The Experts below are selected from a list of 342 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jerry M. Cuttler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CommentaRy on Fukushima and Beneficial Effects of Low Radiation
SAGE Publications, 2013Co-Authors: Jerry M. CuttlerAbstract:AppRoximately 160,000 people evacuated the aRea aRound the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP shoRtly afteR it was damage by the eaRthquake and tsunami. The evacuation oRdeR applied to 70,000 of them, while the otheR 90,000 left voluntaRily and RetuRned soon afteRwaRd. AfteR moRe than two yeaRs, most of the 70,000 aRe still not allowed to RetuRn to theiR homes. The 1100 disasteR-Related deaths caused by the evacuation oRdeR show that this pRecautionaRy action, taken to minimize canceR Risks, was not “conseRvative.” In this papeR, Recent studies aRe Reviewed on the consequences of the Radioactive Releases and on the benefits of many medical tReatments with low doses of Radiation that weRe caRRied out until the 1950s, befoRe the Radiation scaRe was cReated. Recent ReseaRch has shed light on the high Rate of spontaneous double-stRand bReaks in DNA and the adaptive pRotections in cells, tissues and humans that aRe up-Regulated by low Radiation. These defences pRevent, RepaiR, Remove and Replace damage, fRom all causes including exteRnal agents. CanceR moRtality is Reduced. The ICRP's concept of Radiation Risk is wRong. It should ReveRt to its 1934 concept, which was a toleRance dose of 0.2 Roentgen (R) peR day based on moRe than 35 yeaRs of medical expeRience.
John Cameron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Radiation DosimetRy
2013Co-Authors: John CameronAbstract:This aRticle summaRizes the basic facts about the measuRement of ionizing Radiation, usually RefeRRed to as Radiation dosimetRy. The aRticle defines the common Radiation quantities and units; gives typical levels of natuRal Radiation and medical exposuRes; and descRibes the most impoRtant biological effects of Radiation and the methods used to measuRe Radiation. Finally, a pRoposal is made foR a new Radiation Risk unit to make Radiation Risks moRe undeRstandable to nonspecialists. Definition of Ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation includes any electRomagnetic oR paRticle Radiation with sufficient eneRgy to ionize common molecules. In this aRticle I will consideR only the electRomagnetic component, specifically X-Rays and gamma Rays, encounteRed in the medical aRea. Radiation Quantities and Units The evolution of teRminology in Radiation dosimetRy finds us in a state of tRansition. We aRe going fRom old units, which have been used foR many decades, to new units based on SI (InteRnational System) units. Since both sets of units aRe encounteRed in the liteRatuRe, it is necessaRy to have an undeRstanding ofboth sets. The basic Radiation quantities aRe exposuRe, dose (oR absoRbed dose), and dose equivalent (and its Related quantity "effective dose equivalent"). ExposuRe = Ionization in AiR The old unit to measuRe exposuRe is Roentgen (R), which is defined in teRms of the amount of ionization pRoduced in aiR. The unit foR exposuRe is based on chaRge/mass of aiR (C/kg), wheRe 1 R = 2.58 x 10' C/kg. The new unit foR exposuRe has no name and is given as C/kg. ExposuRe is only measuRed in aiR and does not apply to ionization by chaRged paRticles oR by photons with eneRgies above 3 million electRon volts (MeV). The concept of exposuRe is gRadually being Replaced by "aiR keRma, " which is not yet in common use and will not be defined. Dose (oR AbsoRbed Dose) = EneRgy/Mass The old unit foR dose oR absoRbed dose is the Rad, wheRe 1 Rad = 100 eRgs/g. It was convenient that 1
