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Phillip J. Holcomb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how word frequency modulates masked Repetition Priming an erp investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Danielle Lopez, Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects ¥ word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events. Descriptors: Masked Priming, ERPs, Word frequency, Repetition, Sigmoid activation function
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How Word Frequency Modulates Masked Repetition Priming: An ERP Investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Marianna D Eddy, Danielle F. Lopez, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects × word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events.
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invariance to rotation in depth measured by masked Repetition Priming is dependent on prime duration
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:Abstract The current experiment examined invariance to pictures of objects rotated in depth using event-related potentials (ERPs) and masked Repetition Priming. Specifically we rotated objects 30°, 60° or 150° from their canonical view and, across two experiments, varied the prime duration (50 or 90 ms). We examined three ERP components, the P/N190, N300 and N400. In Experiment 1, only the 30° rotation condition produced Repetition Priming effects on the N/P190, N300 and N400. The other rotation conditions only showed Repetition Priming effects on the early perceptual component, the N/P190. Experiment 2 extended the prime duration to 90 ms to determine whether additional exposure to the prime may produce invariance on the N300 and N400 for the 60° and 150° rotation conditions. Repetition Priming effects were found for all rotation conditions across the N/P190, N300 and N400 components. We interpret these results to suggest that whether or not view invariant Priming effects are found depends partly on the extent to which representation of an object has been activated.
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electrophysiological evidence for size invariance in masked picture Repetition Priming
Brain and Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:This experiment examined invariance in object representations through measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) to pictures in a masked Repetition Priming paradigm. Pairs of pictures were presented where the prime was either the same size or half the size of the target object and the target was either presented in a normal orientation or was a normal sized mirror reflection of the prime object. Previous masked Repetition Priming studies have found a cascade of Priming effect sensitive to perceptual (N190/P190) and semantic (N400) properties of the stimulus. This experiment found that both early (N190/P190 effects) and later effects (N400) were invariant to size, whereas only the N190/P190 effect was invariant to mirror reflection. The combination of a small prime and a mirror reflected target led to no significant Priming effects. Taken together, the results of this set of experiments suggests that object recognition, more specifically, activating an object representation, occurs in a hierarchical fashion where overlapping perceptual information between the prime and target is necessary, although not always sufficient, to activate a higher level semantic representation.
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erp effects of short interval masked associative and Repetition Priming
Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2009Co-Authors: Phillip J. Holcomb, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Abstract In a previous study we used event-related potentials to dissociate semantic (associative) and Repetition Priming when prime words were masked below (40 ms primes) and above (80 and 120 ms primes) levels of awareness (Holcomb, P. J., Reder, L., Misra, M., & Grainger, J. (2005). Masked Priming: an event-related brain potential study of Repetition and semantic effects. Cognitive Brain Research , 24, 155--172.). While robust Priming effects were present on the N400 component regardless of the prime duration in the Repetition Priming experiment, in the semantic Priming experiment significant Priming effects were only obtained when primes were consciously detected. In the current study we again compared associative and Repetition Priming, but this time within a single experiment and using a short interval Priming paradigm. As in several recent studies we again found robust Repetition Priming effects on both the N400 and an earlier index of Priming, the N250. However, there was no evidence of any Priming effect in the semantic/associative condition. The findings are discussed in the context of the functional significance of masked Priming effects.
Jonathan Grainger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Location invariance in masked Repetition Priming of letters and words.
Acta psychologica, 2012Co-Authors: Yousri Marzouki, Martijn Meeter, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Abstract Earlier studies have suggested that information from a prime stimulus can be integrated with target information even when the two stimuli appear at different spatial locations. Here, we examined such location invariance in a masked Repetition Priming paradigm with single letter and word stimuli. In order to neutralize effects of acuity and spatial attention on prime processing, subliminal prime stimuli always appeared on fixation. Target location varied randomly from trial to trial along the horizontal meridian at one of seven possible locations for letter stimuli (− 7° to + 7°) and three positions for word stimuli (− 4°, 0°, + 4°). Speed of responding to letter and word targets was affected by target location, and by Priming, but the size of Repetition Priming effects did not vary as a function of target location. These results suggest that masked Repetition Priming is mediated by representations that integrate information about object identity independently of object location.
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how word frequency modulates masked Repetition Priming an erp investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Danielle Lopez, Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects ¥ word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events. Descriptors: Masked Priming, ERPs, Word frequency, Repetition, Sigmoid activation function
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How Word Frequency Modulates Masked Repetition Priming: An ERP Investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Marianna D Eddy, Danielle F. Lopez, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects × word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events.
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erp effects of short interval masked associative and Repetition Priming
Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2009Co-Authors: Phillip J. Holcomb, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Abstract In a previous study we used event-related potentials to dissociate semantic (associative) and Repetition Priming when prime words were masked below (40 ms primes) and above (80 and 120 ms primes) levels of awareness (Holcomb, P. J., Reder, L., Misra, M., & Grainger, J. (2005). Masked Priming: an event-related brain potential study of Repetition and semantic effects. Cognitive Brain Research , 24, 155--172.). While robust Priming effects were present on the N400 component regardless of the prime duration in the Repetition Priming experiment, in the semantic Priming experiment significant Priming effects were only obtained when primes were consciously detected. In the current study we again compared associative and Repetition Priming, but this time within a single experiment and using a short interval Priming paradigm. As in several recent studies we again found robust Repetition Priming effects on both the N400 and an earlier index of Priming, the N250. However, there was no evidence of any Priming effect in the semantic/associative condition. The findings are discussed in the context of the functional significance of masked Priming effects.
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ERP Effects of Short Interval Masked Associative and Repetition Priming.
Journal of neurolinguistics, 2009Co-Authors: Phillip J. Holcomb, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:In a previous study we used event-related potentials to dissociate semantic (associative) and Repetition Priming when prime words were masked below (40 ms primes) and above (80 and 120 ms primes) levels of awareness (Holcomb et al., 2005). While robust Priming effects were present on the N400 component regardless of the prime duration in the Repetition Priming experiment, in the semantic Priming experiment significant Priming effects were only obtained when primes were consciously detected. In the current study we again compared associative and Repetition Priming, but this time within a single experiment and using a short interval Priming paradigm. As in several recent studies we again found robust Repetition Priming effects on both the N400 and an earlier index of Priming, the N250. However, there was no evidence of any Priming effect in the semantic/associative condition. The findings are discussed in the context of the functional significance of masked Priming effects.
Neal J. Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning Repetition Priming and procedural memory
Psychological Review, 2002Co-Authors: Prahlad Gupta, Neal J. CohenAbstract:This article analyzes the relationship between skill learning and Repetition Priming, 2 implicit memory phenomena. A number of reports have suggested that skill learning and Repetition Priming can be dissociated from each other and are therefore based on different mechanisms. The authors present a theoretical analysis showing that previous results cannot be regarded as evidence of a processing dissociation between skill learning and Repetition Priming. The authors also present a single-mechanism computational model that simulates a specific experimental task and exhibits both skill learning and Repetition Priming, as well as a number of apparent dissociations between these measures. These theoretical and computational analyses provide complementary evidence that skill learning and Repetition Priming are aspects of a single underlying mechanism that has the characteristics of procedural memory. One of the most significant developments in the study of human memory over the last two decades has been the discovery of a dissociation between two different kinds of memory systems. An early indication of this dissociation came from studies of amnesia in patients with excision or lesions of the hippocampus (Scoville & Milner, 1957). These patients were dramatically impaired in their ability to recollect new events and experiences. Cohen and Squire (1980) introduced the term declarative memoryto refer to this kind of memory, and it is now well accepted that such memory relies on the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures, and that it is profoundly impaired in patients with amnesia (see Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993, for review). Impairments in this memory system can be revealed by direct tests of memory, which require explicit retrieval of the contents of specific experiences; a typical example would be memory for arbitrary pairings of words. Indication of a second memory system came in the form of a striking pattern of preservation of certain abilities in patients with amnesia (Cohen & Squire, 1980). The forms of memory and learning that are spared by hippocampal damage include the acquisition of skills
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Theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning, Repetition Priming, and procedural memory.
Psychological review, 2002Co-Authors: Prahlad Gupta, Neal J. CohenAbstract:This article analyzes the relationship between skill learning and Repetition Priming, 2 implicit memory phenomena. A number of reports have suggested that skill learning and Repetition Priming can be dissociated from each other and are therefore based on different mechanisms. The authors present a theoretical analysis showing that previous results cannot be regarded as evidence of a processing dissociation between skill learning and Repetition Priming. The authors also present a single-mechanism computational model that simulates a specific experimental task and exhibits both skill learning and Repetition Priming, as well as a number of apparent dissociations between these measures. These theoretical and computational analyses provide complementary evidence that skill learning and Repetition Priming are aspects of a single underlying mechanism that has the characteristics of procedural memory.
Marianna D Eddy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how word frequency modulates masked Repetition Priming an erp investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Danielle Lopez, Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects ¥ word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events. Descriptors: Masked Priming, ERPs, Word frequency, Repetition, Sigmoid activation function
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How Word Frequency Modulates Masked Repetition Priming: An ERP Investigation
Psychophysiology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Marianna D Eddy, Danielle F. Lopez, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to provide precise temporal information about the modulation of masked Repetition Priming effects × word frequency during the course of target word recognition. Contrary to the pattern seen with behavioral response times in prior research, we predicted that high-frequency words should generate larger and earlier peaking Repetition Priming effects than low-frequency words in the N400 time window. This prediction was supported by the results of two experiments. Furthermore, Repetition Priming effects in the N250 time window were found for low-frequency words in both experiments, whereas for high-frequency words these effects were seen only at the shorter (50 ms stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA]) used in Experiment 2, and not in Experiment 1 (70 ms SOA). We explain this pattern as resulting from reset mechanisms operating on the form representations activated by prime stimuli when primes and targets are processed as separate perceptual events.
-
invariance to rotation in depth measured by masked Repetition Priming is dependent on prime duration
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:Abstract The current experiment examined invariance to pictures of objects rotated in depth using event-related potentials (ERPs) and masked Repetition Priming. Specifically we rotated objects 30°, 60° or 150° from their canonical view and, across two experiments, varied the prime duration (50 or 90 ms). We examined three ERP components, the P/N190, N300 and N400. In Experiment 1, only the 30° rotation condition produced Repetition Priming effects on the N/P190, N300 and N400. The other rotation conditions only showed Repetition Priming effects on the early perceptual component, the N/P190. Experiment 2 extended the prime duration to 90 ms to determine whether additional exposure to the prime may produce invariance on the N300 and N400 for the 60° and 150° rotation conditions. Repetition Priming effects were found for all rotation conditions across the N/P190, N300 and N400 components. We interpret these results to suggest that whether or not view invariant Priming effects are found depends partly on the extent to which representation of an object has been activated.
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electrophysiological evidence for size invariance in masked picture Repetition Priming
Brain and Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Marianna D Eddy, Phillip J. HolcombAbstract:This experiment examined invariance in object representations through measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) to pictures in a masked Repetition Priming paradigm. Pairs of pictures were presented where the prime was either the same size or half the size of the target object and the target was either presented in a normal orientation or was a normal sized mirror reflection of the prime object. Previous masked Repetition Priming studies have found a cascade of Priming effect sensitive to perceptual (N190/P190) and semantic (N400) properties of the stimulus. This experiment found that both early (N190/P190 effects) and later effects (N400) were invariant to size, whereas only the N190/P190 effect was invariant to mirror reflection. The combination of a small prime and a mirror reflected target led to no significant Priming effects. Taken together, the results of this set of experiments suggests that object recognition, more specifically, activating an object representation, occurs in a hierarchical fashion where overlapping perceptual information between the prime and target is necessary, although not always sufficient, to activate a higher level semantic representation.
Prahlad Gupta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning Repetition Priming and procedural memory
Psychological Review, 2002Co-Authors: Prahlad Gupta, Neal J. CohenAbstract:This article analyzes the relationship between skill learning and Repetition Priming, 2 implicit memory phenomena. A number of reports have suggested that skill learning and Repetition Priming can be dissociated from each other and are therefore based on different mechanisms. The authors present a theoretical analysis showing that previous results cannot be regarded as evidence of a processing dissociation between skill learning and Repetition Priming. The authors also present a single-mechanism computational model that simulates a specific experimental task and exhibits both skill learning and Repetition Priming, as well as a number of apparent dissociations between these measures. These theoretical and computational analyses provide complementary evidence that skill learning and Repetition Priming are aspects of a single underlying mechanism that has the characteristics of procedural memory. One of the most significant developments in the study of human memory over the last two decades has been the discovery of a dissociation between two different kinds of memory systems. An early indication of this dissociation came from studies of amnesia in patients with excision or lesions of the hippocampus (Scoville & Milner, 1957). These patients were dramatically impaired in their ability to recollect new events and experiences. Cohen and Squire (1980) introduced the term declarative memoryto refer to this kind of memory, and it is now well accepted that such memory relies on the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures, and that it is profoundly impaired in patients with amnesia (see Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993, for review). Impairments in this memory system can be revealed by direct tests of memory, which require explicit retrieval of the contents of specific experiences; a typical example would be memory for arbitrary pairings of words. Indication of a second memory system came in the form of a striking pattern of preservation of certain abilities in patients with amnesia (Cohen & Squire, 1980). The forms of memory and learning that are spared by hippocampal damage include the acquisition of skills
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Theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning, Repetition Priming, and procedural memory.
Psychological review, 2002Co-Authors: Prahlad Gupta, Neal J. CohenAbstract:This article analyzes the relationship between skill learning and Repetition Priming, 2 implicit memory phenomena. A number of reports have suggested that skill learning and Repetition Priming can be dissociated from each other and are therefore based on different mechanisms. The authors present a theoretical analysis showing that previous results cannot be regarded as evidence of a processing dissociation between skill learning and Repetition Priming. The authors also present a single-mechanism computational model that simulates a specific experimental task and exhibits both skill learning and Repetition Priming, as well as a number of apparent dissociations between these measures. These theoretical and computational analyses provide complementary evidence that skill learning and Repetition Priming are aspects of a single underlying mechanism that has the characteristics of procedural memory.