The Experts below are selected from a list of 276 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sam Holloway - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A review of onshore UK Salt Deposits and their potential for underground gas storage
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2009Co-Authors: D.j. Evans, Sam HollowayAbstract:The UK faces a major change in the nature of its gas supply as North Sea production declines and the country becomes increasingly reliant upon gas imports. As a result the UK Government recognizes that significant investment in gas supply infrastructure is required to maintain security of supply and manage the gas market. Part of that infrastructure will be additional underground gas storage capacity in specially designed and engineered Salt caverns. This paper summarizes the distribution and nature of halite (rock Salt) Deposits in England and Northern Ireland, and reviews the details of existing and planned storage sites in Salt caverns. There is considerable potential for further Salt cavern development. However, not all of the UK Salt fields are suitable, with the halite beds being too shallow, thin or impure.
K Salmenoja - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Corrosion of super-heater steel materials under alkali Salt Deposits. Part 2: SEM analyses of different steel materials
Corrosion Science, 2010Co-Authors: Bengt-johan Skrifvars, M. Westén-karlsson, Mikko Hupa, K SalmenojaAbstract:Abstract This paper is the second in a series of two papers where we report results from laboratory-scale corrosion studies in which tailor-made well-characterized synthetic alkali Salt Deposits were used for corrosion testing of typical kraft recovery boiler super-heater steel materials. The corrosion testing was done in temperatures ranging from 450 to 600 °C. Six different alkali Salts and six different steel types were used in the tests. In the first paper we reported generally on the corrosion tendencies of the six steels. In this second paper we continue the corrosion behavior mapping of the tested steels.
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corrosion of superheater steel materials under alkali Salt Deposits part 1 the effect of Salt deposit composition and temperature
Corrosion Science, 2008Co-Authors: Engtjoha Skrifvars, Mikko Hupa, K Salmenoja, Raine Ackma, Esa VakkilaineAbstract:Abstract This paper is the first in a series of two reporting on results from an extensive laboratory-scale corrosion study where tailor-made well-characterized synthetic alkali Salt Deposits were used for corrosion testing of several steel materials used in or aimed for recovery boiler superheater tubing. The corrosion testing was done in temperatures ranging from 450 to 600 °C. The synthetic alkali Salt Deposits, containing sodium, potassium sulfates and chlorides, were composed in such a way that their first melting temperature, T 0 , and the amount of melt formed at this temperature, varied for each Salt mixture. The results showed on one hand that an increased amount of melt in the Salt deposit increased the corrosion of the steel material markedly. The results showed, however also, that corrosion could take place at temperatures clearly below any melting of the Salt Deposits if the composition was suitable. This took place with Salts that contained chlorine. Already a very low amount of chlorine in the Salt caused corrosion at temperatures typical for superheaters in the recovery boiler. These effects are qualitatively well-known from earlier but it was surprising that already a very small amount of chlorine caused significant increase in corrosion. To stress the importance of the deposit layer on the corrosion we introduce two new terms: (1) sub- T 0 corrosion, indicating corrosion taking place below any melting of the deposit and (2) super- T 0 corrosion, indicating corrosion taking place when the deposit contains melt.
Helga Stanlotter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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from intraterrestrials to extraterrestrials viable haloarchaea in ancient Salt Deposits
2004Co-Authors: Helga Stanlotter, Andrea Legat, Claudia Gruber, Cristian Radax, Terence J Mcgenity, M Pfaffenhuemer, Heidemarie Wieland, Ewald B. M. DennerAbstract:During several periods in the Earth’s history, immense sedimentation of halite and some other minerals from hypersaline seas took place. An estimated 1.3 million cubic kilometers of Salt were deposited in the late Permian and early Triassic periods alone (ca. 240 to 280 million years ago; Zharkov 1981). The continental land masses were concentrated around the paleoequator and formed the supercontinent Pangaea (Fig. 5.1). Salt sediments developed in large basins, which were connected to the open oceans by narrow channels. The paleoclimate was warm and arid in a wide belt around the equator, causing large-scale evaporation. About 100 million years ago, fragmentation of Pangaea was beginning; the continents were displaced to the north, and folding of new mountain ranges such as the Alps and Carpathians was underway (Einsele 1992). As a result of these movements driven by plate tectonics, huge Salt Deposits are found today predominantly in the northern regions of the continents, e.g. in Siberia, northern and central Europe (Zechstein series), south-eastern Europe (Alps and Carpathian mountains), and the midcontinent basin in North America (Zharkov 1981). Growing interest is emerging in the exploration of microbial life in subterranean environments, such as deep sub-seafloor sediments, crustal rocks, sedimentary rocks, and also ancient Salt Deposits (for a review, see Pedersen 2000). It has been estimated that the total amount of carbon in the “intraterrestrial” prokaryotic mass on Earth may be as large or even exceed that of plants and prokaryotes growing on the surface of the Earth (Pedersen 2000).
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origins of halophilic microorganisms in ancient Salt Deposits
Environmental Microbiology, 2000Co-Authors: Terry J. Mcgenity, Renia T Gemmell, William D Grant, Helga StanlotterAbstract:Terry J. McGenity,* Renia T. Gemmell, William D. Grant and Helga Stan-Lotter Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK. Agrol Ltd, Agrol House, Woodbridge Meadows, Guildford, Surrey GU1 1BA, UK. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK. Institute of Genetics and General Biology, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020, Salzburg. Austria.
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comparison of membrane atpases from extreme halophiles isolated from ancient Salt Deposits
Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 1993Co-Authors: Helga Stanlotter, Michael Sulzner, Eva Egelseer, Cynthia F Norton, Lawrence I HochsteinAbstract:Halophilic microorganisms were isolated from Triassic and Permian Salt Deposits. Two were rods and grew as red colonies; another was a coccus and produced pink colonies. The rods lysed in solutions that lacked added sodium chloride. Growth of all isolates was inhibited by aphidicolin and their bulk proteins were acidic as judged from isoelectric focusing. Therefore, these organisms were tentatively identified as extreme halophiles. Whole cell proteins patterns of the isolates following gel electrophoresis were distinct and differed from those of representative type strains of halophilic bacteria. The membrane ATPases from the rods were similar to the enzyme fromHalobacterium saccharovorum with respect to subunit composition, enzymatic properties and immunological cross-reaction, but differed slightly in amino acid composition. If the age of the microbial isolated is similar to that of the Salt Deposits, they can be considered repositories of molecular information of great evolutionary interest.
D.j. Evans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A review of onshore UK Salt Deposits and their potential for underground gas storage
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2009Co-Authors: D.j. Evans, Sam HollowayAbstract:The UK faces a major change in the nature of its gas supply as North Sea production declines and the country becomes increasingly reliant upon gas imports. As a result the UK Government recognizes that significant investment in gas supply infrastructure is required to maintain security of supply and manage the gas market. Part of that infrastructure will be additional underground gas storage capacity in specially designed and engineered Salt caverns. This paper summarizes the distribution and nature of halite (rock Salt) Deposits in England and Northern Ireland, and reviews the details of existing and planned storage sites in Salt caverns. There is considerable potential for further Salt cavern development. However, not all of the UK Salt fields are suitable, with the halite beds being too shallow, thin or impure.
Vittorio Scribano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tracking the Serpentinite Feet of the Mediterranean Salt Giant
Geosciences, 2018Co-Authors: Vittorio Scribano, Serafina Carbone, Fabio Carmelo ManuellaAbstract:Interpretation of seismic profiles and results of scientific drillings in the Mediterranean subseafloor provided indication of gigantic Salt Deposits which rarely crop out on land, such as in Sicily. The Salt giants were ascribed to the desiccation, driven by the solar energy, of the entire basin. Nevertheless, the evaporite model hardly explains deep-sea Salt Deposits. This paper considers a different hypothesis suggesting that seawater reached NaCl saturation during serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Solid Salts and brine pockets were buried within the serpentinite bodies being later (e.g., in the Messinian) released, due to serpentinite breakdown, and discharged at seafloor as hydrothermal heavy brines. Therefore, sea-bottom layers of brine at gypsum and halite saturation were formed. The model is applicable to the Mediterranean area since geophysical data revealed relicts of an aged (hence serpentinized) oceanic lithosphere, of Tethyan affinity, both in its western “Atlantic” extension (Gulf of Cadiz) and in eastern basins, and xenoliths from Hyblean diatremes (Sicily) provided evidence of buried serpentinites in the central area. In addition, the buoyant behavior of muddled serpentinite and Salts (and hydrocarbons) gave rise to many composite diapirs throughout the Mediterranean area. Thus, the Mediterranean “Salt giant” consists of several independent geobodies of serpentinite and Salts.
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Origin of Salt giants in abyssal serpentinite systems
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Vittorio Scribano, Fabio Carmelo Manuella, Serafina Carbone, Martin Hovland, Håkon Rueslåtten, Hans-k. JohnsenAbstract:Worldwide marine Salt Deposits ranging over the entire geological record are generally considered climate-related evaporites, derived from the precipitation of Salts (mainly chlorides and sulfates) from saturated solutions driven by solar evaporation of seawater. This explanation may be realistic for a Salt thickness ≤100 m, being therefore inadequate for thicker (>1 km) Deposits. Moreover, sub-seafloor Salt Deposits in deep marine basins are difficult to reconcile with a surface evaporation model. Marine geology reports on abyssal serpentinite systems provide an alternative explanation for some Salt Deposits. Seawater-driven serpentinization consumes water and increases the salinity of the associated aqueous brines. Brines can be trapped in fractures and cavities in serpentinites and the surrounding ‘country’ rocks. Successive thermal dehydration of buried serpentinites can mobilize and accumulate the brines, forming highly saline hydrothermal solutions. These can migrate upwards and erupt onto the seafloor as saline geysers, which may form Salt-saturated water pools, as are currently observed in numerous deeps in the Red Sea and elsewhere. The drainage of deep-seated saline brines to seafloor may be a long-lasting, effective process, mainly occurring in areas characterized by strong tectonic stresses and/or igneous intrusions. Alternatively, brines could be slowly expelled from fractured serpentinites by buoyancy gradients and, hence, separated Salts/brines could intrude vertically into surrounding rocks, forming Salt diapirs. Serpentinization is an ubiquitous, exothermic, long-lasting process which can modify large volumes of oceanic lithosphere over geological times. Therefore, buried Salt Deposits in many areas of the world can be reasonably related to serpentinites.
