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Jan Erik Vinnem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Risk analysis and Risk Acceptance criteria in the planning processes of hazardous facilities a case of an lng plant in an urban area
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2010Co-Authors: Jan Erik VinnemAbstract:Planning of hazardous facilities is usually carried out on the basis of a Risk-informed decision-making and planning process making use of Risk analysis. This practice is well established in Norway under petroleum legislation but less so for onshore facilities under non-petroleum legislation. The present paper focuses on the use of Risk analysis studies for Risk evaluation against Risk Acceptance criteria, Risk communication and derivation of technical and operational requirements in these circumstances. This is demonstrated through reference to a case study involving an LNG plant currently under construction in an urban area in Norway. The main finding is that Risk-informed legislation is a fragile legislative system which is dependent on conscientious and open-minded use by the industrial developer. In the opposite case, the authorities may well be unable to correct the situation and the legislation may fail to protect the neighbourhood from unreasonable exposure to Risk. Reference is also made to the international perspective where authorities define what is deemed tolerable Risk, which would appear to be a more robust and defensible approach.
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Risk analysis and Risk Acceptance criteria in the planning processes of hazardous facilities—A case of an LNG plant in an urban area
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2010Co-Authors: Jan Erik VinnemAbstract:Planning of hazardous facilities is usually carried out on the basis of a Risk-informed decision-making and planning process making use of Risk analysis. This practice is well established in Norway under petroleum legislation but less so for onshore facilities under non-petroleum legislation. The present paper focuses on the use of Risk analysis studies for Risk evaluation against Risk Acceptance criteria, Risk communication and derivation of technical and operational requirements in these circumstances. This is demonstrated through reference to a case study involving an LNG plant currently under construction in an urban area in Norway. The main finding is that Risk-informed legislation is a fragile legislative system which is dependent on conscientious and open-minded use by the industrial developer. In the opposite case, the authorities may well be unable to correct the situation and the legislation may fail to protect the neighbourhood from unreasonable exposure to Risk. Reference is also made to the international perspective where authorities define what is deemed tolerable Risk, which would appear to be a more robust and defensible approach.
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Perspectives on Risk Acceptance Criteria and Management for Offshore Applications - Application to A Development Project
2006Co-Authors: Terje Aven, Jan Erik Vinnem, Frank VollenAbstract:Risk Acceptance criteria as upper limits of acceptable Risks have been used for offshore activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for more than 20 years. The common thinking has been that Risk analyses and assessments cannot be conducted in a meaningful way without the use of such criteria. We challenge this thinking. A case studied is presented that demonstrates how the Risk management process can be defined and implemented for an offshore development project, without such criteria. Focus is on Risk reduction processes emphasising generation of alternatives, cost-effectiveness and management involvement in the decision-making process.
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on the use of Risk Acceptance criteria in the offshore oil and gas industry
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2005Co-Authors: Terje Aven, Jan Erik VinnemAbstract:Risk Acceptance criteria, as upper limits of acceptable Risks, have been used for offshore activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for more than 20 years. The common thinking has been that Risk analyses and assessments cannot be conducted in a meaningful way without the use of such criteria. The ALARP principle also applies, but the Risk Acceptance criteria have played a more active role in the assessment processes than seen for example in the UK. Recently there has, however, been a discussion about the suitability of Risk Acceptance criteria to assess and control Risks. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this discussion by presenting and discussing a Risk analysis regime that is not based on the use of Risk Acceptance criteria at all. We believe that we can do better if cost-effectiveness (in a wide sense) is the ruling thinking rather than adoption of pre-defined Risk Acceptance limits. This means a closer resemblance with the ALARP principle as adopted in the UK and other countries, but is not a direct application of this practice. Also the building blocks of the common way of applying the ALARP principle are reviewed. The Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry is the starting point, but the discussion is to large extent general.
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Environmental Risk Analysis of Near-Shore Wildcat Well; Approach to Rational Risk Acceptance Criteria
All Days, 1997Co-Authors: Jan Erik VinnemAbstract:Abstract A methodology for Environmental Risk Analysis (MIRA) in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry has been developed, funded mainly by OLF. Previously OLF has prepared Guidelines for how to establish Risk Acceptance Criteria for the environment. According to the OLF Guidelines, the Risk to the environment may be quantified using categories for consequence and frequency, shown in a matrix. A recent SPE paper has proposed an alternative way to establish the values of acceptability of environmental damage. This, new approach is taken as the starting point for the present discussion, the proposed approach being the first known logical approach to Acceptance limits for Risk to the environment. The suggested approach is a consistent and systematic work, but is shown to divert in some respects from established practice for management of Risk in general, most extensively applied for Risk to personnel. Modifications to the proposed approach are suggested in order to improve it, and thereby arrive at an approach which is consistent with current Risk management principles. The alternative development of Risk Acceptance criteria is discussed with respect to Risk aversion and use of an ALARP approach. The approach is further compared with results from some recent studies, in order to illustrate how easily acceptability may be achieved. Introduction Risk analysis of offshore operations has been carried out for platforms in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea, since just before 1980. The first studies were mainly associated with Risk to personnel, through the analysis of Risk for the so-called 'Main Safety Functions' and later through the so-called "FAR" values. In 1990, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority (SFT) issued the Risk analysis regulations (Ref. 1), requiring that the Risk to the environment resulting from oil spill be quantified in the same way as the Risk to personnel. Such estimation of Risk was carried out relatively simplistically in the first years. In 1994 the OLF Guidelines for Risk Acceptance Criteria for the environment were published (Ref 2). During 1995 an OLF/DNV/Norsk Hydro sponsored development of the MIRA methodology has been carried out by DNV and Norsk Hydro (Ref. 3). A somewhat different methodology is presented in a recent SPE paper by Klovning and Nilsen (Ref 4). The experience basis for the formulation of Risk Acceptance criteria for the environment comes from the use of Risk Acceptance criteria for personnel. It is therefore useful to consider how these criteria have been established and used, to be able to adopt a practice built on experience from Risk to personnel. The purpose of the paper is to present a new approach to definition of Risk Acceptance criteria for the environment. This paper presents a brief overview of the present approaches including the values of the Risk Acceptance criteria that are being used. An example study from a wildcat drilling project performed by Elf Norge in 1995 is presented, in order to illustrate current approaches. A discussion of the purpose and role of Risk Acceptance criteria for the environment is thereafter presented, seen both in a regulatory and company Risk management context. This is followed by a proposal for an alternative development of Risk Acceptance criteria for the environment, which aims at reaching a compromise between what is acceptable by the society and what is achievable for the industry. A brief review of the statistics relating to oil spills and environmental damage is presented as the starting point for the development of the proposed Risk Acceptance criteria. The results of three case studies, including the Elf Norge wildcat drilling project are compared to the proposed Risk Acceptance criteria, in order to illustrate how the values relate to typical results from recent studies. The main effort in environmental Risk analysis is currently placed on environmental damage from oil spills. Sometimes also the environmental effects from accidental releases of hydrocarbon gas are considered, however, that is outside the scope of the discussion in this paper. P. 147^
Ansgar Thiel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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giving everything for athletic success sports specific Risk Acceptance of elite adolescent athletes
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Alexia Schnell, Jochen Mayer, Katharina Diehl, Stephan Zipfel, Ansgar ThielAbstract:Abstract Objectives Good health is the basic foundation for peak performance in elite sports, yet athletes are often conflicted between protecting their health for the sake of being able to compete and Risking their health in the form of potential injuries to achieve even higher levels of performance. Adolescent athletes, who are in a sensitive phase of development, are especially prone to negative consequences like injuries or illnesses due to Risky behaviors. In an effort to prevent lasting damage, the present study aims to identify groups of athletes who are particularly willing to take Risks and the possible determinants of athletes' Risk Acceptance. Design and method In our German Young Olympic Athletes' Lifestyle and Health Management (GOAL) Study, we examined 1138 German national squad members, aged 14–18, representing all Olympic sports. Classification tree analyses enabled us to detect determinants of high and low Risk groups concerning sports-specific psychosocial and physical Risk Acceptance. Results We found several high Risk groups. In general, the degree of inclusion in the elite sports system correlates positively with Risk Acceptance. Athletes who are extremely willing to take physical Risks attached high importance to their sports environment and minor importance to their non-sports environment (n = 94; 8%). Athletes who are perfectionists and very focused on their performance were particularly willing to accept physical (n = 142; 13%) and social Risks (n = 75; 7%). Conclusion By identifying extreme groups with an especially high or low willingness to take Risks and the determinants of these groups, we can give a more precise picture of elite adolescent athletes' Risk Acceptance.
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Giving everything for athletic success! – Sports-specific Risk Acceptance of elite adolescent athletes
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Alexia Schnell, Jochen Mayer, Katharina Diehl, Stephan Zipfel, Ansgar ThielAbstract:Abstract Objectives Good health is the basic foundation for peak performance in elite sports, yet athletes are often conflicted between protecting their health for the sake of being able to compete and Risking their health in the form of potential injuries to achieve even higher levels of performance. Adolescent athletes, who are in a sensitive phase of development, are especially prone to negative consequences like injuries or illnesses due to Risky behaviors. In an effort to prevent lasting damage, the present study aims to identify groups of athletes who are particularly willing to take Risks and the possible determinants of athletes' Risk Acceptance. Design and method In our German Young Olympic Athletes' Lifestyle and Health Management (GOAL) Study, we examined 1138 German national squad members, aged 14–18, representing all Olympic sports. Classification tree analyses enabled us to detect determinants of high and low Risk groups concerning sports-specific psychosocial and physical Risk Acceptance. Results We found several high Risk groups. In general, the degree of inclusion in the elite sports system correlates positively with Risk Acceptance. Athletes who are extremely willing to take physical Risks attached high importance to their sports environment and minor importance to their non-sports environment (n = 94; 8%). Athletes who are perfectionists and very focused on their performance were particularly willing to accept physical (n = 142; 13%) and social Risks (n = 75; 7%). Conclusion By identifying extreme groups with an especially high or low willingness to take Risks and the determinants of these groups, we can give a more precise picture of elite adolescent athletes' Risk Acceptance.
Terje Aven - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Why Risk Acceptance criteria need to be defined by the authorities and not the industry
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2012Co-Authors: Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen, Terje AvenAbstract:Abstract In various industries it is common to use Risk Acceptance criteria to support decision-making. The criteria are seen as absolute in the sense that measures need to be implemented if the criteria are not met. In Norway the petroleum regulations state that the operator has a duty to formulate Risk Acceptance criteria relating to major accidents and to the environment. This practice is in line with the internal control principle, which states that the operator has the full responsibility for identifying the hazards and seeing that they are controlled. In this paper we discuss the rationale for this practice. The expected utility theory, which is the backbone for all economic thinking, is used as a basis for the discussion. We show that if Risk Acceptance criteria are to be introduced as a Risk management tool, they should be formulated by the authorities, as is the common scheme seen in many countries and industries, for example in the UK. Risk Acceptance criteria formulated by the industry would not in general serve the interest of the society as a whole.
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Propositions for using Risk Acceptance criteria
International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 2011Co-Authors: R.b. Jongejan, Terje Aven, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Ben J. M. AleAbstract:Risk Acceptance and tolerability criteria are tools that are used to evaluate and control Risks. Although such criteria have been used for many years in different sectors of applications, their rationale and use are still being discussed. Three issues commonly addressed are: 1 the type and form of the criteria (e.g., general formulations compared to tailor-made criteria for specific applications) 2 the criteria’s relationship with value generation 3 methods for and uncertainties in the Risk assessments that are used to verify that the criteria are met. In this paper, we take a closer look at these issues. The aim of the paper is to stimulate the ongoing debate about the applications of Risk criteria. A number of propositions is presented that are based on three case-studies: the use of Acceptance and tolerability criteria in the Dutch flood safety policy, the Dutch major hazards policy, and the Norwegian petroleum industry.
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On the consistency of Risk Acceptance criteria with normative theories for decision-making
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2008Co-Authors: Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen, Terje AvenAbstract:In evaluation of safety in projects it is common to use Risk Acceptance criteria to support decision-making. In this paper, we discuss to what extent the Risk Acceptance criteria is in accordance with the normative theoretical framework of the expected utility theory and the rank-dependent utility theory. We show that the use of Risk Acceptance criteria may violate the independence axiom of the expected utility theory and the comonotonic independence axiom of the rank-dependent utility theory. Hence the use of Risk Acceptance criteria is not in general consistent with these theories. The level of inconsistency is highest for the expected utility theory.
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On the ethical justification for the use of Risk Acceptance criteria
Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 2007Co-Authors: Terje AvenAbstract:To protect people from hazards, the common safety regulation regime in many industries is based on the use of minimum standards formulated as Risk Acceptance or tolerability limits. The limits are seen as absolute, and in principle these should be met regardless of costs. The justification is ethical - people should not be exposed to a Risk level exceeding certain limits. In this article, we discuss this approach to safety regulation and its justification. We argue that the use of such limits is based on some critical assumptions; that low accident Risk has a value in itself, that Risk can be accurately measured and the authorities specify the limits. However, these assumptions are not in general valid, and hence the justification of the approach can be questioned. In the article, we look closer into these issues, and we conclude that there is a need for rethinking this regulation approach - its ethical justification is not stronger than for alternative approaches. Essential for the analysis is the distinction between ethics of the mind and ethics of the consequences, which has several implications that are discussed.
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Perspectives on Risk Acceptance Criteria and Management for Offshore Applications - Application to A Development Project
2006Co-Authors: Terje Aven, Jan Erik Vinnem, Frank VollenAbstract:Risk Acceptance criteria as upper limits of acceptable Risks have been used for offshore activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for more than 20 years. The common thinking has been that Risk analyses and assessments cannot be conducted in a meaningful way without the use of such criteria. We challenge this thinking. A case studied is presented that demonstrates how the Risk management process can be defined and implemented for an offshore development project, without such criteria. Focus is on Risk reduction processes emphasising generation of alternatives, cost-effectiveness and management involvement in the decision-making process.
Alexia Schnell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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giving everything for athletic success sports specific Risk Acceptance of elite adolescent athletes
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Alexia Schnell, Jochen Mayer, Katharina Diehl, Stephan Zipfel, Ansgar ThielAbstract:Abstract Objectives Good health is the basic foundation for peak performance in elite sports, yet athletes are often conflicted between protecting their health for the sake of being able to compete and Risking their health in the form of potential injuries to achieve even higher levels of performance. Adolescent athletes, who are in a sensitive phase of development, are especially prone to negative consequences like injuries or illnesses due to Risky behaviors. In an effort to prevent lasting damage, the present study aims to identify groups of athletes who are particularly willing to take Risks and the possible determinants of athletes' Risk Acceptance. Design and method In our German Young Olympic Athletes' Lifestyle and Health Management (GOAL) Study, we examined 1138 German national squad members, aged 14–18, representing all Olympic sports. Classification tree analyses enabled us to detect determinants of high and low Risk groups concerning sports-specific psychosocial and physical Risk Acceptance. Results We found several high Risk groups. In general, the degree of inclusion in the elite sports system correlates positively with Risk Acceptance. Athletes who are extremely willing to take physical Risks attached high importance to their sports environment and minor importance to their non-sports environment (n = 94; 8%). Athletes who are perfectionists and very focused on their performance were particularly willing to accept physical (n = 142; 13%) and social Risks (n = 75; 7%). Conclusion By identifying extreme groups with an especially high or low willingness to take Risks and the determinants of these groups, we can give a more precise picture of elite adolescent athletes' Risk Acceptance.
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Giving everything for athletic success! – Sports-specific Risk Acceptance of elite adolescent athletes
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Alexia Schnell, Jochen Mayer, Katharina Diehl, Stephan Zipfel, Ansgar ThielAbstract:Abstract Objectives Good health is the basic foundation for peak performance in elite sports, yet athletes are often conflicted between protecting their health for the sake of being able to compete and Risking their health in the form of potential injuries to achieve even higher levels of performance. Adolescent athletes, who are in a sensitive phase of development, are especially prone to negative consequences like injuries or illnesses due to Risky behaviors. In an effort to prevent lasting damage, the present study aims to identify groups of athletes who are particularly willing to take Risks and the possible determinants of athletes' Risk Acceptance. Design and method In our German Young Olympic Athletes' Lifestyle and Health Management (GOAL) Study, we examined 1138 German national squad members, aged 14–18, representing all Olympic sports. Classification tree analyses enabled us to detect determinants of high and low Risk groups concerning sports-specific psychosocial and physical Risk Acceptance. Results We found several high Risk groups. In general, the degree of inclusion in the elite sports system correlates positively with Risk Acceptance. Athletes who are extremely willing to take physical Risks attached high importance to their sports environment and minor importance to their non-sports environment (n = 94; 8%). Athletes who are perfectionists and very focused on their performance were particularly willing to accept physical (n = 142; 13%) and social Risks (n = 75; 7%). Conclusion By identifying extreme groups with an especially high or low willingness to take Risks and the determinants of these groups, we can give a more precise picture of elite adolescent athletes' Risk Acceptance.
Jun Ho Shin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Risk Acceptance and Expectations of Scalp Allotransplantation.
Archives of craniofacial surgery, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Ho Choi, Kwang Seog Kim, Jun Ho Shin, Jae Ha Hwang, Sam Yong LeeAbstract:BACKGROUND In scalp allotransplantation, the scalp from a brain-dead donor, including hair, is transferred to a recipient with scalp defects. Opinions differ on the appropriateness of scalp allotransplantation. In order to maintain graft function and cosmetic outcomes, scalp transplantation recipients would need to receive lifelong immunosuppression treatments. The Risks of this immunosuppression have to be balanced against the fact that receiving a scalp allotransplant does not extend lifespan or restore a physical function. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate Risk Acceptance and expectations regarding scalp allotransplantation in different populations. METHODS A questionnaire survey study was conducted. A total of 300 subjects participated; survey was conducted amongst the general public (n=100), kidney transplantation recipients (n=50), a group of patient who required scalp reconstruction due to tumor or trauma (n=50), and physicians (n=100). The survey was modified by using the Korean version of the Louisville instrument for transplantation questionnaire. RESULTS Risk Acceptance and expectations for scalp transplantation varied widely across the groups. Kidney transplantation recipients revealed the highest Risk Acceptance and expectations, whereas the physicians were most resistant to the Risks of scalp transplantation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that, in specific groups, scalp allotransplantation and the need for immunosuppression carries an acceptable Risk despite the lack of lifeextending benefits. Our results suggest that scalp allotransplantation can be an acceptable alternative to existing scalp reconstruction surgeries in patients with pre-existing need for immunosuppression.
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Risk Acceptance and Expectations of Scalp Allotransplantation.
Archives of craniofacial surgery, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Ho Choi, Kwang Seog Kim, Jun Ho Shin, Jae Ha Hwang, Sam Yong LeeAbstract:In scalp allotransplantation, the scalp from a brain-dead donor, including hair, is transferred to a recipient with scalp defects. Opinions differ on the appropriateness of scalp allotransplantation. In order to maintain graft function and cosmetic outcomes, scalp transplantation recipients would need to receive lifelong immunosuppression treatments. The Risks of this immunosuppression have to be balanced against the fact that receiving a scalp allotransplant does not extend lifespan or restore a physical function. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate Risk Acceptance and expectations regarding scalp allotransplantation in different populations. A questionnaire survey study was conducted. A total of 300 subjects participated; survey was conducted amongst the general public (n=100), kidney transplantation recipients (n=50), a group of patient who required scalp reconstruction due to tumor or trauma (n=50), and physicians (n=100). The survey was modified by using the Korean version of the Louisville instrument for transplantation questionnaire. Risk Acceptance and expectations for scalp transplantation varied widely across the groups. Kidney transplantation recipients revealed the highest Risk Acceptance and expectations, whereas the physicians were most resistant to the Risks of scalp transplantation. Our study demonstrates that, in specific groups, scalp allotransplantation and the need for immunosuppression carries an acceptable Risk despite the lack of lifeextending benefits. Our results suggest that scalp allotransplantation can be an acceptable alternative to existing scalp reconstruction surgeries in patients with pre-existing need for immunosuppression.
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Risk Acceptance and expectations of laryngeal allotransplantation.
Archives of plastic surgery, 2014Co-Authors: Jang Wan Park, Kwang Seog Kim, Jae Ha Hwang, Sam Yong Lee, Jun Ho ShinAbstract:Background Laryngeal allotransplantation (LA) is a technique involving transplantation of a deceased donor’s larynx into a recipient, and it may be substituted for conventional laryngeal reconstruction. There are widely different views on LA, as the recipient is administered continuous, potentially life-threatening, immunosuppressive therapy for a functional or aesthetic result, which is not directly related to life extension. The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in Risk Acceptance and expectations of LA between four population groups. Methods A survey was performed to examine patients’ Risk Acceptance and expectations of LA. The survey included 287 subjects in total (general public, n = 100; kidney transplant recipients, n = 53; post-laryngectomy patients, n = 34; doctors, n = 100), using a Korean translated version of the louisville instrument for transplantation (LIFT) questionnaire. Results All four groups responded differently at various levels of their perception in Risk Acceptance and expectations. The kidney transplant recipients reported the highest Risk Acceptance and expectations, and the doctor group the lowest. Conclusions This study examined the disparate perception between specific population groups of the Risks and benefits of using LA for the promotion of the quality of life. By addressing the information gaps about LA in the different populations that have been highlighted from this survey, we suggest that LA can become a more viable alternative to classical surgery with resultant improved quality of life for patients.
