The Experts below are selected from a list of 120 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John R Hutchinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Background Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone’s resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. Results We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and Rendered Dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone’s length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. Conclusions Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
-
Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology.
BMC evolutionary biology, 2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone’s resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and Rendered Dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone’s length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
-
Dimensionless Ulnar Cross-Sectional Data Species Means
2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Species means for ulnar cross-sectional traits. Values were Rendered Dimensionless using ulna lengths (see article). Column names denote increment of bone length (i.e., P5 indicates 5% of bone length, P10 indicates 10% of bone length, etc.)
-
Dimensionless Radial Cross-Sectional Data Species Means
2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Species means for radial cross-sectional traits. Values were Rendered Dimensionless using ulna lengths (see article). Column names denote increment of bone length (i.e., P5 indicates 5% of bone length, P10 indicates 10% of bone length, etc.)
Brandon M Kilbourne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals
Integrative organismal biology (Oxford England), 2020Co-Authors: P Parsi-pour, Brandon M KilbourneAbstract:Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones' lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits Rendered Dimensionless- cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)-using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil's high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan-and perhaps that of other mammals-is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.
-
Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Background Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone’s resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. Results We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and Rendered Dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone’s length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. Conclusions Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
-
Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology.
BMC evolutionary biology, 2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone’s resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and Rendered Dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone’s length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
-
Dimensionless Ulnar Cross-Sectional Data Species Means
2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Species means for ulnar cross-sectional traits. Values were Rendered Dimensionless using ulna lengths (see article). Column names denote increment of bone length (i.e., P5 indicates 5% of bone length, P10 indicates 10% of bone length, etc.)
-
Dimensionless Radial Cross-Sectional Data Species Means
2019Co-Authors: Brandon M Kilbourne, John R HutchinsonAbstract:Species means for radial cross-sectional traits. Values were Rendered Dimensionless using ulna lengths (see article). Column names denote increment of bone length (i.e., P5 indicates 5% of bone length, P10 indicates 10% of bone length, etc.)
Isaac C. Sanchez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Dimensionless thermodynamics: a new paradigm for liquid state properties.
The journal of physical chemistry. B, 2014Co-Authors: Isaac C. SanchezAbstract:Equations of state in the van der Waals genre suggest that saturated liquids should adhere to the following corresponding states principle (CSP): saturated liquids at the same reduced density (ρR = ρ/ρc) have comparable Dimensionless thermodynamic properties. This CSP is shown to be applicable to a variety of thermodynamic properties that include entropy of vaporization, cohesive energy density, thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, thermal pressure coefficient, compressibility factor, temperature coefficient of the vapor pressure, heat capacity difference, and surface tension. For two classes of liquids, all properties Rendered Dimensionless by the proper choice of scaling variables superpose to form "master curves" that illustrate the CSP. Using scaled particle theory, an improved van der Waals model is developed whose results are compared with existing experimental thermodynamic data in Dimensionless form. Properly expressing thermodynamic properties in Dimensionless form acts to consolidate and harmonize liquid state properties.
-
Dimensionless Thermodynamics: A New Paradigm for Liquid State Properties B
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Isaac C. SanchezAbstract:Equations of state in the van der Waals genre suggest that saturated liquids should adhere to the following corresponding states principle (CSP): saturated liquids at the same reduced density (ρR = ρ/ρc) have comparable Dimensionless thermodynamic properties. This CSP is shown to be applicable to a variety of thermodynamic properties that include entropy of vaporization, cohesive energy density, thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, thermal pressure coefficient, compressibility factor, temperature coefficient of the vapor pressure, heat capacity difference, and surface tension. For two classes of liquids, all properties Rendered Dimensionless by the proper choice of scaling variables superpose to form “master curves” that illustrate the CSP. Using scaled particle theory, an improved van der Waals model is developed whose results are compared with existing experimental thermodynamic data in Dimensionless form. Properly expressing thermodynamic properties in Dimensionless form acts to consolidate and harmonize liquid state properties.
-
Dimensionless Thermodynamics: A New Paradigm for Liquid State Properties
2014Co-Authors: Isaac C. SanchezAbstract:Equations of state in the van der Waals genre suggest that saturated liquids should adhere to the following corresponding states principle (CSP): saturated liquids at the same reduced density (ρR = ρ/ρc) have comparable Dimensionless thermodynamic properties. This CSP is shown to be applicable to a variety of thermodynamic properties that include entropy of vaporization, cohesive energy density, thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, thermal pressure coefficient, compressibility factor, temperature coefficient of the vapor pressure, heat capacity difference, and surface tension. For two classes of liquids, all properties Rendered Dimensionless by the proper choice of scaling variables superpose to form “master curves” that illustrate the CSP. Using scaled particle theory, an improved van der Waals model is developed whose results are compared with existing experimental thermodynamic data in Dimensionless form. Properly expressing thermodynamic properties in Dimensionless form acts to consolidate and harmonize liquid state properties
Lazhar Houas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
External front instabilities induced by a shocked particle ring
Physical Review E : Statistical Nonlinear and Soft Matter Physics, 2014Co-Authors: V Rodriguez, Rémi Saurel, Guillaume Jourdan, Lazhar HouasAbstract:The dispersion of a cylindrical particle ring by a blast or shock wave induces the formation of coherent structures which take the form of particle jets. A blast wave, issuing from the discharge of a planar shock wave at the exit of a conventional shock tube, is generated in the center of a granular medium ring initially confined inside a Hele-Shaw cell. With the present experimental setup, under impulsive acceleration, a solid particle-jet formation is observed in a quasi-two-dimensional configuration. The aim of the present investigation is to observe in detail the formation of very thin perturbations created around the external surface of the dispersed particle layer. By means of fast flow visualization with an appropriate recording window, we focus solely on the first instants during which the external particle ring becomes unstable. We find that the critical area of the destabilization of the external ring surface is constant regardless of the acceleration of the initial layer. Moreover, we observe in detail the external front perturbation wavelength, Rendered Dimensionless by the initial ring perimeter, and follow its evolution with the initial particle layer acceleration. We report this quantity to be constant regardless of the evolution of the initial particle layer acceleration. Finally, we can reasonably assert that external front perturbations depend solely on the material of the particles.
V Rodriguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
External front instabilities induced by a shocked particle ring
Physical Review E : Statistical Nonlinear and Soft Matter Physics, 2014Co-Authors: V Rodriguez, Rémi Saurel, Guillaume Jourdan, Lazhar HouasAbstract:The dispersion of a cylindrical particle ring by a blast or shock wave induces the formation of coherent structures which take the form of particle jets. A blast wave, issuing from the discharge of a planar shock wave at the exit of a conventional shock tube, is generated in the center of a granular medium ring initially confined inside a Hele-Shaw cell. With the present experimental setup, under impulsive acceleration, a solid particle-jet formation is observed in a quasi-two-dimensional configuration. The aim of the present investigation is to observe in detail the formation of very thin perturbations created around the external surface of the dispersed particle layer. By means of fast flow visualization with an appropriate recording window, we focus solely on the first instants during which the external particle ring becomes unstable. We find that the critical area of the destabilization of the external ring surface is constant regardless of the acceleration of the initial layer. Moreover, we observe in detail the external front perturbation wavelength, Rendered Dimensionless by the initial ring perimeter, and follow its evolution with the initial particle layer acceleration. We report this quantity to be constant regardless of the evolution of the initial particle layer acceleration. Finally, we can reasonably assert that external front perturbations depend solely on the material of the particles.