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Peter J Cotty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • united states department of agriculture agricultural Research Service Research on pre harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
    Pest Management Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J Cotty
    Abstract:

    Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights Research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economicallyrelevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins producedby Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This Research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • united states department of agriculture agricultural Research Service Research on pre harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
    Pest Management Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J Cotty
    Abstract:

    Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights Research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This Research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.

Harold C Relyea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • across the hill the congressional Research Service and providing Research for congress considering the future
    Government Information Quarterly, 2012
    Co-Authors: Harold C Relyea
    Abstract:

    Abstract Chartered in 1970, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) has served the Members, committees, and staff of Congress for four decades. The transition from the predecessor Legislative Reference Service (LRS) did not occur without some difficulties, and management of the organization and its personnel are still evolving and, in some regards, unsettled. Considered here are some matters, other than basic organization and mundane administration, which may pose challenges for CRS in the near future.

  • across the hill the congressional Research Service and providing Research for congress a retrospective on personal experience
    Government Information Quarterly, 2012
    Co-Authors: Harold C Relyea
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Congressional Research Service (CRS), a reconstituted version of the Legislative Reference Service which Congress had launched in 1914 and statutorily gave institutional status in 1946, was established in a 1970 reform law This retrospective is the personal account of one analyst's experience working for CRS from its initial years until January 2009. The account, it should be kept in mind, is highly particularistic, based upon the author's unique experience in one section of a division of CRS with responsibilities for his assigned subject areas concerning government operations and procedures.

  • across the hill the congressional Research Service and providing Research for congress a retrospective on origins
    Government Information Quarterly, 2010
    Co-Authors: Harold C Relyea
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Congressional Research Service (CRS) of today is a 1970 extension of the Legislative Reference Service, which was initially established through the appropriations process in 1914 and statutorily given permanent, institutional status in 1946. Throughout their existence, these entities have been, in varying degrees, part of the Library of Congress, which, itself, dates to the arrival of the federal government in the new capital in 1800. Provided here is a retrospective on these organizations—their origins, structural development, changing missions, and, in the case of the CRS, its current operational status.

Idrees Ahmad Nasir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Thomas E Cleveland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • united states department of agriculture agricultural Research Service Research on pre harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
    Pest Management Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J Cotty
    Abstract:

    Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights Research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economicallyrelevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins producedby Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This Research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • united states department of agriculture agricultural Research Service Research on pre harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in us crops
    Pest Management Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Cleveland, Deepak Bhatnagar, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Peter J Cotty
    Abstract:

    Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights Research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This Research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.

Eliot M Herman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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