The Experts below are selected from a list of 69 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jinxin Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parametric analysis of hydrogen two-stage direct-injection on combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation in a rotary engine
Fuel, 2021Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Huaiyu Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract Hydrogen two-stage direct-injection enrichment is a novel injection strategy to utilize hydrogen more efficiently and effectively in gasoline rotary engines by inheriting the merits of hydrogen and direct injection simultaneously, such as flexible control, efficiency improvement, and emissions reduction. Based on the CONVERGE code with detailed chemistry solvers, a full-cycle CFD modeling including hydrogen jet-flow and combustion processes was presented and validated by experimental data. To understand the role of hydrogen two-stage injection in improving engine performance at part-load and lean-burn regime, six different injection arrangements for which two-stage injection strategies with variable hydrogen amount for each pulse (up to 30% for post-injection) had considered. The different effects on species evolution, combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation were analyzed step-by-step. The simulation results showed that compared with direct-injected hydrogen for single-pulse, injecting adequate hydrogen in the second pulse after spark-ignition onwards performed a significant beneficial effect on the mixture stratification and flame propagation, especially for the trailing part of the Rotor Chamber, which contributed to the improvement in both combustion characteristics and thermal efficiency. The assessment of knock propensity demonstrated that the two-stage direct-injected hydrogen had the potential of mitigating the knock under lean operations. Using split injection accompanied by an optimized hydrogen allocation strategy allowed substantial unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reductions with a slight nitrogen oxide penalty rate due to the elevated combustion temperature.
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Assessment of spark-energy allocation and ignition environment on lean combustion in a twin-plug Wankel engine
Energy Conversion and Management, 2020Co-Authors: Shi Cheng, Shuofeng Wang, Jinxin Yang, Ma Zedong, Xu PuyanAbstract:Abstract Due to the elongated shape of the combustion Chamber and strong one-way flow characteristic, changing the location of enhanced combustion is an effective means to ameliorate the indicated efficiency of the Wankel engine. For this purpose, strengthening combustion can happen by allocating spark-energy in the desired location along with a favorable ignition environment. In this study, three-dimensional CFD simulations were implemented and the numerical results were compared with existing measured data, in which ignition environment variations were achieved by hydrogen enrichment within the intake manifold of a spark-ignition Wankel engine. Based on CONVERGE code with the SAGE detailed chemistry solver, the twin-plug engine model was then used to assess the location of strengthened combustion employing a spark-energy allocation from the perspective of species evolution, combustion characteristics, and emissions formation. The results indicate that enhancing spark-energy at the leading side of the Rotor Chamber has an overall higher burned volume rate and faster species evolution due to the later connection of two burning sources prior to quenching. Increasing the hydrogen content in the ignition environment causes richer active radicals and higher turbulence, ultimately promoting flame propagation and combustion intensity. A larger T-plug spark-energy decreases the indicated mean effective pressure, heat release rate, and thermal efficiency because of the intensified wall heat flux and the lower mass burning rate at the leading side. There is no doubt that the introduction of hydrogen enrichment presents a positive effect on both thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption at the price of a slighter increase of nitrogen oxide formation due to higher mass fraction of high-temperature regions. It is recommended that enhancing local mass burning rate in the leading part of the Rotor Chamber under the hydrogen-enriched ignition environment can provide a great potential in the quest towards high-efficiency Wankel rotary engine.
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numerical study on ignition amelioration of a hydrogen enriched wankel engine under lean burn condition
Applied Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jianhui Bao, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract For the hydrogen-enriched spark-ignited Wankel engine, the optimization of ignition strategy is conducive to improve combustion performance and specifically effective to lessen the unburned region due to the elongated Rotor Chamber. In this paper, the role of the number of the ignition source, twin-spark plug location, asynchronous ignition, and energy allocation in improving lean combustion was investigated through the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model coupling with kinetic mechanisms. The model was validated by experiment, and good agreements between measured and predicted combustion pressure and the heat release rate was obtained. Results showed that the improvements of engine combustion were limited by single-spark ignition strategies, and the twin-spark ignition configuration was capable of enhancing combustion efficiency drastically. The arrangement of the twin-spark plug determined the space for flame development, and it was favorable for the trailing plug to stand a greater offset from the minor axis of the engine. An earlier leading-spark ignition enabled flame propagation faster and occurred quenching rapidly, which contributed to higher pressure-output and better heat-release. The higher energy of leading-spark ignition made the mixture consumption faster, combustion pressure higher, and combustion duration shorter. The optimum strategy on combustion was expressed as follows: the location of trailing-spark plug is offset from the minor axis by 20.7 mm; the spark timing and discharge energy of leading-spark plug is 325°EA and 0.03 J, respectively; and those of trailing-spark plug is 335°EA and 0.01 J. It was recommended that the leading-spark ignition was set earlier and stronger for practical operations.
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Effects of hydrogen direct-injection angle and charge concentration on gasoline-hydrogen blending lean combustion in a Wankel engine
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract To analyze the effects of hydrogen charge concentration (HCC) and injection angle (IA) on the lean combustion in a gasoline Wankel engine, the present work implemented a numerical simulation model coupling with the kinetic mechanisms and validated with the experimental data. Results found that with the increase in HCC, the penetration of hydrogen injection is enlarged and the area of the high-speed jet flow is expanded. The jet-flow area for IAs of 45° or 135° is larger than that of 90°. Changing IA could obtain the hydrogen distribution at different regions of the Rotor Chamber and IA of 90° acquires the smallest hydrogen-rich region. Increasing IA brings about the reduced flame speed substantially; the flame area for IAs of 45° and 90° expands with the increment of HCC whereas the contrary pattern is witnessed at the IA of 135°. Smaller IA leads to the major burning occurring untimely, which resulting in less work delivery of the engine. The hydrogen consumption for IAs of 45° and 90° increases as HCC is ascendant while that for IA of 135° is just the reverse. Variations in the mixture distribution and turbulence are the intrinsic mechanism of how the HCC and IA reflects the combustion progress. As hydrogen is injected with larger HCC and smaller IA, a relatively richer mixture and higher turbulent kinetic energy are distributed close in the spark ignition region. The peak combustion pressure reduces and its corresponding crank position delays with the widened IA at any HCC. Considering the fuel combustion and nitric oxide formation, as hydrogen volume fraction is 3% and IA is 45°, the engine could realize the optimized performance under the computational condition. An efficient combustion performance may be performed in engineering application if the hydrogen IA is in accordance with the Rotor rotating direction at lower HCC.
Charles A. Haynes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Scale-up of controlled-shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics.
Biotechnology journal, 2009Co-Authors: Patrick Francis, Charles A. HaynesAbstract:Controlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is an integrated bioprocess that positions a contoured Rotor above a membrane affinity chromatography column to permit the capture and purification of a secreted protein product directly from cell culture. Here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations previously used on a laboratory-scale unit (Francis et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 95, 1207-1217) are extended to study the fluid hydrodynamics and expected filter performance of the CSAF device for Rotor sizes up to 140 cm in radius. We show that the fluid hydrodynamics within the Rotor Chamber of larger-scale CSAF units are complex and include turbulent boundary layers; thus, CFD likely provides the only reliable route to CSAF scale-up. We then model design improvements that will be required for CSAF scale-up to permit processing of industrial feedstock. The result is the in silico design of a preparative CSAF device with an optimized Rotor 140 cm in radius. The scaled up device has an effective filtration area of 5.93 m(2), which should allow for complete processing in ca. 2 h of 1000 L of culture harvested from either a perfusion, fed-batch or batch bioreactor. Finally, a novel method for the parallelization of CSAF units is presented for use in bioprocessing operations larger than 1000 L.
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Optimizing the Rotor design for controlled-shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics.
Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Francis, D. Mark Martinez, Fariborz Taghipour, Bruce D. Bowen, Charles A. HaynesAbstract:Controlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is a novel integrated processing technology that positions a Rotor directly above an affinity membrane chromatography column to permit protein capture and purification directly from cell culture. The conical Rotor is intended to provide a uniform and tunable shear stress at the membrane surface that inhibits membrane fouling and cell cake formation by providing a hydrodynamic force away from and a drag force parallel to the membrane surface. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to show that the Rotor in the original CSAF device (Vogel et al., 2002) does not provide uniform shear stress at the membrane surface. This results in the need to operate the system at unnecessarily high Rotor speeds to reach a required shear stress of at least 0.17 Pa at every radial position of the membrane surface, compromising the scale-up of the technology. Results from CFD simulations are compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments and a numerical solution for low Reynolds number conditions to confirm that our CFD model accurately describes the hydrodynamics in the Rotor Chamber of the CSAF device over a range of Rotor velocities, filtrate fluxes, and (both laminar and turbulent) retentate flows. CFD simulations were then carried out in combination with a root-finding method to optimize the shape of the CSAF Rotor. The optimized Rotor geometry produces a nearly constant shear stress of 0.17 Pa at a rotational velocity of 250 rpm, 60% lower than the original CSAF design. This permits the optimized CSAF device to be scaled up to a maximum Rotor diameter 2.5 times larger than is permissible in the original device, thereby providing more than a sixfold increase in volumetric throughput.
Shuofeng Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parametric analysis of hydrogen two-stage direct-injection on combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation in a rotary engine
Fuel, 2021Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Huaiyu Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract Hydrogen two-stage direct-injection enrichment is a novel injection strategy to utilize hydrogen more efficiently and effectively in gasoline rotary engines by inheriting the merits of hydrogen and direct injection simultaneously, such as flexible control, efficiency improvement, and emissions reduction. Based on the CONVERGE code with detailed chemistry solvers, a full-cycle CFD modeling including hydrogen jet-flow and combustion processes was presented and validated by experimental data. To understand the role of hydrogen two-stage injection in improving engine performance at part-load and lean-burn regime, six different injection arrangements for which two-stage injection strategies with variable hydrogen amount for each pulse (up to 30% for post-injection) had considered. The different effects on species evolution, combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation were analyzed step-by-step. The simulation results showed that compared with direct-injected hydrogen for single-pulse, injecting adequate hydrogen in the second pulse after spark-ignition onwards performed a significant beneficial effect on the mixture stratification and flame propagation, especially for the trailing part of the Rotor Chamber, which contributed to the improvement in both combustion characteristics and thermal efficiency. The assessment of knock propensity demonstrated that the two-stage direct-injected hydrogen had the potential of mitigating the knock under lean operations. Using split injection accompanied by an optimized hydrogen allocation strategy allowed substantial unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reductions with a slight nitrogen oxide penalty rate due to the elevated combustion temperature.
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Assessment of spark-energy allocation and ignition environment on lean combustion in a twin-plug Wankel engine
Energy Conversion and Management, 2020Co-Authors: Shi Cheng, Shuofeng Wang, Jinxin Yang, Ma Zedong, Xu PuyanAbstract:Abstract Due to the elongated shape of the combustion Chamber and strong one-way flow characteristic, changing the location of enhanced combustion is an effective means to ameliorate the indicated efficiency of the Wankel engine. For this purpose, strengthening combustion can happen by allocating spark-energy in the desired location along with a favorable ignition environment. In this study, three-dimensional CFD simulations were implemented and the numerical results were compared with existing measured data, in which ignition environment variations were achieved by hydrogen enrichment within the intake manifold of a spark-ignition Wankel engine. Based on CONVERGE code with the SAGE detailed chemistry solver, the twin-plug engine model was then used to assess the location of strengthened combustion employing a spark-energy allocation from the perspective of species evolution, combustion characteristics, and emissions formation. The results indicate that enhancing spark-energy at the leading side of the Rotor Chamber has an overall higher burned volume rate and faster species evolution due to the later connection of two burning sources prior to quenching. Increasing the hydrogen content in the ignition environment causes richer active radicals and higher turbulence, ultimately promoting flame propagation and combustion intensity. A larger T-plug spark-energy decreases the indicated mean effective pressure, heat release rate, and thermal efficiency because of the intensified wall heat flux and the lower mass burning rate at the leading side. There is no doubt that the introduction of hydrogen enrichment presents a positive effect on both thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption at the price of a slighter increase of nitrogen oxide formation due to higher mass fraction of high-temperature regions. It is recommended that enhancing local mass burning rate in the leading part of the Rotor Chamber under the hydrogen-enriched ignition environment can provide a great potential in the quest towards high-efficiency Wankel rotary engine.
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numerical study on ignition amelioration of a hydrogen enriched wankel engine under lean burn condition
Applied Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jianhui Bao, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract For the hydrogen-enriched spark-ignited Wankel engine, the optimization of ignition strategy is conducive to improve combustion performance and specifically effective to lessen the unburned region due to the elongated Rotor Chamber. In this paper, the role of the number of the ignition source, twin-spark plug location, asynchronous ignition, and energy allocation in improving lean combustion was investigated through the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model coupling with kinetic mechanisms. The model was validated by experiment, and good agreements between measured and predicted combustion pressure and the heat release rate was obtained. Results showed that the improvements of engine combustion were limited by single-spark ignition strategies, and the twin-spark ignition configuration was capable of enhancing combustion efficiency drastically. The arrangement of the twin-spark plug determined the space for flame development, and it was favorable for the trailing plug to stand a greater offset from the minor axis of the engine. An earlier leading-spark ignition enabled flame propagation faster and occurred quenching rapidly, which contributed to higher pressure-output and better heat-release. The higher energy of leading-spark ignition made the mixture consumption faster, combustion pressure higher, and combustion duration shorter. The optimum strategy on combustion was expressed as follows: the location of trailing-spark plug is offset from the minor axis by 20.7 mm; the spark timing and discharge energy of leading-spark plug is 325°EA and 0.03 J, respectively; and those of trailing-spark plug is 335°EA and 0.01 J. It was recommended that the leading-spark ignition was set earlier and stronger for practical operations.
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Effects of hydrogen direct-injection angle and charge concentration on gasoline-hydrogen blending lean combustion in a Wankel engine
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract To analyze the effects of hydrogen charge concentration (HCC) and injection angle (IA) on the lean combustion in a gasoline Wankel engine, the present work implemented a numerical simulation model coupling with the kinetic mechanisms and validated with the experimental data. Results found that with the increase in HCC, the penetration of hydrogen injection is enlarged and the area of the high-speed jet flow is expanded. The jet-flow area for IAs of 45° or 135° is larger than that of 90°. Changing IA could obtain the hydrogen distribution at different regions of the Rotor Chamber and IA of 90° acquires the smallest hydrogen-rich region. Increasing IA brings about the reduced flame speed substantially; the flame area for IAs of 45° and 90° expands with the increment of HCC whereas the contrary pattern is witnessed at the IA of 135°. Smaller IA leads to the major burning occurring untimely, which resulting in less work delivery of the engine. The hydrogen consumption for IAs of 45° and 90° increases as HCC is ascendant while that for IA of 135° is just the reverse. Variations in the mixture distribution and turbulence are the intrinsic mechanism of how the HCC and IA reflects the combustion progress. As hydrogen is injected with larger HCC and smaller IA, a relatively richer mixture and higher turbulent kinetic energy are distributed close in the spark ignition region. The peak combustion pressure reduces and its corresponding crank position delays with the widened IA at any HCC. Considering the fuel combustion and nitric oxide formation, as hydrogen volume fraction is 3% and IA is 45°, the engine could realize the optimized performance under the computational condition. An efficient combustion performance may be performed in engineering application if the hydrogen IA is in accordance with the Rotor rotating direction at lower HCC.
Cheng Shi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parametric analysis of hydrogen two-stage direct-injection on combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation in a rotary engine
Fuel, 2021Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Huaiyu Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract Hydrogen two-stage direct-injection enrichment is a novel injection strategy to utilize hydrogen more efficiently and effectively in gasoline rotary engines by inheriting the merits of hydrogen and direct injection simultaneously, such as flexible control, efficiency improvement, and emissions reduction. Based on the CONVERGE code with detailed chemistry solvers, a full-cycle CFD modeling including hydrogen jet-flow and combustion processes was presented and validated by experimental data. To understand the role of hydrogen two-stage injection in improving engine performance at part-load and lean-burn regime, six different injection arrangements for which two-stage injection strategies with variable hydrogen amount for each pulse (up to 30% for post-injection) had considered. The different effects on species evolution, combustion characteristics, knock propensity, and emissions formation were analyzed step-by-step. The simulation results showed that compared with direct-injected hydrogen for single-pulse, injecting adequate hydrogen in the second pulse after spark-ignition onwards performed a significant beneficial effect on the mixture stratification and flame propagation, especially for the trailing part of the Rotor Chamber, which contributed to the improvement in both combustion characteristics and thermal efficiency. The assessment of knock propensity demonstrated that the two-stage direct-injected hydrogen had the potential of mitigating the knock under lean operations. Using split injection accompanied by an optimized hydrogen allocation strategy allowed substantial unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reductions with a slight nitrogen oxide penalty rate due to the elevated combustion temperature.
-
numerical study on ignition amelioration of a hydrogen enriched wankel engine under lean burn condition
Applied Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jianhui Bao, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract For the hydrogen-enriched spark-ignited Wankel engine, the optimization of ignition strategy is conducive to improve combustion performance and specifically effective to lessen the unburned region due to the elongated Rotor Chamber. In this paper, the role of the number of the ignition source, twin-spark plug location, asynchronous ignition, and energy allocation in improving lean combustion was investigated through the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model coupling with kinetic mechanisms. The model was validated by experiment, and good agreements between measured and predicted combustion pressure and the heat release rate was obtained. Results showed that the improvements of engine combustion were limited by single-spark ignition strategies, and the twin-spark ignition configuration was capable of enhancing combustion efficiency drastically. The arrangement of the twin-spark plug determined the space for flame development, and it was favorable for the trailing plug to stand a greater offset from the minor axis of the engine. An earlier leading-spark ignition enabled flame propagation faster and occurred quenching rapidly, which contributed to higher pressure-output and better heat-release. The higher energy of leading-spark ignition made the mixture consumption faster, combustion pressure higher, and combustion duration shorter. The optimum strategy on combustion was expressed as follows: the location of trailing-spark plug is offset from the minor axis by 20.7 mm; the spark timing and discharge energy of leading-spark plug is 325°EA and 0.03 J, respectively; and those of trailing-spark plug is 335°EA and 0.01 J. It was recommended that the leading-spark ignition was set earlier and stronger for practical operations.
-
Effects of hydrogen direct-injection angle and charge concentration on gasoline-hydrogen blending lean combustion in a Wankel engine
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Cheng Shi, Shuofeng Wang, Jinxin YangAbstract:Abstract To analyze the effects of hydrogen charge concentration (HCC) and injection angle (IA) on the lean combustion in a gasoline Wankel engine, the present work implemented a numerical simulation model coupling with the kinetic mechanisms and validated with the experimental data. Results found that with the increase in HCC, the penetration of hydrogen injection is enlarged and the area of the high-speed jet flow is expanded. The jet-flow area for IAs of 45° or 135° is larger than that of 90°. Changing IA could obtain the hydrogen distribution at different regions of the Rotor Chamber and IA of 90° acquires the smallest hydrogen-rich region. Increasing IA brings about the reduced flame speed substantially; the flame area for IAs of 45° and 90° expands with the increment of HCC whereas the contrary pattern is witnessed at the IA of 135°. Smaller IA leads to the major burning occurring untimely, which resulting in less work delivery of the engine. The hydrogen consumption for IAs of 45° and 90° increases as HCC is ascendant while that for IA of 135° is just the reverse. Variations in the mixture distribution and turbulence are the intrinsic mechanism of how the HCC and IA reflects the combustion progress. As hydrogen is injected with larger HCC and smaller IA, a relatively richer mixture and higher turbulent kinetic energy are distributed close in the spark ignition region. The peak combustion pressure reduces and its corresponding crank position delays with the widened IA at any HCC. Considering the fuel combustion and nitric oxide formation, as hydrogen volume fraction is 3% and IA is 45°, the engine could realize the optimized performance under the computational condition. An efficient combustion performance may be performed in engineering application if the hydrogen IA is in accordance with the Rotor rotating direction at lower HCC.
Patrick Francis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Scale-up of controlled-shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics.
Biotechnology journal, 2009Co-Authors: Patrick Francis, Charles A. HaynesAbstract:Controlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is an integrated bioprocess that positions a contoured Rotor above a membrane affinity chromatography column to permit the capture and purification of a secreted protein product directly from cell culture. Here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations previously used on a laboratory-scale unit (Francis et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 95, 1207-1217) are extended to study the fluid hydrodynamics and expected filter performance of the CSAF device for Rotor sizes up to 140 cm in radius. We show that the fluid hydrodynamics within the Rotor Chamber of larger-scale CSAF units are complex and include turbulent boundary layers; thus, CFD likely provides the only reliable route to CSAF scale-up. We then model design improvements that will be required for CSAF scale-up to permit processing of industrial feedstock. The result is the in silico design of a preparative CSAF device with an optimized Rotor 140 cm in radius. The scaled up device has an effective filtration area of 5.93 m(2), which should allow for complete processing in ca. 2 h of 1000 L of culture harvested from either a perfusion, fed-batch or batch bioreactor. Finally, a novel method for the parallelization of CSAF units is presented for use in bioprocessing operations larger than 1000 L.
-
Optimizing the Rotor design for controlled-shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics.
Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Francis, D. Mark Martinez, Fariborz Taghipour, Bruce D. Bowen, Charles A. HaynesAbstract:Controlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is a novel integrated processing technology that positions a Rotor directly above an affinity membrane chromatography column to permit protein capture and purification directly from cell culture. The conical Rotor is intended to provide a uniform and tunable shear stress at the membrane surface that inhibits membrane fouling and cell cake formation by providing a hydrodynamic force away from and a drag force parallel to the membrane surface. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to show that the Rotor in the original CSAF device (Vogel et al., 2002) does not provide uniform shear stress at the membrane surface. This results in the need to operate the system at unnecessarily high Rotor speeds to reach a required shear stress of at least 0.17 Pa at every radial position of the membrane surface, compromising the scale-up of the technology. Results from CFD simulations are compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments and a numerical solution for low Reynolds number conditions to confirm that our CFD model accurately describes the hydrodynamics in the Rotor Chamber of the CSAF device over a range of Rotor velocities, filtrate fluxes, and (both laminar and turbulent) retentate flows. CFD simulations were then carried out in combination with a root-finding method to optimize the shape of the CSAF Rotor. The optimized Rotor geometry produces a nearly constant shear stress of 0.17 Pa at a rotational velocity of 250 rpm, 60% lower than the original CSAF design. This permits the optimized CSAF device to be scaled up to a maximum Rotor diameter 2.5 times larger than is permissible in the original device, thereby providing more than a sixfold increase in volumetric throughput.
