The Experts below are selected from a list of 166368 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Katharina Haigh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RED CELLS, IRON, AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Omar Nyabi, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Michael NaessensAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothe-lial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/ loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based ex-pression of the Vegf164 isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differ-entiation block of primitive erythroid pro-genitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis be-tween the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this pheno-type. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased ery-throid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene res-cued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and pro-vides new molecular insight into Vegf’s ability to modulate erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2010;116(12):2141-2151
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The ROSA26-iPSC mouse: a conditional, inducible, and exchangeable resource for studying cellular (De)differentiation.
Cell reports, 2013Co-Authors: Lieven Haenebalcke, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Dagmar Wirth, Pieterjan Dierickx, Jinke D’hont, Tino Hochepied, Andras Nagy, Jody J. HaighAbstract:SUMMARY Control of cellular (de)differentiation in a temporal, cell-specific, and exchangeable manner is of paramount importance in the field of reprogramming. Here, we have generated and characterized a mouse strain that allows iPSC generation through the Cre/ loxP conditional and doxycycline/rtTA-controlled inducible expression of the OSKM reprogramming factors entirely from within the ROSA26 locus. After reprogramming, these factors can be replaced by genes of interest—for example, to enhance lineagedirected differentiation—with the use of a trapcoupled RMCE reaction. We show that, similar to ESCs, Dox-controlled expression of the cardiac transcriptional regulator Mesp1 together with Wnt inhibition enhances the generation of functional cardiomyocytes upon in vitro differentiation of such RMCE-retargeted iPSCs. This ROSA26-iPSC mouse model is therefore an excellent tool for studying both cellular reprogramming and lineage-directed differentiation factors from the same locus and will greatly facilitate the identification and ease of functional characterization of the genetic/epigenetic determinants involved in these complex processes.
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Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
Blood, 2010Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Laura Gutierrez, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Omar NyabiAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based expression of the Vegf(164) isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differentiation block of primitive erythroid progenitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis between the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this phenotype. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased erythroid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene rescued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and provides new molecular insight into Vegf's ability to modulate erythropoiesis.
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efficient mouse transgenesis using gateway compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and f1 hybrid es cells
Nucleic Acids Research, 2009Co-Authors: Omar Nyabi, Michael Naessens, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Marion Maetens, Sarah De Clercq, Benjamin Drogat, Lieven Haenebalcke, Agnieszka Gembarska, Sonia BartunkovaAbstract:The ability to rapidly and efficiently generate reliable Cre/loxP conditional transgenic mice would greatly complement global high-throughput gene targeting initiatives aimed at identifying gene function in the mouse. We report here the generation of Cre/loxP conditional ROSA26-targeted ES cells within 3–4 weeks by using Gateway® cloning to build the target vectors. The cDNA of the gene of interest can be expressed either directly by the ROSA26 promoter providing a moderate level of expression or by a CAGG promoter placed in the ROSA26 locus providing higher transgene expression. Utilization of F1 hybrid ES cells with exceptional developmental potential allows the production of germ line transmitting, fully or highly ES cell-derived mice by aggregation of cells with diploid embryos. The presented streamlined procedures accelerate the examination of phenotypical consequences of transgene expression. It also provides a unique tool for comparing the biological activity of polymorphic or splice variants of a gene, or products of different genes functioning in the same or parallel pathways in an overlapping manner.
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conditional and inducible transgene expression in mice through the combinatorial use of cre mediated recombination and tetracycline induction
Nucleic Acids Research, 2005Co-Authors: Gusztav Belteki, Katharina Haigh, Frank Costantini, Jody J. Haigh, Nikolett Kabacs, Karen Sison, Jeff Whitsett, Susan E QuagginAbstract:Here we describe a triple transgenic mouse system, which combines the tissue specificity of any Cre-transgenic line with the inducibility of the reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA)/tetracycline-responsive element (tet-O)-driven transgenes. To ensure reliable rtTA expression in a broad range of cell types, we have targeted the rtTA transgene into the ROSA26 locus. The rtTA expression, however, is conditional to a Cre recombinase-mediated excision of a STOP region from the ROSA26 locus. We demonstrate the utility of this technology through the inducible expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) during embryonic development and postnatally in adult mice. Our results of adult induction recapitulate several different hepatic and immune cell pathological phenotypes associated with increased systemic VEGF-A protein levels. This system will be useful for studying genes in which temporal control of expression is necessary for the discovery of the full spectrum of functions. The presented approach abrogates the need to generate tissue-specific rtTA transgenes for tissues where well-characterized Cre lines already exist.
Sonia Bartunkova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RED CELLS, IRON, AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Omar Nyabi, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Michael NaessensAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothe-lial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/ loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based ex-pression of the Vegf164 isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differ-entiation block of primitive erythroid pro-genitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis be-tween the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this pheno-type. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased ery-throid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene res-cued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and pro-vides new molecular insight into Vegf’s ability to modulate erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2010;116(12):2141-2151
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The ROSA26-iPSC mouse: a conditional, inducible, and exchangeable resource for studying cellular (De)differentiation.
Cell reports, 2013Co-Authors: Lieven Haenebalcke, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Dagmar Wirth, Pieterjan Dierickx, Jinke D’hont, Tino Hochepied, Andras Nagy, Jody J. HaighAbstract:SUMMARY Control of cellular (de)differentiation in a temporal, cell-specific, and exchangeable manner is of paramount importance in the field of reprogramming. Here, we have generated and characterized a mouse strain that allows iPSC generation through the Cre/ loxP conditional and doxycycline/rtTA-controlled inducible expression of the OSKM reprogramming factors entirely from within the ROSA26 locus. After reprogramming, these factors can be replaced by genes of interest—for example, to enhance lineagedirected differentiation—with the use of a trapcoupled RMCE reaction. We show that, similar to ESCs, Dox-controlled expression of the cardiac transcriptional regulator Mesp1 together with Wnt inhibition enhances the generation of functional cardiomyocytes upon in vitro differentiation of such RMCE-retargeted iPSCs. This ROSA26-iPSC mouse model is therefore an excellent tool for studying both cellular reprogramming and lineage-directed differentiation factors from the same locus and will greatly facilitate the identification and ease of functional characterization of the genetic/epigenetic determinants involved in these complex processes.
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Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
Blood, 2010Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Laura Gutierrez, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Omar NyabiAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based expression of the Vegf(164) isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differentiation block of primitive erythroid progenitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis between the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this phenotype. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased erythroid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene rescued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and provides new molecular insight into Vegf's ability to modulate erythropoiesis.
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efficient mouse transgenesis using gateway compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and f1 hybrid es cells
Nucleic Acids Research, 2009Co-Authors: Omar Nyabi, Michael Naessens, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Marion Maetens, Sarah De Clercq, Benjamin Drogat, Lieven Haenebalcke, Agnieszka Gembarska, Sonia BartunkovaAbstract:The ability to rapidly and efficiently generate reliable Cre/loxP conditional transgenic mice would greatly complement global high-throughput gene targeting initiatives aimed at identifying gene function in the mouse. We report here the generation of Cre/loxP conditional ROSA26-targeted ES cells within 3–4 weeks by using Gateway® cloning to build the target vectors. The cDNA of the gene of interest can be expressed either directly by the ROSA26 promoter providing a moderate level of expression or by a CAGG promoter placed in the ROSA26 locus providing higher transgene expression. Utilization of F1 hybrid ES cells with exceptional developmental potential allows the production of germ line transmitting, fully or highly ES cell-derived mice by aggregation of cells with diploid embryos. The presented streamlined procedures accelerate the examination of phenotypical consequences of transgene expression. It also provides a unique tool for comparing the biological activity of polymorphic or splice variants of a gene, or products of different genes functioning in the same or parallel pathways in an overlapping manner.
Steven Goossens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RED CELLS, IRON, AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Omar Nyabi, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Michael NaessensAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothe-lial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/ loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based ex-pression of the Vegf164 isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differ-entiation block of primitive erythroid pro-genitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis be-tween the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this pheno-type. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased ery-throid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene res-cued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and pro-vides new molecular insight into Vegf’s ability to modulate erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2010;116(12):2141-2151
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The ROSA26-iPSC mouse: a conditional, inducible, and exchangeable resource for studying cellular (De)differentiation.
Cell reports, 2013Co-Authors: Lieven Haenebalcke, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Dagmar Wirth, Pieterjan Dierickx, Jinke D’hont, Tino Hochepied, Andras Nagy, Jody J. HaighAbstract:SUMMARY Control of cellular (de)differentiation in a temporal, cell-specific, and exchangeable manner is of paramount importance in the field of reprogramming. Here, we have generated and characterized a mouse strain that allows iPSC generation through the Cre/ loxP conditional and doxycycline/rtTA-controlled inducible expression of the OSKM reprogramming factors entirely from within the ROSA26 locus. After reprogramming, these factors can be replaced by genes of interest—for example, to enhance lineagedirected differentiation—with the use of a trapcoupled RMCE reaction. We show that, similar to ESCs, Dox-controlled expression of the cardiac transcriptional regulator Mesp1 together with Wnt inhibition enhances the generation of functional cardiomyocytes upon in vitro differentiation of such RMCE-retargeted iPSCs. This ROSA26-iPSC mouse model is therefore an excellent tool for studying both cellular reprogramming and lineage-directed differentiation factors from the same locus and will greatly facilitate the identification and ease of functional characterization of the genetic/epigenetic determinants involved in these complex processes.
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Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
Blood, 2010Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Laura Gutierrez, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Omar NyabiAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based expression of the Vegf(164) isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differentiation block of primitive erythroid progenitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis between the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this phenotype. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased erythroid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene rescued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and provides new molecular insight into Vegf's ability to modulate erythropoiesis.
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efficient mouse transgenesis using gateway compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and f1 hybrid es cells
Nucleic Acids Research, 2009Co-Authors: Omar Nyabi, Michael Naessens, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Marion Maetens, Sarah De Clercq, Benjamin Drogat, Lieven Haenebalcke, Agnieszka Gembarska, Sonia BartunkovaAbstract:The ability to rapidly and efficiently generate reliable Cre/loxP conditional transgenic mice would greatly complement global high-throughput gene targeting initiatives aimed at identifying gene function in the mouse. We report here the generation of Cre/loxP conditional ROSA26-targeted ES cells within 3–4 weeks by using Gateway® cloning to build the target vectors. The cDNA of the gene of interest can be expressed either directly by the ROSA26 promoter providing a moderate level of expression or by a CAGG promoter placed in the ROSA26 locus providing higher transgene expression. Utilization of F1 hybrid ES cells with exceptional developmental potential allows the production of germ line transmitting, fully or highly ES cell-derived mice by aggregation of cells with diploid embryos. The presented streamlined procedures accelerate the examination of phenotypical consequences of transgene expression. It also provides a unique tool for comparing the biological activity of polymorphic or splice variants of a gene, or products of different genes functioning in the same or parallel pathways in an overlapping manner.
Takehiko Ogawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genome editing in mouse spermatogonial stem cell lines using talen and double nicking crispr cas9
Stem cell reports, 2015Co-Authors: Takuya Sato, Tetsushi Sakuma, Tetsuhiro Yokonishi, Kumiko Katagiri, Satoshi Kamimura, Narumi Ogonuki, Atsuo Ogura, Takashi Yamamoto, Takehiko OgawaAbstract:Mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be cultured for multiplication and maintained for long periods while preserving their spermatogenic ability. Although the cultured SSCs, named germline stem (GS) cells, are targets of genome modification, this process remains technically difficult. In the present study, we tested TALEN and double-nicking CRISPR/Cas9 on GS cells, targeting ROSA26 and Stra8 loci as representative genes dispensable and indispensable in spermatogenesis, respectively. Harvested GS cell colonies showed a high targeting efficiency with both TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9. The ROSA26-targeted GS cells differentiated into fertility-competent sperm following transplantation. On the other hand, Stra8-targeted GS cells showed defective spermatogenesis following transplantation, confirming its prime role in the initiation of meiosis. TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, when applied in GS cells, will be valuable tools in the study of spermatogenesis and for revealing the genetic mechanism of spermatogenic failure.
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Genome Editing in Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cell Lines Using TALEN and Double-Nicking CRISPR/Cas9.
Stem cell reports, 2015Co-Authors: Takuya Sato, Tetsushi Sakuma, Tetsuhiro Yokonishi, Kumiko Katagiri, Satoshi Kamimura, Narumi Ogonuki, Atsuo Ogura, Takashi Yamamoto, Takehiko OgawaAbstract:Mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be cultured for multiplication and maintained for long periods while preserving their spermatogenic ability. Although the cultured SSCs, named germline stem (GS) cells, are targets of genome modification, this process remains technically difficult. In the present study, we tested TALEN and double-nicking CRISPR/Cas9 on GS cells, targeting ROSA26 and Stra8 loci as representative genes dispensable and indispensable in spermatogenesis, respectively. Harvested GS cell colonies showed a high targeting efficiency with both TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9. The ROSA26-targeted GS cells differentiated into fertility-competent sperm following transplantation. On the other hand, Stra8-targeted GS cells showed defective spermatogenesis following transplantation, confirming its prime role in the initiation of meiosis. TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, when applied in GS cells, will be valuable tools in the study of spermatogenesis and for revealing the genetic mechanism of spermatogenic failure.
Omar Nyabi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RED CELLS, IRON, AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Omar Nyabi, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Michael NaessensAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothe-lial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/ loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based ex-pression of the Vegf164 isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differ-entiation block of primitive erythroid pro-genitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis be-tween the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this pheno-type. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased ery-throid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene res-cued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and pro-vides new molecular insight into Vegf’s ability to modulate erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2010;116(12):2141-2151
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Vegf regulates embryonic erythroid development through Gata1 modulation
Blood, 2010Co-Authors: Benjamin Drogat, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Sonia Bartunkova, Laura Gutierrez, Joanna Kalucka, Hamida Hammad, Morvarid Farhang Ghahremani, Kim Deswarte, Omar NyabiAbstract:To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) in embryonic erythroid development we have deleted or overexpressed Vegf specifically in the erythroid lineage using the EpoR-iCre transgenic line in combination with Cre/loxP conditional gain and loss of function Vegf alleles. ROSA26 promoter-based expression of the Vegf(164) isoform in the early erythroid lineage resulted in a differentiation block of primitive erythroid progenitor (EryP) development and a partial block in definitive erythropoiesis between the erythroid burst-forming unit and erythroid colony-forming unit stages. Decreased mRNA expression levels of the key erythroid transcription factor Gata1 were causally linked to this phenotype. Conditional deletion of Vegf within the erythroid lineage was associated with increased Gata1 levels and increased erythroid differentiation. Expression of a ROSA26-based GATA2 transgene rescued Gata1 mRNA levels and target genes and restored erythroid differentiation in our Vegf gain of function model. These results demonstrate that Vegf modulates Gata1 expression levels in vivo and provides new molecular insight into Vegf's ability to modulate erythropoiesis.
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efficient mouse transgenesis using gateway compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and f1 hybrid es cells
Nucleic Acids Research, 2009Co-Authors: Omar Nyabi, Michael Naessens, Katharina Haigh, Steven Goossens, Marion Maetens, Sarah De Clercq, Benjamin Drogat, Lieven Haenebalcke, Agnieszka Gembarska, Sonia BartunkovaAbstract:The ability to rapidly and efficiently generate reliable Cre/loxP conditional transgenic mice would greatly complement global high-throughput gene targeting initiatives aimed at identifying gene function in the mouse. We report here the generation of Cre/loxP conditional ROSA26-targeted ES cells within 3–4 weeks by using Gateway® cloning to build the target vectors. The cDNA of the gene of interest can be expressed either directly by the ROSA26 promoter providing a moderate level of expression or by a CAGG promoter placed in the ROSA26 locus providing higher transgene expression. Utilization of F1 hybrid ES cells with exceptional developmental potential allows the production of germ line transmitting, fully or highly ES cell-derived mice by aggregation of cells with diploid embryos. The presented streamlined procedures accelerate the examination of phenotypical consequences of transgene expression. It also provides a unique tool for comparing the biological activity of polymorphic or splice variants of a gene, or products of different genes functioning in the same or parallel pathways in an overlapping manner.
