The Experts below are selected from a list of 207 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Engelbert Portenkirchner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 4 4 bisphenyl ethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl as catalyst for co2 reduction synthesis characterization and application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, N S SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl and fac-(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac-(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M−1 s−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time.
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Using the Alkynyl-Substituted Rhenium(I) Complex (4,4′-Bisphenyl-Ethynyl-2,2′-Bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl as Catalyst for CO_2 Reduction—Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, Niyazi Serdar SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO_2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac -(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl and fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac -(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)_3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO_2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M^−1 s^−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO_2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO_2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time. Graphical Abstract
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electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 5 5 bisphenylethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, N S SariciftciAbstract:Abstract The Rhenium Complex fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro- and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at −1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2 . Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.
N S Sariciftci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 4 4 bisphenyl ethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl as catalyst for co2 reduction synthesis characterization and application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, N S SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl and fac-(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac-(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M−1 s−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time.
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electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 5 5 bisphenylethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, N S SariciftciAbstract:Abstract The Rhenium Complex fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro- and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at −1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2 . Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.
Kerstin Oppelt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 4 4 bisphenyl ethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl as catalyst for co2 reduction synthesis characterization and application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, N S SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl and fac-(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac-(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M−1 s−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time.
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Using the Alkynyl-Substituted Rhenium(I) Complex (4,4′-Bisphenyl-Ethynyl-2,2′-Bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl as Catalyst for CO_2 Reduction—Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, Niyazi Serdar SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO_2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac -(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl and fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac -(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)_3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO_2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M^−1 s^−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO_2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO_2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time. Graphical Abstract
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electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 5 5 bisphenylethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, N S SariciftciAbstract:Abstract The Rhenium Complex fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro- and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at −1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2 . Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.
Gunther Knor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 4 4 bisphenyl ethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl as catalyst for co2 reduction synthesis characterization and application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, N S SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl and fac-(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac-(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M−1 s−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time.
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Using the Alkynyl-Substituted Rhenium(I) Complex (4,4′-Bisphenyl-Ethynyl-2,2′-Bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl as Catalyst for CO_2 Reduction—Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, Niyazi Serdar SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO_2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac -(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl and fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac -(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)_3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO_2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M^−1 s^−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO_2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO_2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time. Graphical Abstract
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electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 5 5 bisphenylethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, N S SariciftciAbstract:Abstract The Rhenium Complex fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro- and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at −1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2 . Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.
Helmut Neugebauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 4 4 bisphenyl ethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl as catalyst for co2 reduction synthesis characterization and application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, N S SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl and fac-(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac-(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M−1 s−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time.
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Using the Alkynyl-Substituted Rhenium(I) Complex (4,4′-Bisphenyl-Ethynyl-2,2′-Bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl as Catalyst for CO_2 Reduction—Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Electrocatalysis, 2015Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, Stefanie Schlager, Dogukan Apaydin, Markus Himmelsbach, Tsukasa Yoshida, Niyazi Serdar SariciftciAbstract:The synthesis, structure, photophysics, and spectroscopic characterization of an organometallic Rhenium multichromophore compound carrying a central 2,2′-bipyridyl acceptor moiety with additional phenylethynyl substituents conjugated at the 4,4′-positions of the acceptor ligands and its effect on the electron density of the central Rhenium atom as metal center for CO_2 reduction is reported. The results were compared to fac -(2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl and fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO)_3Cl. Cyclovoltammetric studies and rotating disk electrochemistry were performed for electrochemical characterization. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and luminescence measurements were carried out for a spectroscopic characterization and compared to theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In addition, the Rhenium Complex fac -(4,4′-bisphenyl-ethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-Re(CO)_3Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO_2 in homogeneous solution. Results showed an 11-fold increase in the current density under CO_2 saturation and a catalytic second-order rate constant for CO formation of about 560 M^−1 s^−1 on a Pt working electrode. For further characterization of the CO_2 reduction capabilities, bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO_2-saturated acetonitrile electrolyte solution. The headspace product gas analysis yields CO as main reduction product with faradaic efficiencies of about 12 % over 5-h electrolysis time. Graphical Abstract
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electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the alkynyl substituted Rhenium i Complex 5 5 bisphenylethynyl 2 2 bipyridyl re co 3cl
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Engelbert Portenkirchner, Kerstin Oppelt, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A M Egbe, Helmut Neugebauer, Gunther Knor, N S SariciftciAbstract:Abstract The Rhenium Complex fac -(5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro- and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5′-bisphenylethynyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at −1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2 . Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.