Saanen Goat

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Mingruo Guo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • proteomic analysis of differentially expressed whey proteins in Saanen Goat milk from different provinces in china using a data independent acquisition technique
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Zixuan Zhao, Cuina Wang, Ning Liu, Jianjun Cheng, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    Whey proteins of Saanen Goat milk samples from 3 provinces in China (Guangdong, GD; Inner Mongolia, IM; Shaanxi, SX) were characterized and compared using data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics technique. A total of 550 proteins were quantified in all 3 samples. There were 44, 44, and 33 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for GD versus IM, GD versus SX, and IM versus SX, respectively. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that the largest number of DEP for the 3 comparisons were as follows: for biological processes: response to progesterone, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process, and negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; for molecular functions: antioxidant activity, binding, and peroxiredoxin activity; and for cellular components: the same category of extracellular regions for the 3 comparisons, respectively. Pathways for the DEP of 3 comparisons were (1) disease; (2) synthesis and metabolism; and (3) synthesis, degradation, and metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that DEP for GD versus SX had the most interactions.

  • proteomic analysis of whey proteins in the colostrum and mature milk of xinong Saanen Goats
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Xinong Saanen Goats are among the major dairy Goats in China, and their milk is one of the major milk supplies for the Chinese dairy industry. To explore the whey proteome of Xinong Saanen Goat milk, we analyzed the whey proteins of Goat colostrum and mature milk using proteomic techniques. We identified a total of 314 and 524 proteins in Goat colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Our data showed the first 3 functional categories of signal, disulfide bond, and secreted in both milk types. The most abundant Gene Ontology annotations in both milks were the biological process of positive regulation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1 and ERK2 cascade; the cellular component of extracellular exosome; and the molecular function of calcium ion binding. Goat colostrum whey proteins showed more disease-related pathways, and mature milk showed more pathways associated with metabolism. Moreover, we observed several pathways involved in intestinal mucosal immunity only in colostrum. Protein–protein interaction network and module analysis revealed that complement and coagulation cascades and Staphylococcus aureus infection were significant in the whey proteins of both milks, and carbon metabolism was more common for mature milk than for colostrum. These findings could provide useful information for the use of Goat milk whey proteins in the Chinese dairy industry.

  • protein digestion properties of xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk using in vitro digestion model
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Xinong Saanen Goat milk is a raw material for Goat milk-based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied. RESULTS Zeta-potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The casein-derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β-Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1 -casein. Enterotoxin-binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk. CONCLUSION Differences in digestion properties between Goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of Goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Yuxue Sun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • proteomic analysis of whey proteins in the colostrum and mature milk of xinong Saanen Goats
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Xinong Saanen Goats are among the major dairy Goats in China, and their milk is one of the major milk supplies for the Chinese dairy industry. To explore the whey proteome of Xinong Saanen Goat milk, we analyzed the whey proteins of Goat colostrum and mature milk using proteomic techniques. We identified a total of 314 and 524 proteins in Goat colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Our data showed the first 3 functional categories of signal, disulfide bond, and secreted in both milk types. The most abundant Gene Ontology annotations in both milks were the biological process of positive regulation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1 and ERK2 cascade; the cellular component of extracellular exosome; and the molecular function of calcium ion binding. Goat colostrum whey proteins showed more disease-related pathways, and mature milk showed more pathways associated with metabolism. Moreover, we observed several pathways involved in intestinal mucosal immunity only in colostrum. Protein–protein interaction network and module analysis revealed that complement and coagulation cascades and Staphylococcus aureus infection were significant in the whey proteins of both milks, and carbon metabolism was more common for mature milk than for colostrum. These findings could provide useful information for the use of Goat milk whey proteins in the Chinese dairy industry.

  • protein digestion properties of xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk using in vitro digestion model
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Xinong Saanen Goat milk is a raw material for Goat milk-based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied. RESULTS Zeta-potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The casein-derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β-Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1 -casein. Enterotoxin-binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk. CONCLUSION Differences in digestion properties between Goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of Goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cuina Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • proteomic analysis of differentially expressed whey proteins in Saanen Goat milk from different provinces in china using a data independent acquisition technique
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Zixuan Zhao, Cuina Wang, Ning Liu, Jianjun Cheng, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    Whey proteins of Saanen Goat milk samples from 3 provinces in China (Guangdong, GD; Inner Mongolia, IM; Shaanxi, SX) were characterized and compared using data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics technique. A total of 550 proteins were quantified in all 3 samples. There were 44, 44, and 33 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for GD versus IM, GD versus SX, and IM versus SX, respectively. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that the largest number of DEP for the 3 comparisons were as follows: for biological processes: response to progesterone, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process, and negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; for molecular functions: antioxidant activity, binding, and peroxiredoxin activity; and for cellular components: the same category of extracellular regions for the 3 comparisons, respectively. Pathways for the DEP of 3 comparisons were (1) disease; (2) synthesis and metabolism; and (3) synthesis, degradation, and metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that DEP for GD versus SX had the most interactions.

  • proteomic analysis of whey proteins in the colostrum and mature milk of xinong Saanen Goats
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Xinong Saanen Goats are among the major dairy Goats in China, and their milk is one of the major milk supplies for the Chinese dairy industry. To explore the whey proteome of Xinong Saanen Goat milk, we analyzed the whey proteins of Goat colostrum and mature milk using proteomic techniques. We identified a total of 314 and 524 proteins in Goat colostrum and mature milk, respectively. Our data showed the first 3 functional categories of signal, disulfide bond, and secreted in both milk types. The most abundant Gene Ontology annotations in both milks were the biological process of positive regulation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1 and ERK2 cascade; the cellular component of extracellular exosome; and the molecular function of calcium ion binding. Goat colostrum whey proteins showed more disease-related pathways, and mature milk showed more pathways associated with metabolism. Moreover, we observed several pathways involved in intestinal mucosal immunity only in colostrum. Protein–protein interaction network and module analysis revealed that complement and coagulation cascades and Staphylococcus aureus infection were significant in the whey proteins of both milks, and carbon metabolism was more common for mature milk than for colostrum. These findings could provide useful information for the use of Goat milk whey proteins in the Chinese dairy industry.

  • protein digestion properties of xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk using in vitro digestion model
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yuxue Sun, Cuina Wang, Xiaomeng Sun, Mingruo Guo
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Xinong Saanen Goat milk is a raw material for Goat milk-based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen Goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied. RESULTS Zeta-potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The casein-derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β-Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1 -casein. Enterotoxin-binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk. CONCLUSION Differences in digestion properties between Goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of Goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

I A M A Teixeira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy and protein requirements of weaned male and female Saanen Goats
    Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017
    Co-Authors: F O M Figueiredo, Kleber Tomas De Resende, Rafael Fernandes Leite, N R Stpierre, A K Almeida, Anaiane Pereira Souza, I A M A Teixeira
    Abstract:

    The objective of this research was to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in male (castrated and intact) and female Saanen Goat kids between 15 and 30 kg BW. To determine the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) and the net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm ), 75 Goats (25 castrated and 26 intact males and 24 females) were used. Twenty-one Goats (seven castrated and eight intact males and six females) were randomly assigned for slaughter to estimate the initial empty body composition. The 54 remaining animals (18 castrated and 18 intact males and 18 females) were randomly assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three sexes and three levels of intake (ad libitum and restricted feed to 75% or 50% of the ad libitum intake). Within each sex, six blocks (three Goats per block) were formed and one Goat was randomly assigned to each level of intake. The 75% and the 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily, based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. All animals within block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg BW. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg ) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg ) were obtained using 58 animals (20 castrated and 20 intact males and 18 females). The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW (15, 23 or 30 kg). Sex did not affect NEg and NPm (277.8 kJ/kg0.75  BW day and 2.98 g CP/kg0.75  BW day respectively), as well as NPg (180.9 ± 6.48 g/kg EBW gain) in Saanen Goat kids. However, castrated males and females had similar NEg (varied from 12.6 ± 0.424 to 17.9 ± 1.38 MJ/kg EBW gain), greater than intact males (varied from 9.74 ± 0.420 to 10.7 ± 0.984 MJ/kg EBW gain), as the BW increased from 15 to 30 kg.

  • body composition protein and energy efficiencies and requirements for growth of f1 boer Saanen Goat kids
    Journal of Animal Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: I A M A Teixeira, M H M R Fernandes, J Pereira M Filho, Roberta Carrilho Canesin, R A Gomes, Kleber Tomas De Resende
    Abstract:

    We conducted a study in which body composition, energy and protein requirements, and efficiency of MP and ME were determined in F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids of 5 to 25 kg BW by using the comparative slaughter technique. Two experiments were performed: Exp. 1 estimated the maintenance requirements of kids from 15 to 25 kg BW, and Exp. 2 estimated the gain requirements of kids from 5 to 25 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 28 intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids were utilized, with 7 kids slaughtered (BW of 15.0 ± 0.35 kg) at the onset for estimation of initial body composition and the remaining 21 kids assigned to a randomized block design. Within each block, kids were subjected to 3 levels of feed intake treatments (ad libitum [100%] or restricted to 70% or 40% ad libitum). All kids in each block were slaughtered when the animals fed ad libitum reached 25 kg BW. The NE, ME for maintenance, and partial efficiency of use of ME for NE were 321.6 kJ/kg BW, 525.9 kJ/kg BW, and 0.61, respectively. The net protein and MP for maintenance were 2.43 g/kg of BW and 4.41 g/kg of BW, respectively; thus, the estimated partial efficiency of MP for maintenance was 0.55. In Exp. 2, 32 intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids were distributed in a completely randomized design and slaughtered at 5.6 ± 0.85 kg BW ( = 6), 10.0 ± 0.35 kg BW ( = 6), 15.3 ± 0.52 kg BW ( = 7), 20.4 ± 0.66 kg BW ( = 6), and 25 ± 0.46 kg BW ( = 7). Body composition was then fitted to allometric equations. Body fat composition increased from 37 to 114 g/kg empty BW (EBW; < 0.001), and body protein composition decreased by 10% (from 203.2 to 180.6 g/kg EBW; < 0.001) when kids grew from 5 to 25 kg BW. The NE increased by approximately 60% (from 7.2 to 11.5 MJ/kg of empty BW gain [EWG]; < 0.001), and the net protein for gain decreased by 10% (from 186 to 166 g/kg of EWG; < 0.001). The partial efficiency of the utilization of ME to NE for growth was 0.32 ( < 0.0001), and the partial efficiencies of the utilization of ME for the synthesis of protein and fat were 0.19 and 0.59 ( < 0.011), respectively. These results demonstrate that the protein and energy maintenance requirements in young crossbred Goat kids are greater than values reported previously in feeding system studies. In addition, their requirements for gain depend on body composition and are driven by efficiencies of deposition.

  • net mineral requirements for growth of Saanen Goat kids in early life are similar among genders
    Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017
    Co-Authors: A N Mendonca, C J Harter, S F Souza, D Oliveira, Boaventura O Neto, Bruno Biagioli, Kleber Tomas De Resende, I A M A Teixeira
    Abstract:

    Summary The current mineral requirements for growing Goat kids are based on sheep and cattle studies without differentiating between the stages of development or gender. The aims of this study were to determine the net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of Saanen Goat kids during the initial stages of growth and to analyse the effect of gender on the net requirements for growth of these macrominerals. Eighteen female, 19 intact male and 10 castrated male Saanen Goat kids were studied. The kids were selected applying a completely randomized design and slaughtered when their body weight (BW) reached approximately 5, 10 and 15 kg to determine the mineral requirements for growth at these stages. The net mineral requirements for growth were similar among genders. The Goat kids had slightly increased net requirements of Ca, P and Mg for growth with increasing BW from 5 to 15 kg. The net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K ranged from 9.61 to 9.67 g/kg of BW gain, 7.14 to 7.56 g/kg of BW gain, 0.34 to 0.37 g/kg of BW gain, 1.26 to 1.13 g/kg of BW gain, 1.88 to 1.82 g/kg of BW gain as the animals grew from 5 to 15 kg respectively. In conclusion, when formulating diets for Saanen Goat kids in early growth stage mineral levels do not need to adjusted based on gender.

  • mineral requirements for growth and maintenance of f1 boer Saanen male kids
    Journal of Animal Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: I A M A Teixeira, C J Harter, J Pereira M Filho, A G Da Silva Sobrinho, Kleber Tomas De Resende
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to determine the net requirements of minerals for the growth and maintenance of intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids in the initial phase of growth. The following 2 experiments were performed: Exp. 1 was performed to determine the net growth requirements for Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K by F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids from 5 to 25 kg of BW and Exp. 2 was performed to determine the maintenance requirements of F1 Boer × Saanen Goats from 15 to 25 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 32 intact male Goat kids were distributed in a completely randomized design and mineral body composition was fit to an allometric equation in the form of a nonlinear model. To determine the mineral requirements for maintenance in Exp. 2, 21 intact male Goat kids were distributed in a randomized block design, where the Goat kids were subjected to 3 levels of feed restriction (0, 30, and 60% feed restriction). At the onset of Exp. 2, 7 Goat kids were harvested and used to estimate the initial body composition (15 kg BW). Initial body composition was used to calculate the retention of minerals. The maintenance requirements were estimated by regressions obtained from the retention of minerals in the empty body and the intake of the mineral. The concentration of Ca, P, Na, and K in the empty BW decreased by 11, 13, 26, and 23% with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). As a consequence, our results showed that net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K for weight gain decreased by 27.5, 27.8, 4.25, 43.2, and 39.7%, respectively, with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). The net requirements (g/kg of ADG) decreased from 9.7 to 7.0 for Ca, 6.5 to 4.7 for P, 0.38 to 0.36 for Mg, 0.88 to 0.50 for Na, and 1.9 to 1.2 for K when BW increased from 5 to 25 kg. The daily net requirements for maintenance per kilogram of BW were 38 mg of Ca, 42 mg of P, 1.6 mg of Mg, 5.0 mg of Na, and 19 mg of K. These results for the nutritional requirements of minerals may help to formulate more balanced diets for F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids in the initial growth phase.

  • energy requirements for maintenance and growth of male Saanen Goat kids
    Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ariosvaldo Nunes De Medeiros, Kleber Tomas De Resende, I A M A Teixeira, Enrique Alejandro Yáñez, Marcos Jacome De Araujo, A. C. D. Ferreira
    Abstract:

    The aim of study was to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of forty-one Saanen, intact male kids with initial body weight (BW) of 5.12±0.19 kg. The baseline (BL) group consisted of eight kids averaging 5.46±0.18 kg BW. An intermediate group consisted of six kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 12.9±0.29 kg. The remaining kids (n = 27) were randomly allocated into nine slaughter groups (blocks) of three animals distributed among three amounts of dry matter intake (DMI; ad libitum and restricted to 70% or 40% of ad libitum intake). Animals in a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum-treatment kid in the group reached 20 kg BW. In a digestibility trial, 21 kids (same animals of the comparative slaughter) were housed in metabolic cages and used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the energetic value of the diet at different feed intake levels. The net energy for maintenance (NEm) was 417 kJ/kg 0.75 of empty BW (EBW)/d, while the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was 657 kJ/kg 0.75 of EBW/d. The efficiency of ME use for NE maintenance (km) was 0.64. Body fat content varied from 59.91 to 92.02 g/kg of EBW while body energy content varied from 6.37 to 7.76 MJ/kg of EBW, respectively, for 5 and 20 kg of EBW. The net energy for growth (NEg) ranged from 7.4 to 9.0 MJ/kg of empty weight gain by day at 5 and 20 kg BW, respectively. This study indicated that the energy requirements in Goats were lower than previously published

Kleber Tomas De Resende - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy and protein requirements of weaned male and female Saanen Goats
    Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017
    Co-Authors: F O M Figueiredo, Kleber Tomas De Resende, Rafael Fernandes Leite, N R Stpierre, A K Almeida, Anaiane Pereira Souza, I A M A Teixeira
    Abstract:

    The objective of this research was to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in male (castrated and intact) and female Saanen Goat kids between 15 and 30 kg BW. To determine the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) and the net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm ), 75 Goats (25 castrated and 26 intact males and 24 females) were used. Twenty-one Goats (seven castrated and eight intact males and six females) were randomly assigned for slaughter to estimate the initial empty body composition. The 54 remaining animals (18 castrated and 18 intact males and 18 females) were randomly assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three sexes and three levels of intake (ad libitum and restricted feed to 75% or 50% of the ad libitum intake). Within each sex, six blocks (three Goats per block) were formed and one Goat was randomly assigned to each level of intake. The 75% and the 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily, based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. All animals within block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg BW. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg ) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg ) were obtained using 58 animals (20 castrated and 20 intact males and 18 females). The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW (15, 23 or 30 kg). Sex did not affect NEg and NPm (277.8 kJ/kg0.75  BW day and 2.98 g CP/kg0.75  BW day respectively), as well as NPg (180.9 ± 6.48 g/kg EBW gain) in Saanen Goat kids. However, castrated males and females had similar NEg (varied from 12.6 ± 0.424 to 17.9 ± 1.38 MJ/kg EBW gain), greater than intact males (varied from 9.74 ± 0.420 to 10.7 ± 0.984 MJ/kg EBW gain), as the BW increased from 15 to 30 kg.

  • body composition protein and energy efficiencies and requirements for growth of f1 boer Saanen Goat kids
    Journal of Animal Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: I A M A Teixeira, M H M R Fernandes, J Pereira M Filho, Roberta Carrilho Canesin, R A Gomes, Kleber Tomas De Resende
    Abstract:

    We conducted a study in which body composition, energy and protein requirements, and efficiency of MP and ME were determined in F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids of 5 to 25 kg BW by using the comparative slaughter technique. Two experiments were performed: Exp. 1 estimated the maintenance requirements of kids from 15 to 25 kg BW, and Exp. 2 estimated the gain requirements of kids from 5 to 25 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 28 intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids were utilized, with 7 kids slaughtered (BW of 15.0 ± 0.35 kg) at the onset for estimation of initial body composition and the remaining 21 kids assigned to a randomized block design. Within each block, kids were subjected to 3 levels of feed intake treatments (ad libitum [100%] or restricted to 70% or 40% ad libitum). All kids in each block were slaughtered when the animals fed ad libitum reached 25 kg BW. The NE, ME for maintenance, and partial efficiency of use of ME for NE were 321.6 kJ/kg BW, 525.9 kJ/kg BW, and 0.61, respectively. The net protein and MP for maintenance were 2.43 g/kg of BW and 4.41 g/kg of BW, respectively; thus, the estimated partial efficiency of MP for maintenance was 0.55. In Exp. 2, 32 intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids were distributed in a completely randomized design and slaughtered at 5.6 ± 0.85 kg BW ( = 6), 10.0 ± 0.35 kg BW ( = 6), 15.3 ± 0.52 kg BW ( = 7), 20.4 ± 0.66 kg BW ( = 6), and 25 ± 0.46 kg BW ( = 7). Body composition was then fitted to allometric equations. Body fat composition increased from 37 to 114 g/kg empty BW (EBW; < 0.001), and body protein composition decreased by 10% (from 203.2 to 180.6 g/kg EBW; < 0.001) when kids grew from 5 to 25 kg BW. The NE increased by approximately 60% (from 7.2 to 11.5 MJ/kg of empty BW gain [EWG]; < 0.001), and the net protein for gain decreased by 10% (from 186 to 166 g/kg of EWG; < 0.001). The partial efficiency of the utilization of ME to NE for growth was 0.32 ( < 0.0001), and the partial efficiencies of the utilization of ME for the synthesis of protein and fat were 0.19 and 0.59 ( < 0.011), respectively. These results demonstrate that the protein and energy maintenance requirements in young crossbred Goat kids are greater than values reported previously in feeding system studies. In addition, their requirements for gain depend on body composition and are driven by efficiencies of deposition.

  • net mineral requirements for growth of Saanen Goat kids in early life are similar among genders
    Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017
    Co-Authors: A N Mendonca, C J Harter, S F Souza, D Oliveira, Boaventura O Neto, Bruno Biagioli, Kleber Tomas De Resende, I A M A Teixeira
    Abstract:

    Summary The current mineral requirements for growing Goat kids are based on sheep and cattle studies without differentiating between the stages of development or gender. The aims of this study were to determine the net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of Saanen Goat kids during the initial stages of growth and to analyse the effect of gender on the net requirements for growth of these macrominerals. Eighteen female, 19 intact male and 10 castrated male Saanen Goat kids were studied. The kids were selected applying a completely randomized design and slaughtered when their body weight (BW) reached approximately 5, 10 and 15 kg to determine the mineral requirements for growth at these stages. The net mineral requirements for growth were similar among genders. The Goat kids had slightly increased net requirements of Ca, P and Mg for growth with increasing BW from 5 to 15 kg. The net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K ranged from 9.61 to 9.67 g/kg of BW gain, 7.14 to 7.56 g/kg of BW gain, 0.34 to 0.37 g/kg of BW gain, 1.26 to 1.13 g/kg of BW gain, 1.88 to 1.82 g/kg of BW gain as the animals grew from 5 to 15 kg respectively. In conclusion, when formulating diets for Saanen Goat kids in early growth stage mineral levels do not need to adjusted based on gender.

  • mineral requirements for growth and maintenance of f1 boer Saanen male kids
    Journal of Animal Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: I A M A Teixeira, C J Harter, J Pereira M Filho, A G Da Silva Sobrinho, Kleber Tomas De Resende
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to determine the net requirements of minerals for the growth and maintenance of intact male F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids in the initial phase of growth. The following 2 experiments were performed: Exp. 1 was performed to determine the net growth requirements for Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K by F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids from 5 to 25 kg of BW and Exp. 2 was performed to determine the maintenance requirements of F1 Boer × Saanen Goats from 15 to 25 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 32 intact male Goat kids were distributed in a completely randomized design and mineral body composition was fit to an allometric equation in the form of a nonlinear model. To determine the mineral requirements for maintenance in Exp. 2, 21 intact male Goat kids were distributed in a randomized block design, where the Goat kids were subjected to 3 levels of feed restriction (0, 30, and 60% feed restriction). At the onset of Exp. 2, 7 Goat kids were harvested and used to estimate the initial body composition (15 kg BW). Initial body composition was used to calculate the retention of minerals. The maintenance requirements were estimated by regressions obtained from the retention of minerals in the empty body and the intake of the mineral. The concentration of Ca, P, Na, and K in the empty BW decreased by 11, 13, 26, and 23% with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). As a consequence, our results showed that net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K for weight gain decreased by 27.5, 27.8, 4.25, 43.2, and 39.7%, respectively, with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). The net requirements (g/kg of ADG) decreased from 9.7 to 7.0 for Ca, 6.5 to 4.7 for P, 0.38 to 0.36 for Mg, 0.88 to 0.50 for Na, and 1.9 to 1.2 for K when BW increased from 5 to 25 kg. The daily net requirements for maintenance per kilogram of BW were 38 mg of Ca, 42 mg of P, 1.6 mg of Mg, 5.0 mg of Na, and 19 mg of K. These results for the nutritional requirements of minerals may help to formulate more balanced diets for F1 Boer × Saanen Goat kids in the initial growth phase.

  • energy requirements for maintenance and growth of male Saanen Goat kids
    Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ariosvaldo Nunes De Medeiros, Kleber Tomas De Resende, I A M A Teixeira, Enrique Alejandro Yáñez, Marcos Jacome De Araujo, A. C. D. Ferreira
    Abstract:

    The aim of study was to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of forty-one Saanen, intact male kids with initial body weight (BW) of 5.12±0.19 kg. The baseline (BL) group consisted of eight kids averaging 5.46±0.18 kg BW. An intermediate group consisted of six kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 12.9±0.29 kg. The remaining kids (n = 27) were randomly allocated into nine slaughter groups (blocks) of three animals distributed among three amounts of dry matter intake (DMI; ad libitum and restricted to 70% or 40% of ad libitum intake). Animals in a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum-treatment kid in the group reached 20 kg BW. In a digestibility trial, 21 kids (same animals of the comparative slaughter) were housed in metabolic cages and used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the energetic value of the diet at different feed intake levels. The net energy for maintenance (NEm) was 417 kJ/kg 0.75 of empty BW (EBW)/d, while the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was 657 kJ/kg 0.75 of EBW/d. The efficiency of ME use for NE maintenance (km) was 0.64. Body fat content varied from 59.91 to 92.02 g/kg of EBW while body energy content varied from 6.37 to 7.76 MJ/kg of EBW, respectively, for 5 and 20 kg of EBW. The net energy for growth (NEg) ranged from 7.4 to 9.0 MJ/kg of empty weight gain by day at 5 and 20 kg BW, respectively. This study indicated that the energy requirements in Goats were lower than previously published