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Ilan Kelman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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linking disaster Risk Reduction climate change and the sustainable development goals
Disaster Prevention and Management, 2017Co-Authors: Ilan KelmanAbstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better link the parallel processes yielding international agreements on climate change, disaster Risk Reduction, and sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores how the Paris Agreement for climate change relates to disaster Risk Reduction and sustainable development, demonstrating too much separation amongst the topics. A resolution is provided through placing climate change within wider disaster Risk Reduction and sustainable development contexts. Findings No reason exists for climate change to be separated from wider disaster Risk Reduction and sustainable development processes. Research limitations/implications Based on the research, a conceptual approach for policy and practice is provided. Due to entrenched territory, the research approach is unlikely to be implemented. Originality/value Using a scientific basis to propose an ending for the silos separating international processes for climate change, disaster Risk Reduction, and sustainable development.
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Climate Change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015Co-Authors: Ilan KelmanAbstract:This article reviews climate change within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), analyzing how climate change is mentioned in the framework’s text and the potential implications for dealing with climate change within the context of disaster Risk Reduction. Three main categories are examined. First, climate change affecting disaster Risk and disasters, demonstrating too much emphasis on the single hazard driver and diminisher of climate change. Second, cross-sectoral approaches, for which the SFDRR treads carefully, thereby unfortunately entrenching artificial differences and divisions, although appropriately offering plenty of support to other sectors from disaster Risk Reduction. Third, implementation, for which climate change plays a suitable role without being overbearing, but for which other hazard influencers should have been treated similarly. Overall, the mentions of climate change within the SFDRR put too much emphasis on the hazard part of disaster Risk. Instead, within the context of the three global sustainable development processes that seek agreements in 2015, climate change could have been used to further support an all-vulnerabilities and all-resiliences approach. That could be achieved by placing climate change adaptation as one subset within disaster Risk Reduction and climate change mitigation as one subset within sustainable development.
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climate change s role in disaster Risk Reduction s future beyond vulnerability and resilience
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015Co-Authors: J. C. Gaillard, Ilan Kelman, Jessica MercerAbstract:A seminal policy year for development and sustainability occurs in 2015 due to three parallel processes that seek long-term agreements for climate change, the Sustainable Development Goals, and disaster Risk Reduction. Little reason exists to separate them, since all three examine and aim to deal with many similar processes, including vulnerability and resilience. This article uses vulnerability and resilience to explore the intersections and overlaps amongst climate change, disaster Risk Reduction, and sustainability. Critiquing concepts such as “return to normal” and “double exposure” demonstrate how separating climate change from wider contexts is counterproductive. Climate change is one contributor to disaster Risk and one creeping environmental change amongst many, and not necessarily the most prominent or fundamental contributor. Yet climate change has become politically important, yielding an opportunity to highlight and tackle the deep-rooted vulnerability processes that cause “multiple exposure” to multiple threats. To enhance resilience processes that deal with the challenges, a prudent place for climate change would be as a subset within disaster Risk Reduction. Climate change adaptation therefore becomes one of many processes within disaster Risk Reduction. In turn, disaster Risk Reduction should sit within development and sustainability to avoid isolation from topics wider than disaster Risk. Integration of the topics in this way moves beyond expressions of vulnerability and resilience towards a vision of disaster Risk Reduction’s future that ends tribalism and separation in order to work together to achieve common goals for humanity.
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the paradigm of structural engineering approaches for river flood Risk Reduction in norway
Area, 2012Co-Authors: Ilan Kelman, Trude RaukenAbstract:In Norway, river floodplains are legitimately attractive for development, due to their flat land and good soil, but this has also led to major flood disasters. To address this concern, the dominant approach has been a strong focus on structural engineering measures separating water and people. Norwegian national policies for flood Risk Reduction have been gradually changing towards alternatives to structural engineering approaches. So far, few inroads have been made at the local level. To detail and analyse the opportunities and challenges for river flood Risk Reduction in Norway, a detailed case study of the flood Risks for the city of Moss in southern Norway is presented. This paper's contribution is to examine the structural engineering paradigm in the context of changing flood Risk, and national–local differences for flood Risk Reduction, for the case study of Norway. Drawing on international experiences would help Norway in balancing river flood Risk Reduction with other local development and livelihood activities.
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indigenous knowledge and disaster Risk Reduction
Geography, 2012Co-Authors: Ilan Kelman, Jessica Mercer, J. C. GaillardAbstract:No single knowledge form can be a panacea for disaster Risk Reduction, but, as this article shows, indigenous knowledge has the potential for contributing far more than is usually permitted. Follow...
Jessica Mercer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate change s role in disaster Risk Reduction s future beyond vulnerability and resilience
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015Co-Authors: J. C. Gaillard, Ilan Kelman, Jessica MercerAbstract:A seminal policy year for development and sustainability occurs in 2015 due to three parallel processes that seek long-term agreements for climate change, the Sustainable Development Goals, and disaster Risk Reduction. Little reason exists to separate them, since all three examine and aim to deal with many similar processes, including vulnerability and resilience. This article uses vulnerability and resilience to explore the intersections and overlaps amongst climate change, disaster Risk Reduction, and sustainability. Critiquing concepts such as “return to normal” and “double exposure” demonstrate how separating climate change from wider contexts is counterproductive. Climate change is one contributor to disaster Risk and one creeping environmental change amongst many, and not necessarily the most prominent or fundamental contributor. Yet climate change has become politically important, yielding an opportunity to highlight and tackle the deep-rooted vulnerability processes that cause “multiple exposure” to multiple threats. To enhance resilience processes that deal with the challenges, a prudent place for climate change would be as a subset within disaster Risk Reduction. Climate change adaptation therefore becomes one of many processes within disaster Risk Reduction. In turn, disaster Risk Reduction should sit within development and sustainability to avoid isolation from topics wider than disaster Risk. Integration of the topics in this way moves beyond expressions of vulnerability and resilience towards a vision of disaster Risk Reduction’s future that ends tribalism and separation in order to work together to achieve common goals for humanity.
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culture and disaster Risk Reduction lessons and opportunities
Environmental Hazards, 2012Co-Authors: Jessica Mercer, Jeanchristophe Gaillard, Kate Crowley, Rachel Shannon, Bob Alexander, S Day, Julia BeckerAbstract:The value of physical science in mitigating the effects of environmental hazards is well acknowledged. Less acknowledged are the cultural influences affecting adoption of disaster Risk Reduction strategies, that is what influence ‘culture’ has upon hazard and Risk. This paper explores the need to consider ‘culture’ within disaster Risk Reduction and cross disciplinary boundaries through four key questions: (a) How relevant is ‘culture’ to disaster Risk Reduction? (b) How can we engage with different cultures? (c) How can local knowledge be accessed and utilized? (d) How can local and scientific knowledge be integrated for the benefit of disaster Risk Reduction? The questions are answered through drawing upon case study snapshots from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, USA and the Maldives that explore geological-related hazard phenomena, including earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis, and their effects within communities. Challenges and ways forward for ensuring the integration of cultural considerations into ri...
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indigenous knowledge and disaster Risk Reduction
Geography, 2012Co-Authors: Ilan Kelman, Jessica Mercer, J. C. GaillardAbstract:No single knowledge form can be a panacea for disaster Risk Reduction, but, as this article shows, indigenous knowledge has the potential for contributing far more than is usually permitted. Follow...
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disaster Risk Reduction or climate change adaptation are we reinventing the wheel
Journal of International Development, 2010Co-Authors: Jessica MercerAbstract:Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) policies and strategies are well established within the international development community, being utilised at the grassroots level to address all forms of hazards. An exacerbation and increase in meteorological hazards has in part been attributed to climate change. Climate change also contributes to noticeable seasonal fluctuations that severely affect natural resource based livelihoods. In response, a need in development policy has been identified to address climate change at the community level by helping those most affected through ‘climate change adaptation’ (CCA) strategies. This paper explores the differences—or, rather, the similarities—between DRR and CCA through analysing climate-related DRR in Papua New Guinea (PNG) within the context of wider development policies. Ways forward are identified for international development policy supporting all forms of Risk Reduction through integrating DRR and CCA strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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reflections on use of participatory research for disaster Risk Reduction
Area, 2008Co-Authors: Jessica Mercer, Ilan Kelman, Kate Lloyd, Sandie SuchetpearsonAbstract:Participatory research approaches are increasingly popular with academic researchers and development organisations working to facilitate change in collaboration with local communities. This paper contributes to recent debates over the use of participatory approaches by examining the use of participatory research within disaster Risk Reduction. Drawing on research in Papua New Guinea in which participatory techniques were used with indigenous communities to determine strategies for dealing with environmental hazards, the value of such techniques is critiqued. Finally the significance of participatory research as a research methodology is discussed as is its possible contribution to disaster Risk Reduction policy.
Rajib Shaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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health edrm in international policy agenda i sendai framework for disaster Risk Reduction 2015 2030
2020Co-Authors: Emily Y Y Chan, Virginia Murray, Heidi Hung, Rajib ShawAbstract:The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 has been directing global efforts in disaster Risk Reduction since its adoption in 2015, and its unprecedented emphasis on health has affirmed unequivocally the critical role of health throughout the disaster cycle. The Sendai Framework calls for the strengthening of resilience through the prevention and Reduction of hazard exposure and vulnerability, and increased preparedness for response and recovery. While health resilience is one of the core themes in the Sendai Framework, with it being recognized as both a determinant and outcome of disaster Risk Reduction at the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in Cancun, Mexico in 2017, its impact at implementation level requires sustained efforts on all fronts. The aspirations and recommendations set out in the Bangkok Principles on the implementation of health aspects of the Sendai Framework have not yet been fully addressed. To synergize the concerted efforts all relevant practitioners, Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM) has emerged as a discipline that cuts across emergency and disaster medicine, disaster Risk Reduction, humanitarian response, community health resilience, and health systems resilience. Health-EDRM highlights the intersection of health and disaster Risk Reduction and has been playing a key role in supporting the implementation of the health aspects of the Sendai Framework. Major challenges however remain for Health-EDRM to develop into a well-established field of inquiry, with the quality of data and research methodology requiring urgent attention.
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Disaster Risk Reduction and innovations
Progress in Disaster Science, 2019Co-Authors: Takako Izumi, Rajib Shaw, Riyanti Djalante, Mikio Ishiwatari, Takeshi KominoAbstract:Abstract The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction encourages investment in innovation and technology development in disaster Risk management. However, needs for science and technology inputs are unmet, and there is a lack of policy making that is based on science and evidence. This paper identified three key issues that could help overcome these barriers: networking, coproduction of knowledge, and a stronger role played by academia. A number of innovative approaches and tools have been developed for disaster Risk Reduction (DRR); however, it has not yet been understood what the most effective DRR innovations are. A survey was conducted among representatives of academia, government, NGOs, and the private sector to identify the most effective DRR innovations. Community-based DRR and Risk management received the most votes. Half of the top-10 list was taken up with innovative approaches, which shows that both products and approaches are widely recognized as innovations, and both contribute to the improvement of existing and traditional DRR as it tackles new challenges. To enhance the interfaces among science, technology, and policy making and the development and implementation of DRR innovations, the following is recommended: increasing coproduction with researchers and practitioners, continuing the sharing of innovation case studies, strengthening communication and dialogues among stakeholders using effective, national and local platforms, understanding that innovations are not limited to high-tech products but can be approaches as well, and pursuing research on the potential of Artificial intelligence (AI), communication tools, and innovations related to climate disaster that can improve current strategies and capacities for DRR.
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bangkok to sendai and beyond implications for disaster Risk Reduction in asia
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015Co-Authors: Ranit Chatterjee, Koichi Shiwaku, Rajarshi Das Gupta, Genta Nakano, Rajib ShawAbstract:The recently concluded World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) in Sendai, Japan and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR) have set renewed priorities for disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) for the next 15 years. Due to Asia’s high exposure to natural hazards, the implications of the new SFDRR have major significance for the future development of the region. The 6th Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR), held in Bangkok in 2014, was a regional preparatory meeting for the WCDRR, and proposed various targets and indicators for DRR in Asia. The AMCDRR recommended inclusion of these goals in the SFDRR. This study focuses on the WCDRR negotiations, particularly outcomes that affect four major groups: local authorities; children and youth; science and technology; and business and industry. An analysis is undertaken of the overlaps and gaps in the outcomes of the 6th AMCDRR and other preceding conferences that fed into the WCDRR. A set of recommendations has evolved from this examination for consideration at the upcoming 7th AMCDRR in 2016. The areas that merit consideration in the upcoming AMCDRR 2016 are: (1) development of baseline data and quantitative indicators for monitoring progress in DRR; (2) creation of a common stakeholder platform; (3) construction of city typologies for consideration in all future local level planning; (4) promotion of a culture of safety by linking large enterprises with small and medium enterprises; and (5) exchange and sharing of information and databases between regions at all scales.
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community practices for disaster Risk Reduction in japan
2014Co-Authors: Rajib ShawAbstract:Disaster Risk Reduction and Community Approaches.- Kobe Earthquake: Turning Point of Community-based Risk Reduction in Japan.- Typhoon, Flood and Landslide Related Disasters in Japan: Role of Communities.- Social Capital in Disaster Recovery in Japan: An Overview.- Concepts and Approaches of School-centered Disaster Resilient Communities.- Building Disaster Resilient Community through Healthcare Networking.- Roles of Community Radio in Disaster Management: Reflections from Japan.- Community Development and Disaster Preparedness in a Depopulated Society: Case of Tosashimizu City, Kochi Prefecture.- Traditional Community-based Disaster Management in World Heritage Site of Shirakawa Village.- Community Practices of Transmitting Daily and Disaster Information in Reihoku Area.- Community Resilience after Chuetsu Earthquake in 2004: Extinction or Relocation?.- Issues and Challenges of Temporary Housing in Post 3.11 Kesennuma.- Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change: Community-based and Scientific-oriented Fisheries Management of Saroma Lake, Hokkaido.
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community based disaster Risk Reduction
2012Co-Authors: Rajib ShawAbstract:Communities are at the core of disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), and community based approaches are getting increasing focus in national DRR plans. In the case of past disasters, communities were always the first responders, and took leading roles in the post disaster recovery. The roles of communities in pre-disaster preparedness are also very important. This is the first comprehensive book available on CBDRR (community based disaster Risk Reduction) which outlines both research and practice, citing field examples and research results. It provides an overview of the subject and looks at the role of governments, NGOs, academics and corporate sectors in community based disaster Risk Reduction. It proceeds to examine experiences from Asian and African countries, and concludes by looking ahead to the future perspective of CBDRR.
Nicolas Treich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the social value of mortality Risk Reduction vsl vs the social welfare function approach
Journal of Health Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew D Adler, James K Hammitt, Nicolas TreichAbstract:We examine how different welfarist frameworks evaluate the social value of mortality Risk Reduction. These frameworks include classical, distributively unweighted cost-benefit analysis—i.e., the "value per statistical life" (VSL) approach—and various social welfare functions (SWFs). The SWFs are either utilitarian or prioritarian, applied to policy choice under Risk in either an "ex post" or "ex ante" manner. We examine the conditions on individual utility and on the SWF under which these frameworks display sensitivity to wealth and to baseline Risk. Moreover, we discuss whether these frameworks satisfy related properties that have received some attention in the literature, namely equal value of Risk Reduction, preference for Risk equity, and catastrophe aversion. We show that the particular manner in which VSL ranks Risk-Reduction measures is not necessarily shared by other welfarist frameworks. JEL: D81, D61, D63, Q51.
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the social value of mortality Risk Reduction vsl vs the social welfare function approach
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Matthew D Adler, James K Hammitt, Nicolas TreichAbstract:We examine how different welfarist frameworks evaluate the social value of mortality Risk-Reduction. These frameworks include classical, distributively unweighted cost-benefit analysis — i.e., the “value per statistical life” (VSL) approach — and three benchmark social welfare functions (SWF): a utilitarian SWF, an ex ante prioritarian SWF, and an ex post prioritarian SWF. We examine the conditions on individual utility and on the SWF under which these frameworks display the following five properties: i) wealth sensitivity, ii) sensitivity to baseline Risk, iii) equal value of Risk Reduction, iv) preference for Risk equity, and v) catastrophe aversion. We show that the particular manner in which VSL ranks Risk-Reduction measures is not necessarily shared by other welfarist frameworks, and we identify when the use of an ex ante or an ex post approach has different implications for Risk policymaking.
Christopher P. L. Barkan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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safety effectiveness of integrated Risk Reduction strategies for rail transport of hazardous materials
Transportation Research Record, 2013Co-Authors: Mohd Rapik Saat, Christopher P. L. BarkanAbstract:Railroad transportation plays a critical role in safely and economically moving hazardous materials throughout North America. Effective management of the Risk of hazardous materials transportation is a high priority of both the American rail industry and government. A number of strategies and technologies have been implemented or are being developed to reduce this Risk. Each Risk Reduction strategy has an effect on rail safety as well as a corresponding implementation cost. In addition, Risk Reduction strategies may have interactive effects. However, little prior research has addressed the interactive effects between different Risk Reduction strategies or how elements of them should be compared or combined, or both, to achieve the maximum Risk Reduction in the most cost-effective manner. A preliminary methodology was developed to estimate the Reduction in the Risk of the release of hazardous materials by implementing integrated Risk Reduction strategies, including accident prevention, tank car safety desi...
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integrated Risk Reduction framework to improve railway hazardous materials transportation safety
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013Co-Authors: Xiang Liu, Rapik M Saat, Christopher P. L. BarkanAbstract:Rail transportation plays a critical role to safely and efficiently transport hazardous materials. A number of strategies have been implemented or are being developed to reduce the Risk of hazardous materials release from train accidents. Each of these Risk Reduction strategies has its safety benefit and corresponding implementation cost. However, the cost effectiveness of the integration of different Risk Reduction strategies is not well understood. Meanwhile, there has been growing interest in the U.S. rail industry and government to best allocate resources for improving hazardous materials transportation safety. This paper presents an optimization model that considers the combination of two types of Risk Reduction strategies, broken rail prevention and tank car safety design enhancement. A Pareto-optimality technique is used to maximize Risk Reduction at a given level of investment. The framework presented in this paper can be adapted to address a broader set of Risk Reduction strategies and is intended to assist decision makers for local, regional and system-wide Risk management of rail hazardous materials transportation.
