design. This paper describes a hypothetical but realistic example which effectively combines the DIERS methodology with quantitative risk assessment methods. The result is a more satisfactory basis for evaluating the adequacy of the vent design.

Arnie R. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Thermodynamic methods for pressure Relief system design parameters
    Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2006
    Co-Authors: Arnie R. Smith, Gerald A. Zeininger
    Abstract:

    Abstract The design of fire Relief Systems for petroleum refineries, petrochemical, chemical and natural gas plants requires two accurate system design parameters: the latent heat of vaporization and sonic velocity. These design parameters further require accurate thermodynamic properties. At present, various approximate methods and thermodynamic models are utilized to estimate the latent heat of vaporization of fluid mixtures with varying degrees of success. Similarly, approximate methods have been used in industry to estimate the sonic velocity at which compressible fluid mixtures can flow through Relief valve orifices and discharge piping. This paper presents the following: 1. Thermodynamically rigorous methods for the calculation of the latent heat of vaporization and the sonic velocity . These methods are applied to typical fluid mixtures using industry-standard property models and compare the calculated results with data published in scientific literature. 2. The American Petroleum Institute (API) recommendation of the minimum value of latent heat of vaporization of hydrocarbon mixtures is too large to accept for safe fire Relief system design when no accurate latent-heat value is available near the critical point . Note: recommendation by API for minimum approximate heat of vaporization of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures in the absence of latent-heat data at the critical point is 50 Btu/lb (116 kJ/kg) – see Section 3.15.3.1 of API Recommended Practice 521: “Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 1997”). 3. The need of accurate thermodynamic property data of fluid mixtures necessary to validate the thermodynamic model at Relief system operating conditions . Currently, these types of data are scarce in the open literature because data measurements have been difficult at the temperatures and pressure of interest.

Michael A. Grolmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A risk perspective for emergency pressure Relief system design
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1995
    Co-Authors: Michael A. Grolmes, Jeff R. Gabor, Marc Kenton, Richard M. Wachowiak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Improperly sized pressure Relief devices have historically been a factor in a significant fraction of serious accidents involving process reactions. The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) efforts have provided a methodology which minimizes the potential for inadequate pressure Relief capacity. Unfortunately, this methodology can lead to requirements for vent sizes which appear to be unreasonably large. The difficulty may be traceable directly to the selection of the design basis. It is often difficult to justify credible bounds for scenarios to be considered in the design by qualitative methods alone. In these instances, quantitative risk assessment methods can be effective in providing criteria for the elimination of excessive conservatism and thus can lead to a satisfactory design. This paper describes a hypothetical but realistic example which effectively combines the DIERS methodology with quantitative risk assessment methods. The result is a more satisfactory basis for evaluating the adequacy of the vent design.

Guibing Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • An easy method to design gas/vapor Relief system with rupture disk
    Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 2015
    Co-Authors: Guibing Zhao
    Abstract:

    Tank discharge gas/vapor flow problems are frequently encountered in both practice and design. To perform this type of design calculation, the first step is to identify whether the flow is choked or not through a trial-and-error solution of an equation for adiabatic flow with friction from a reservoir through a pipe. Developing a direct method without any trial-and-error to identify a choking condition would be helpful for expediting the flow calculations. This paper presents an easy and quick method to identify the choking of gas flow for an emergency Relief system consisting of a rupture disk and vent piping. This greatly simplifies the design calculations. The proposed method for validating the venting adequacy of existing ERS circumvents the iteration calculation and the use of Lapple charts. Three case studies for the design of vent piping for rupture disks support the proposed method. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Emergency Relief Systems (ERS) are installed to protect process vessels from the catastrophic effects of excessive overpressure and subsequent rupture. An Emergency Relief System can be thought of as being composed of three different elements: pressure source (reservoir), Relief device, and vent line. The pressure source can be a reactor, a pipe needing to be protected, or any other equipment or process vessel. Rupture disks and safety valves are the primary Relief devices by which pressurized vessels and pipelines are protected against intolerable overpressures. The safety valve is a reclosing pressure Relief device that will reclose once the protectedsystem pressure is lower than the set pressure of the valve, minus the “blowdown” of the valve. The blowdown of a safety valve is the difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure of a safety valve, expressed as a percentage of the set pressure. The rupture disk is a non-reclosing pressure Relief device actuated by the differential pressure between the inlet and outlet sides of the disk, and it is designed to function by bursting. The methods for designing gas/vapor emergency Relief system have been well established and used in industrial practice (API