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A S J P A M Miert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects on reticulo Rumen Motility and body temperature of e coli endotoxin on injection into the medulla oblongata and third ventricle of small ruminants
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A-physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: A S J P A M Miert, Th C M Van Duin, B F LeekAbstract:Summary The administration of 0.01 μg. E. coli LPS into the third ventricle of conscious goats induced shivering, rise in body temperature and inhibition of extrinsic ruminal contractions. A similar dose of this pyrogen given intravenously was less effective. The changes in arterial blood pressure and reticulum Motility that resulted from an E. coli LPS injection near the left and right dorsal vagal nucleus in an anesthetized ewe were similar to those produced by intravenous injection of this pyrogen. However, on i. v. injection about a 100 times larger dose of E. coli LPS was required than on injection into the medulla oblongata, which demonstrated that these effects were not due to a leakage of the pyrogen into the systemic circulation. The present findings indicate that a biphasic temperature response and inhibition of reticuloRumen Motility can be reproduced by an action of endotoxin within the central nervous system. However, the clinical symptoms were preceded by a certain time lag, which suggests that the action of endotoxin within the CNS is indirect. Zusammenfassung Einflus von E. coli-Endotoxin-Injektion in die Medulla oblongata und den III. Ventrikel auf die Hauben-Pansen-Motorik und Korpertemperatur kleiner Wiederkauer Die Verabreichung von 0,01 μg E. coli-LPS in den III. Ventrikel wacher Ziegen verursachte Zittern, Erhohung der Korpertemperatur und Hemmung der Pansenkontraktionen. Intravenose Verabreichung der gleichen Pyrogendosis war weniger wirksam. Die Effekte der Injektion von E. coli-LPS in die Gegend des linken und rechten dorsalen Vaguskernes auf den arteriellen Blutdruck und die Haubenmotilitat narkotisierter Schafe glichen denen bei intravenoser Applikation des Pyrogens. Allerdings waren bei i. v. Injektion rund 100mal grossere E. coli-LPS-Dosen notwendig. Das Ergebnis zeigt, das diese Effekte nicht auf einer Pyrogen-Abwanderung in den allgemeinen Kreislauf beruhen. Die Befunde sprechen dafur, das die biphasische Temperaturreaktion und Hemmung der Hauben-Pansen-Motilitat durch eine Endotoxinwirkung im Zentralnervensystem ausgelost werden konnen. Die klinischen Symptome traten mit einer gewissen zeitlichen Verzogerung ein, was darauf hinweist, das die Endotoxinwirkung im ZNS indirekt zustande kommt. Resume Influence d'une injection d'endotoxine de E. coli dans Medulla oblongata et dans le troisieme ventricule sur la motricite reseau-panse et sur la temperature corporelle de petits ruminants L'application de 0,01 μg d'E. coli-LPS dans le troisieme ventricule de chevres eveillees a provoque des tremblements, une elevation de la temperature corporelle et une inhibition des contractions de la panse. L'application intraveineuse de la meme dose de pyrogene fut moins active. Les effets de l'injection d'E. coli-LPS dans la region du noyau dorsal du vague, gauche et droit, sur la pression sanguine arterielle et la mobilite de la calotte des moutons sous narcose furent les memes que ceux provoques par une application intraveineuse. Des doses d'E. coli-LPS 100 fois plus fortes furent toutefois necessaires lors d'injections intraveineuses. Le resultat montre que ces effets ne reposent pas sur une migration du pyrogene dans le systeme circulatoire general. Les donnees indiquent que la reaction biphasique de temperature et l'inhibition de la mobilite reseau-panse peuvent etre declenches par l'action d'une endotoxine dans le systeme nerveux central. Les symptomes cliniques apparaissent avec un certain ralentissement, ce qui montre que l'action de l'endotoxine agit indirectement dans le systeme nerveux central. Resumen Efectos sobre la movilidad reticulorruminal y temperatura corporal de la endotoxina de E. coli inyectada en la medula oblongada y tercer ventriculo de pequenos rumiantes El emplaziento de 0,01 μg de LPS de E. coli en el tercer ventriculo de cabras conscientes provocaba temblores, elevacion de la temperatura corporal e inhibicion de las contracciones extrinsecas de la panza. La aplicacion intravenosa de la misma dosis de este pirogeno fue menos efectiva. Los efectos de la inyeccion de LPS de E. coli en la region del nucleo vagal izquierdo y derecho dorsal sobre la tension arterial y la movilidad del bonete de ovejas narcotizadas se asemejaban a los provocados aplicando el pirogeno por via intravenosa. Ahora bien, en la inyeccion intravenosa se precisaban dosis de LPS de E. coli 100 veces mayores. El resultado pone de manifiesto que estos efectos no se basan en la migracion del pirogeno hacia el sistema circulatorio general. Los hallazgos abogan a favor de que la respuesta bifasica de temperatura y la inhibicioen de la movilidad reticulorruminal pudieran estar ocasionadas por una accion de la endotoxina dentro del sistema nervioso central. Los sintomas clinicos aparecieron con cierto retraso temporal, lo cual insinua que la accion de la endotoxina en el SNC es indirecta.
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Effects of pentoxifylline and polymyxin B on the acute‐phase‐response to Escherichia coli endotoxin in dwarf goats
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1997Co-Authors: A S J P A M Miert, C T M Van Duin, Theo WensingAbstract:: The purpose of this study was to assess whether polymyxin B together with pentoxifylline, had beneficial effects on the acute-phase-response to E. coli endotoxin in the dwarf goat (n = 6). Polymyxin B partly neutralizes E. coli endotoxin by forming inactive polymyxin B-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complexes; pentoxifylline has been reported to suppress the LPS-induced production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). E. coli LPS (0.0067 microgram/kg/min over 30 min) induced fever, tachycardia, inhibition of Rumen Motility, a decline in WBC, lymphopenia, and decreases in plasma zinc and iron concentrations. Most of the haematological, blood biochemical and clinical effects of E. coli LPS were significantly reduced by polymyxin B pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg/min over 30 min, i.v.). Pentoxifylline (0.3 mg/kg/min over 30 min, i.v.) did not reduce the clinical and blood biochemical effects of E. coli LPS, however, it modulated the number of circulating neutrophils. No synergistic effects were observed after i.v. infusion of polymyxin B with pentoxifylline. The lack of synergy may be due to the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines other than TNF-alpha.
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Pentoxifylline pretreatment fails to block the acute-phase response to Escherichia coli endotoxin in dwarf goats
Veterinary Research Communications, 1995Co-Authors: C T M Van Duin, Theo Wensing, A S J P A M MiertAbstract:The purpose of this study was to assess whether pentoxifylline, a drug that can inhibit the production and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, had beneficial effects on the acute-phase response toE. coli endotoxin in the dwarf goat. First, the effects of 0.5 mg/kg per min pentoxifylline given intravenously over 15 min were examined in five goats. One week later, the clinical changes caused by i.v. injection ofE. coli endotoxin (LPS: 0.1 µg/kg) were determined. This endotoxin induced fever, tachycardia, inhibition of Rumen Motility, and decreases in plasma zinc and iron concentrations. Three weeks later, the effects ofE. coli LPS were again determined immediately after pentoxifylline infusion in the same group of animals. It was concluded that a pharmacological dose of pentoxifylline has no protective effects on the acute-phase response reactions induced by a pyrogenic dose ofE. coliLPS
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Pentoxifylline pretreatment fails to block the acute-phase response toEscherichia coli endotoxin in dwarf goats
Veterinary Research Communications, 1995Co-Authors: C T M Van Duin, T. Wensing, A S J P A M MiertAbstract:The purpose of this study was to assess whether pentoxifylline, a drug that can inhibit the production and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, had beneficial effects on the acute-phase response to E. coli endotoxin in the dwarf goat. First, the effects of 0.5 mg/kg per min pentoxifylline given intravenously over 15 min were examined in five goats. One week later, the clinical changes caused by i.v. injection of E. coli endotoxin (LPS: 0.1 µg/kg) were determined. This endotoxin induced fever, tachycardia, inhibition of Rumen Motility, and decreases in plasma zinc and iron concentrations. Three weeks later, the effects of E. coli LPS were again determined immediately after pentoxifylline infusion in the same group of animals. It was concluded that a pharmacological dose of pentoxifylline has no protective effects on the acute-phase response reactions induced by a pyrogenic dose of E. coli LPS
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Food intake and Rumen Motility in dwarf goats. Effects of atipamezole on the inhibitory effects induced by detomidine, medetomidine and romifidine
Veterinary Research Communications, 1994Co-Authors: A S J P A M Miert, S. M. Faghihi, C T M Van DuinAbstract:The effects of some α_2-adrenoceptor agonists and of the α_2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole on food intake and ruminal contractions were studied in dwarf goats. Detomidine, 0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min, failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). Given at a higher dose rate (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min), the drug inhibited food consumption during the first observation period, but stimulated food intake during the second period. A similar pattern was observed after IV infusion with medetomidine (0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min), romifidine (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min) or xylazine (1 µg/kg per min for 10 min). The α_2-antagonist atipamezole (2 µg/kg per min for 10 min) failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period. After treatment with atipamezole, the effects of α_2-agonists on feeding behaviour were completely antagonized. The α_2-agonists administered at similar dose rates to those used in the food intake experiments induced bradycardia, decreases in body temperature and inhibition of ruminal contractions. The inhibition of ruminal contractions induced by romifidine was partly antagonized by atipamezole pre-treatment. These findings demonstrate that the α_2-agonist-induced changes in ruminal contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The drop in body temperature induced by α_2-agonists was prevented by atipamezole pre-treatment, whereas the induced bradycardia was not modified by this α_2-antagonist.
B.f. Kania - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of centrally administered diltiazem on behavioural responses, clinical symptoms, reticulo-ruminal contractions and plasma catecholamine level after experimentally induced duodenal distension in sheep.
Research in Veterinary Science, 2010Co-Authors: B.f. Kania, V. SutiakAbstract:Abstract A different role of L-type antagonists for voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) has been previously identified in different types of experimental and clinical pain in man and animals. Present study examined the role of VGCC blocker – diltiazem administered icv (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and/or 2.0 mg in toto ) on the development of pain related symptoms, clinical signs, plasma catecholamine level and the inhibition of reticulo-Rumen Motility caused by 5 min lasting mechanical duodenum distension (DD) in the sheep. Experimental DD was conducted by insertion (during surgery) of rubber balloon into the duodenum and the distension by 40 ml of warm water. Duodenal distension resulted in a significant increase of behavioural pain responses, tachycardia, hyperventilation, inhibition of reticulo-Rumen contractions rate (from 85% to 45% during 15–20 min), an increase of plasma catecholamine concentration (over sevenfold increase of epinephrine during 2 h following DD, two-times norepinephrine and 84% increase of dopamine). Diltiazem infusion given 10 min before DD decreased intensity of visceral nocifensive responses such as: behavioural changes, tachycardia, hyperventilation, reticulo-Rumen Motility and efficiently prevented appearance of catecholamine release. These data demonstrated that the development and persistence of acute duodenal pain depends on the activation of Ca 2+ ion flux leading to neurotransmitters release and modulation of membrane excitability. It seems that diltiazem given icv 10 min prior to DD (as a source of acute visceral pain), inhibited specific receptors α 1 subunits of VGCCs in target tissues, prevent depolarization of cell membranes and release of neurotransmitters responsible for pain sensitivity in sheep. The observed antinociceptive action of VGCCs type-L blockers suggests that these channels play a crucial role in the modulation of acute visceral pain in sheep.
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The inhibition of experimentally induced visceral hyperalgesia by nifedipine - a voltage-gated Ca2+ channels blocker (VGCCs) in Sheep.
Research in Veterinary Science, 2008Co-Authors: B.f. Kania, Marek Kowalczyk, M. Brytan, D. Tomaszewska, Franciszek PrzekopAbstract:Abstract Present study examined the effect of VGCC L-type blocker – nifedipine given i.c.v. (0.25, 0.5, 1 and/or 2 mg in toto) on the development of nociceptive behavior, clinical symptoms, plasma catecholamin concentration and reticulo-Rumen Motility following 5 min lasting mechanical duodenal distension (DD) in sheep. After 24 h of fasting, all animals received i.m. ketamine analgesia (20 mg kg−1 B.W) and anesthetized with pentobarbital (20 mg kg−1 B.W., i.v. infusion) The permanent stainless steel cannula 29 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter was inserted into the lateral cerebral ventricle (controlled by cerebro-spinal efflux) 10 mm above the bregma and 5 mm laterally from the midline sutures using stereotaxic method. Under the same general anesthesia/analgesia a T-shaped silicon cannula (inside diameter of 21 mm), was inserted into the duodenum (12 cm from pylorus). Second identical cannule was inserted into the dorsal sac of the Rumen, a previously described. After surgery each animal was kept in individual boxes for 10 days prior to experiment and was treated i.m. with benzyl procaine penicillin 30,000 I.U kg−1 B.W.) + dihydrostreptomycine sulfate (10 g kg−1 B.W.) + prednisolone acetate (1.2 mg kg−1 B.W.) combination and i.m. ketamine (20 mg kg−1 B.W.) every day by seven consecutive days. Experimental DD was conducted by insertion and then distension of rubber balloon (containing 40 ml of warm water) inserted into sheep duodenum. Duodenal distension produced a significant increase in behavioral pain manifestations, tachycardia, hyperventilation, inhibition of reticulo-ruminal contractions rate (from 87.2 to 38.0% during 15–20 min), an increase of plasma catecholamine concentration (over 6.4-fold increase of epinephrine during 2 h following DD, 2-times norepinephrine and 84% increase of dopamine). Nifedipine infusion administered 10 min prior to DD decreased intensity of visceral pain manifestations such as: behavioral changes, hyperventilation, reticulo-Rumen Motility and efficiently prevent appearance of catecholamine release. These data demonstrated that the development and persistence of duodenal hyperalgesia depends on the activation of Ca2+ ion flux leading to neurotransmitters release and modulation of membrane excitability. It seems that nifedipine given i.c.v. 10 min prior to DD (as a source of visceral pain), inhibited specific receptors 1 subunits of VGCCs in target tissues, prevented depolarization of cell membranes and release of neurotransmitters responsible for pain sensitivity in sheep. The observed antinociceptive action of VGCCs type L blockers suggest that these channels play a crucial role in the modulation of acute visceral hyperalgesia in sheep.
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Central adrenergic pathway participation in the inhibitory effects of endorphins on forestomach Motility in sheep
Small Ruminant Research, 1996Co-Authors: B.f. Kania, E. DomańskiAbstract:Abstract In sheep, both beta (β)-endorphin (1 and 2 μg kg −1 ) and gamma (γ)-endorphin (2 μg kg −1 ) administered into the third cerebral ventricle caused a significant depression of Rumen Motility. The amplitude of the first Rumen contraction appearing immediately after the end of infusion was diminished and the average amplitude of primary Rumen contractions was decreased. In contrast, γ-endorphin (1 μg kg −1 ) enhanced the mean amplitude of these primary contractions. The effects of endorphins were completely prevented by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) naloxone (12.5 μg kg −1 ) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA 18.2 μg kg −1 ) pretreatment. These results suggest that a central inhibitory opioid system is involved in the endorphin-induced inhibition of forestomach Motility and has an adrenergic character in sheep. Central chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) also caused increase of the mean frequency of the Rumen contractions and completely prevented inhibitory intracerebroventricular endorphin induced effects on the forestomach Motility. They confirm the physiological role of endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) in important functions of small ruminants.
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induced inhibition of reticulo Rumen Motility via central opioid mechanisms in sheep
Small Ruminant Research, 1992Co-Authors: B.f. KaniaAbstract:Abstract In conscious sheep, β-casomorphin 1–4 (BCM), administered into the third cerebral ventricle, caused no significant changes of the amplitude of the first Rumen contraction, appearing just after the end of infusion. Average amplitude of primary contractions and contraction frequency were noted for the smaller dose (10 μg kg −1 BW) and significant inhibitory effects on these amplitudes and reticulo-Rumen contractions for the larger dose (20 μg kg −1 BW). Both doses of BCM administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion caused increased tone of the stomach muscle wall within approximately 9.3 min. Nalorphine infused i.c.v. (10 μg kg −1 BW) 15 min prior to the i.c.v. infusion of BCM (20 μg kg −1 BW), proved its inhibitory action on the reticulo-Rumen Motility. BCM alone infused i.c.v. (10 and 20 μg) caused general psychosedative effects, 5–10 min after the end of infusion. These results suggest that a central inhibitory opioid system is involved in the BCM-induced inhibition of forestomach Motility and general behaviour in sheep and confirmed the physiological role of BCM in important functions of small ruminants.
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The effect of central sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the response to morphine in conscious sheep
Veterinary Research Communications, 1992Co-Authors: B.f. Kania, J. RutkowskiAbstract:When morphine, an opioid μ-agonist, was administered in vivo into the third cerebral ventricle (ICV) of conscious sheep at 20 and 40 µg/kg body weight, it caused psychomotor excitability for 2–3 h and a significant decrease in the reticuloruminal frequency for 45 min and in the mean amplitude of the primary contractions for 65 min. From 60 min after infusion, the same doses of morphine caused a significant increase in the average amplitude of the contractions for 45 min. This suggests that an inhibitory μ-opioid acceptor is involved in the central control of forestomach Motility and general behaviour in sheep. All the effects of morphine were completely prevented by pretreatment with 18.2 µg/kg body weight 6-OHDA ICV. These results suggest that both morphine-induced inhibition of Rumen Motility and psychomotor excitability are due to central noradrenergic descending system activation. The exact location of the noradrenergic system remains to be determined.
M A Pass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inhibitory effects of short intravascular infusions of propionate on reticulo Rumen Motility in the sheep
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1996Co-Authors: Lance M Mcleay, M A PassAbstract:Abstract The effect of short infusions into the hepatic portal vein of propionate on reticulo-Rumen Motility was examined in conscious sheep. Infusions of 10 min duration of propionate at 1–6 mmol.min −1 into the portal vein reduced the frequency and amplitude of reticulum and Rumen contractions, especially the amplitude of Rumen contractions. Inhibitory effects were not confined to the portal route and were also obtained via the jugular vein, carotid artery, coeliac artery and anterior mesenteric artery. Butyrate was also effective, but acetate much less so and NaCl almost without effect. The inhibitory responses remained after section of nerves to the liver. It appears unlikely the effects reflexly originate from the liver or are derived centrally.
Robert C. Backus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The primary-secondary Rumen contraction and gas expulsion in sheep (Ovis aries).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 2003Co-Authors: Laura E Peruzzo De Na Ville, Harry W Colvin, Robert C. BackusAbstract:Abstract 1. 1. Sheep Rumens were insufflated with nitrogen to 5, 10, 15 and 20cm HOH pressure and sustained at each pressure for 5 min. 2. 2. Measurements included Rumen Motility, reticuloRumen myoelectrical activity, eructation frequency and volume, and changes in tracheal pressure. 3. 3. Associated with elevated intraRumen pressure was a previously unreported type of Rumen contraction on which gas expulsion occurred, the primary-secondary contraction. 4. 4. Gas expulsion volume was similar on primary-secondary and secondary contractions. 5. 5. The maximum Rumen contraction rate per min was 4–5 for secondaries and 1–2 for primary-secondaries. 6. 6. Irrespective of the sustained initial pressure, resting intraRumen pressure was reached within 5 min.
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Elevated intra-Rumen pressure and secondary Rumen contractions in sheep (Ovis aries)
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 2003Co-Authors: Sandra A Mercer, Harry W Colvin, Robert C. BackusAbstract:Abstract 1. 1. Sheep Rumens were insufflated with nitrogen to 5, 10, 15, and 20cm water pressure and sustained at each pressure for 10 min. 2. 2. Measurements included Rumen Motility, reticuloRumen myoelectric activity, eructation frequency and volume, changes in tracheal pressure and Rumen contraction amplitude. 3. 3. As intra-Rumen pressure increased, contractions designated as special secondary contractions appeared. 4. 4. At a pressure of approximately 15 cm water, most of the special secondary contractions became regular secondaries; therefore, the special secondaries were called pro-secondary contractions. 5. 5. Increased intra-Rumen pressure was associated with respiratory distress. The recovery phase following Rumen insufflation was accompanied by hyperpnea.
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The effect of elevation of intraRumen pressure by nitrogen insufflation on eructation in cattle (Bos taurus).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1993Co-Authors: Robert C. Backus, Harry W Colvin, Edward J. DepetersAbstract:Abstract 1. 1. The in traRumen pressure (IRP) of eight calves was elevated for 10 min by nitrogen insufflation to pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm H2O. 2. 2. Rumen Motility was evaluated by recording reticuloRumen myoelectrical activity and changes in luminal pressure, while eructation was determined from anterior tracheal and face mask gas expulsion. 3. 3. The elevation of IRP increased primary Rumen contraction frequency slightly and secondary Rumen contraction frequency as much as 3-fold. 4. 4. Rumen gas was expelled only during Rumen contractions and virtually always during secondary Rumen contractions. 5. 5. Cattle do not exhibit the primary-secondary contraction previously identified in sheep and their Rumen Motility appears to be less sensitive than sheep to increases in IRP.
Ahmad Al-majali - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on certain clinical and arterial blood gas parameters in sheep and goats
Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2010Co-Authors: Zuhair Bani Ismail, Khaleel Jawasreh, Ahmad Al-majaliAbstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, Rumen Motility, peripheral blood pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 in adult female nonpregnant Awassi sheep and adult female nonpregnant Damascus goats. Anesthesia was induced using 0.1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 0.25 mg/kg xylazine, ketamine, and diazepam respectively as a single intravenous injection. The heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, Rumen Motility, peripheral arterial blood pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 were evaluated 15 min before and at 15, 30, and 60 min during anesthesia. In sheep, the heart rate, Rumen Motility, and PaO2 were decreased significantly ( P
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Effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on certain clinical and arterial blood gas parameters in sheep and goats
Comparative Haematology International, 2009Co-Authors: Zuhair Bani Ismail, Khaleel Jawasreh, Ahmad Al-majaliAbstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, Rumen Motility, peripheral blood pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 in adult female nonpregnant Awassi sheep and adult female nonpregnant Damascus goats. Anesthesia was induced using 0.1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 0.25 mg/kg xylazine, ketamine, and diazepam respectively as a single intravenous injection. The heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, Rumen Motility, peripheral arterial blood pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 were evaluated 15 min before and at 15, 30, and 60 min during anesthesia. In sheep, the heart rate, Rumen Motility, and PaO2 were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15, 30, and 60 min following anesthesia. The respiration rate and rectal temperature and blood pH were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min. The peripheral PaCO2 was increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min. In goats, the heart rate and Rumen Motility were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15, 30, and 60 min while the respiration rate was decreased only significantly (P < 0.05) at 60 min. Rectal temperature was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min. The blood pH was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min. PaO2 was only significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 15 min while PaCO2 was increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min.
