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Eefje Stutvoet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Energietransitie: omarm de complexiteit
Delft University of Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Eefje StutvoetAbstract:This book presents the outcome of research on conditions for development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition towards an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Two projects are studied of the innovation and transition program ‘Energy Leap’ (Energiesprong); ‘Slim & Snel’ and ‘De Stroomversnelling’. The aim of both projects was to stimulate the development and large scale application of energy efficient renovation concepts for the post-was serial built social housing stock. In doing so, they focus on product and process innovation, combined with industrialization, to make renovation concepts scalable and affordable. Background There is a large energy saving potential in the existing housing stock, which can contribute to a sustainable built environment. For decades people have been making homes more energy efficient. The current Dutch housing stock exist for one third of dwellings from the period 1945 till 1975 (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijkrelaties, 2016). Due to the large production of houses from housing associations at that time, a large percentage of their stock still consists of dwellings from this period. Post-war social rental housing is often in need of a major improvement, especially in the energy field. Agreements have been made within the social rental sector to bring the housing stock to average label B before 2021 (SER, 2013), as a step towards an energy neutral stock in 2050. However, the current pace of energetic improvements is still insufficient to achieve the objectives. A transition is needed. The slow transition to an energy-neutral housing stock can partly be explained by the existing structures and related ways of thinking and acting in construction. Housing associations are willing to make their property more energy efficient, but are limited by the deterioration of their financial position and the limitation of their duties in recent years. The ‘Energy Leap’ program, aimed at the realisation of an energy neutral built environment, tries to investigate, through experiments, where the system can be adjusted to make the transition. The transition path, or in other words the strategy to arrive at an energy neutral housing stock, which is used by Energy Leap, is the use of integrated renovation concepts that makes homes in one time energy neutral. Research objective and questions The objective of the research is to create insight into the conditions required for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts. The research aims to contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Based on this objective, the following main question has been formulated: Which conditions are required for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock? To answer this question, the activities of Energy Leap were studied that were focused on the post-war social housing stock. The first research question focuses on these activities of Energy Leap and the context in which they are undertaken. Subsequently, by conducting template analysis, actions are derived that contribute to the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts. By establishing links between the actions in relation to the transition, the researcher has come up with sets of coherent actions that relate to a specific part of the system. Based on these sets, the required conditions are formulated. 1. What activities have been undertaken from Energy Leap to accelerate the transition and in what context? • a. Which activities were there in the Netherlands prior to Energy Leap for far-reaching energy savings in the existing housing stock? • b. How is the Energy Leap program from which activities have been undertaken built up? • c. On which theoretical concepts are the ideas of Energy Leap about the acceleration of the transition based? • d. How are the activities of Energy Leap developed specifically for the development and large scale application of renovation concepts for the post-war social housing stock? 2. What actions can be distinguished from the activities of Energy Leap, which contribute to the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts? • a. Which actions contribute to the development of energy neutral renovation concepts? • b. Which actions contribute to the large scale application of the developed renovation concepts? • c. What are the mutual relationships between these actions? 3. What conditions can be deduced from the determined actions and underlying theoretical concepts for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts? Research approach For the research a pragmatic approach is used. The research can be typified as participative, observational and inductive. By conducting participatory and observational research within the Energy Leap program, activities of Energy Leap were explored and the data collection was done for the analysis. At the same time, desk research was carried out into the energy policy from the 1970s onwards and the theoretical concepts which Energy Leap is based. Based on these theoretical concepts, lessons have been drawn that can contribute to the transition and that were later used for the comparison between theory and practice. An inductive analysis, in the form of a template analysis, was carried out on the data that emerged from participatory and observational research, with which the actions were determined for development and large scale application of renovation concepts. The relations between the actions are also recorded. The lessons from the theory were compared with the activities of Energy Leap and the derived actions. From the insights that resulted from this, a Schematic Image was formed about the transition process. With this Image a rearrangement has been made in the list of actions that contribute to development and large scale applications of renovation concepts. This distinguishes sets of interrelated actions that relate to a specific part of the system. From these sets the necessary conditions are derived for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Energy Leap: activities aimed at energy neutral renovation Energy leap can be seen as a transition program with which steps have been taken to start the transition to an energy neutral housing stock. Energy leap saw its own role mainly in to make a movement in the market and the realization of the necessary conditions. Energy leap focused on the development of integrated, affordable and scalable concepts. Using these it wanted to make ascending steps of 45%, to 60% and 80% energy reduction and it finally advocated bringing homes to Zero-On-The-Meter in one go. Energy leap helped parties achieve this by focusing on cooperation and knowledge sharing. Hereby it focused on the leaders in the market. At the same time, it tried to remove obstacles at all levels and to work on new approaches and solutions. Energy Leap has carried out various subprograms and projects with different approaches. There have been several tender projects supported by subsidy to create successful examples. Process support was provided to various projects, with the parties being guided in new ways of commissioning and integral cooperation. With a competition, a stage was given to innovative concepts. With deal making, agreements have been reached between parties to tackle large numbers of homes. Finally, knowledge products have been developed: tools for integral performance, financial feasibility and scaling up of concepts. Various theoretical approaches have influenced the Energy Leap program. Energy Leap has been set up as an implementation program for an innovation agenda. This innovation agenda has been drawn up from an innovation system approach (Hekkert et al., 2007). The philosophy of the Energy Leap program was based on the ideas of Transition Management (Rotmans, 2003). This has been applied by carrying out various transition experiments and by taking up the role of intermediary. The ‘Slim & Snel’ projects have been set up from the experimental idea, creating a protective environment and experimental space at project level (Van den Bosch, 2010). ‘De Stroomversnelling’ has much more the characteristics of Strategic Niche Management (Kemp et al., 1998). In addition, different views on development, change management and group processes have had an influence. Within the ‘Slim & Snel’ projects, but also at ‘De Stroomversnelling’, the lessons from the Soft System Methodology (Checkland en Poulter, 2006) have been deployed and various lessons from the Merger of Interests perspective (Van Hal, 2014) can be recognized. Theory U (Otto Scharmer, 2009) was used as inspiration for upscaling and for the target groups used was made of Rogers classifications (Rogers, 2003). Two subprograms of Energy Leap focused specifically on the post-war social housing stock, to which process support was given; ‘Slim & Snel’ and ‘De Stroomversnelling’. With Slim & Snel, Energy Leap strived for a series-based approach to accelerate the number of energy efficient housing renovations. In order to stimulate the development of integrated concepts, room for innovation has been created by using a different way of questioning and selection. Furthermore, it was required to work with multidisciplinary consortia that were coached in the cooperation in the chain to promote the integrality of the concepts. The scalability of concepts was pursued by looking for projects with similar houses from the sixties and the seventies. Within a project the aim was to renovate between four and five hundred homes, so that experience could be gained with a series-based approach. The initial intention was for several housing associations to jointly bring houses in a project in order to promote an snowball effect in the region. The plans that were made in the Slim & Snel projects were ultimately not scalable, partly due to the project based approach that the participants continued to keep. By focusing on innovation, integrality and scalability, the concepts also had to become affordable. The budgets that the housing associations had for the renovations were lower for each project, while the energy ambition went up. The idea also arose to realise a business case for the housing association by letting tenants pay housing costs (rent and energy costs) to the housing association. Unfortunately, legally and financially this was not yet possible within the existing frameworks. ‘De Stroomversnelling’ elaborated on the idea of realising affordable concepts by thinking in terms of the housing costs and the idea of realising a business case for housing associations. Also, much stronger efforts were made to arrive at scalable renovation concepts. The emphasis was on industrialisation and the realisation of building flows instead of working on a project basis. This was achieved by creating an even larger scale than was used for the ‘Slim & Snel’ projects. It is based on a deal in which agreements have been made for large numbers of houses in rapidly increasing steps; 1.000 in 2014, 11.000 in 2016 and 111.000 in 2020. This gave building parties the perspective with which they dared to invest in the development and design of an industrialised production process. By innovation the renovation was to be lowered in price and better suited to the wishes of the tenant. In order to realise a feasible business case for the housing association, the legislation has been adjusted so that from now on, in addition to the rent, they can also collect an energy performance fee for Zero-On-The-Meter houses. This cooperation agreement for ‘De Stroomversnelling’ was signed by four large construction companies and six housing associations. The intention was that during the duration of the agreement other housing associations could join in and the market would pick it up after the industrialisation phase and to realize 111.000 Zero-On-The-Meter dwellings. Actions that contribute to energy neutral renovation concepts In the analysis of the data, the improvements that Energy Leap tried to achieve were considered, as well as the obstacles they took away and the obstacles and opportunities they saw. A total of 78 possible actions were derived from this by the researcher for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which have been subdivided into six main themes from the inductive analysis; supply and demand development, change amongst involved parties, support among residents, financing options, adjustment of institutional framework and transition management. Based on the main theme of supply and demand development, actions have been formulated for the query of the housing association and the development of renovation concepts. By putting an open request to the market and by combining the demands of similar projects, housing associations can provoke the development of renovation concepts using the request specifications. By simultaneously working on demand and supply development and ensuring openness between the parties involved about possible solutions, both the demand can be tightened and the supply improved. Set up the design process in such a way that the renovation solution can be designed integrally as one system. Make the process a precondition for innovation and provide process support to help avoid existing thinking and working patterns and help with the collaboration. Design a renovation solution in which the house can be made energy neutral, but which is also an integral solution for the overall quality so the lifespan is extended and the house once again meets the current and future housing needs. To this end, expand the scope outside the dwelling. Work on a scalable renovation concept that can be applied for a large number of houses, but can also fulfil the wish for customisation and diversity. As housing associations expand the scale so that a construction building party can set up a new production process. As a building party begin by prototyping to be able to test the renovation solution and the production process. Then industrialise the production process and work from building flows. As a housing association, use an open market approach in the tender process to give new parties and concepts a chance. Buy a renovation concept as a product. Ensure competition and select both on hard and soft values. As a construction company, do market research and pay attention to marketing in order to meet the needs of the housing association and market the developed renovation concepts. As building party, offer the renovation concepts with a performance guarantee. The main theme of change amongst involved parties relates to the role of the client and the contractor, the existing relationships with stakeholders, the cooperation and the change in the organisation. Actions aimed at the division of roles are: shift the design responsibility to the developing party, as a housing association transform to a purchasing company and service provider and as a construction company transform into a product company. Actions in the network of stakeholders are: involve new players for marketing and sales, involve (local) partners in the development, open up existing (supply) contracts and work on new services as an energy supplier. As a building company invest in your own innovation team. Cooperate integrally for the development of the concept and involve the entire chain. Cooperate on the basis of openness and equality. Changing roles means that new competencies are needed and policy and strategy must be adjusted. Actions to create support among residents relate to customer oriented work, communication and the use of the house. To this end, develop the renovation concept based on the resident’s needs and give the resident the opportunity to choose for himself by offering the renovation in a demand oriented manner. Work from a strong brand that appeals to residents. Make joint communications to the residents as housing association and building company. Use a differentiated residents approach to connect with different types of residents and locations. Make the renovation and communication about it as concrete and understandable as possible for residents. Make sure the living expenses for the resident do not increase after the renovation. As a construction party give the resident long term guarantees on the performance of the dwelling. Put these guarantees in a contract, check the production and installation process and monitor the performance during use. In the context of the main theme of financing options, actions are presented that relate to the financing by housing associations and the business case for the provider. Make sure the renovation becomes financially possible for the housing association by letting the money from the energy savings reach the housing association. For the financial assessment, consider the return over the lifespan instead of the initial investment. Ensure that there is a business case for the housing association at project level and ensure that financing can be obtained on the basis of the project returns. The business case of the construction party requires the pre-investment in the development of the renovation concept and setting up the production process. This expenditure is recovered by realising a large cost reduction on the realisation costs of the renovation and the creation of sufficient sales. The main theme of the institutional framework adjustment includes actions relating to legislation, regulations, permits and procedures. For the business case of the housing association, an important action is the amendment to allow the energy performance fee. Also, the current ‘netting arrangement’ (salderingsregeling) limits the financial feasibility. These limitations can be solved by allowing the energy production be netted at the building complex level and to provide certainty about the future of the current netting arrangement. Additionally, let small scale sustainable energy supplies fall under the Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI) and allow for self-sufficiency, because in the case of entirely sustainable production of energy in combination with storage, government regulated security of supply is not always necessary anymore. In the licensing process, the following actions can contribute to the use of renovation concepts: ensure uniform handling of permit applications, enable private quality assurance so that the renovation concept can be tested instead of a project, give a large scale exemption for (a part of) the environmental permit when standard extra measures are taken and provide room for experiments in the environmental permit. Under the main theme of transition control are actions to boost the previous actions and to accelerate the transition. The following actions have been formulated for this approach: steer the transition from a process-oriented approach, work simultaneously to realise the required conditions, set up an intermediary for the link between different levels, stimulate initiatives and test them in practical experiments and use a flexible approach that allows room for adaptation based on new insights. A transition is about long-term changes. Set a perspective for this and steer on an almost impossibly high ambition level to bring about change. At the beginning of the transition, focus on innovators and work with a small number of parties that can actually carry out innovation projects. At the same time, keep the government, umbrella organisations and supervisory parties informed of the ideas for a smooth course of the scale-up. Gradually scale up to larger and more complex situations and issues. Make the front runners ambassadors and ensure that other parties can catch on after the ‘pilot phase’. Provide visibility and awareness and allow the government to facilitate in the entire process. Finally, link the energy neutral renovations to other social goals and use time of ‘crisis’ to make a really big turnaround. Required conditions To derive the necessary conditions, the relationship between the actions in relation to the transition is considered. To this end, a picture of the transition process has first been formed by comparing the lessons from the theoretical concepts on which Energy Leap is founded against the activities of Energy Leap and the derived actions. With this representation of the transition process, events in the transition process are Schematically plotted against scale and time. This Schematic picture shows that the transition takes place at multiple levels – project, network, sector and society level – and that change at all levels is necessary to bring about the transition. In addition, a distinction has been made in this scheme between creating innovation space for the development of innovation on the one hand and building up the new system for large scale application on the other. The actions are placed in this Image of the transition process. Eight sets of coherent actions have been formed by clustering these and making connections, from which the following conditions are derived: • the presence of an experimentation space within which a number of parties jointly start, where new parties can join in and within which the parties can a
Stutvoet Eefje - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Energietransitie: omarm de complexiteit
TU Delft Open, 2018Co-Authors: Stutvoet EefjeAbstract:This book presents the outcome of research on conditions for development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition towards an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Two projects are studied of the innovation and transition program ‘Energy Leap’ (Energiesprong); ‘Slim & Snel’ and ‘De Stroomversnelling’. The aim of both projects was to stimulate the development and large scale application of energy efficient renovation concepts for the post-was serial built social housing stock. In doing so, they focus on product and process innovation, combined with industrialization, to make renovation concepts scalable and affordable. Background There is a large energy saving potential in the existing housing stock, which can contribute to a sustainable built environment. For decades people have been making homes more energy efficient. The current Dutch housing stock exist for one third of dwellings from the period 1945 till 1975 (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijkrelaties, 2016). Due to the large production of houses from housing associations at that time, a large percentage of their stock still consists of dwellings from this period. Post-war social rental housing is often in need of a major improvement, especially in the energy field. Agreements have been made within the social rental sector to bring the housing stock to average label B before 2021 (SER, 2013), as a step towards an energy neutral stock in 2050. However, the current pace of energetic improvements is still insufficient to achieve the objectives. A transition is needed. The slow transition to an energy-neutral housing stock can partly be explained by the existing structures and related ways of thinking and acting in construction. Housing associations are willing to make their property more energy efficient, but are limited by the deterioration of their financial position and the limitation of their duties in recent years. The ‘Energy Leap’ program, aimed at the realisation of an energy neutral built environment, tries to investigate, through experiments, where the system can be adjusted to make the transition. The transition path, or in other words the strategy to arrive at an energy neutral housing stock, which is used by Energy Leap, is the use of integrated renovation concepts that makes homes in one time energy neutral. Research objective and questions The objective of the research is to create insight into the conditions required for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts. The research aims to contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Based on this objective, the following main question has been formulated: Which conditions are required for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock? To answer this question, the activities of Energy Leap were studied that were focused on the post-war social housing stock. The first research question focuses on these activities of Energy Leap and the context in which they are undertaken. Subsequently, by conducting template analysis, actions are derived that contribute to the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts. By establishing links between the actions in relation to the transition, the researcher has come up with sets of coherent actions that relate to a specific part of the system. Based on these sets, the required conditions are formulated. 1. What activities have been undertaken from Energy Leap to accelerate the transition and in what context? a. Which activities were there in the Netherlands prior to Energy Leap for far-reaching energy savings in the existing housing stock? b. How is the Energy Leap program from which activities have been undertaken built up? c. On which theoretical concepts are the ideas of Energy Leap about the acceleration of the transition based? d. How are the activities of Energy Leap developed specifically for the development and large scale application of renovation concepts for the post-war social housing stock? 2. What actions can be distinguished from the activities of Energy Leap, which contribute to the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts? a. Which actions contribute to the development of energy neutral renovation concepts? b. Which actions contribute to the large scale application of the developed renovation concepts? c. What are the mutual relationships between these actions? 3. What conditions can be deduced from the determined actions and underlying theoretical concepts for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts? Research approach For the research a pragmatic approach is used. The research can be typified as participative, observational and inductive. By conducting participatory and observational research within the Energy Leap program, activities of Energy Leap were explored and the data collection was done for the analysis. At the same time, desk research was carried out into the energy policy from the 1970s onwards and the theoretical concepts which Energy Leap is based. Based on these theoretical concepts, lessons have been drawn that can contribute to the transition and that were later used for the comparison between theory and practice. An inductive analysis, in the form of a template analysis, was carried out on the data that emerged from participatory and observational research, with which the actions were determined for development and large scale application of renovation concepts. The relations between the actions are also recorded. The lessons from the theory were compared with the activities of Energy Leap and the derived actions. From the insights that resulted from this, a Schematic Image was formed about the transition process. With this Image a rearrangement has been made in the list of actions that contribute to development and large scale applications of renovation concepts. This distinguishes sets of interrelated actions that relate to a specific part of the system. From these sets the necessary conditions are derived for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which can contribute to the transition to an energy neutral post-war social housing stock. Energy Leap: activities aimed at energy neutral renovation Energy leap can be seen as a transition program with which steps have been taken to start the transition to an energy neutral housing stock. Energy leap saw its own role mainly in to make a movement in the market and the realization of the necessary conditions. Energy leap focused on the development of integrated, affordable and scalable concepts. Using these it wanted to make ascending steps of 45%, to 60% and 80% energy reduction and it finally advocated bringing homes to Zero-On-The-Meter in one go. Energy leap helped parties achieve this by focusing on cooperation and knowledge sharing. Hereby it focused on the leaders in the market. At the same time, it tried to remove obstacles at all levels and to work on new approaches and solutions. Energy Leap has carried out various subprograms and projects with different approaches. There have been several tender projects supported by subsidy to create successful examples. Process support was provided to various projects, with the parties being guided in new ways of commissioning and integral cooperation. With a competition, a stage was given to innovative concepts. With deal making, agreements have been reached between parties to tackle large numbers of homes. Finally, knowledge products have been developed: tools for integral performance, financial feasibility and scaling up of concepts. Various theoretical approaches have influenced the Energy Leap program. Energy Leap has been set up as an implementation program for an innovation agenda. This innovation agenda has been drawn up from an innovation system approach (Hekkert et al., 2007). The philosophy of the Energy Leap program was based on the ideas of Transition Management (Rotmans, 2003). This has been applied by carrying out various transition experiments and by taking up the role of intermediary. The ‘Slim & Snel’ projects have been set up from the experimental idea, creating a protective environment and experimental space at project level (Van den Bosch, 2010). ‘De Stroomversnelling’ has much more the characteristics of Strategic Niche Management (Kemp et al., 1998). In addition, different views on development, change management and group processes have had an influence. Within the ‘Slim & Snel’ projects, but also at ‘De Stroomversnelling’, the lessons from the Soft System Methodology (Checkland en Poulter, 2006) have been deployed and various lessons from the Merger of Interests perspective (Van Hal, 2014) can be recognized. Theory U (Otto Scharmer, 2009) was used as inspiration for upscaling and for the target groups used was made of Rogers classifications (Rogers, 2003). Two subprograms of Energy Leap focused specifically on the post-war social housing stock, to which process support was given; ‘Slim & Snel’ and ‘De Stroomversnelling’. With Slim & Snel, Energy Leap strived for a series-based approach to accelerate the number of energy efficient housing renovations. In order to stimulate the development of integrated concepts, room for innovation has been created by using a different way of questioning and selection. Furthermore, it was required to work with multidisciplinary consortia that were coached in the cooperation in the chain to promote the integrality of the concepts. The scalability of concepts was pursued by looking for projects with similar houses from the sixties and the seventies. Within a project the aim was to renovate between four and five hundred homes, so that experience could be gained with a series-based approach. The initial intention was for several housing associations to jointly bring houses in a project in order to promote an snowball effect in the region. The plans that were made in the Slim & Snel projects were ultimately not scalable, partly due to the project based approach that the participants continued to keep. By focusing on innovation, integrality and scalability, the concepts also had to become affordable. The budgets that the housing associations had for the renovations were lower for each project, while the energy ambition went up. The idea also arose to realise a business case for the housing association by letting tenants pay housing costs (rent and energy costs) to the housing association. Unfortunately, legally and financially this was not yet possible within the existing frameworks. ‘De Stroomversnelling’ elaborated on the idea of realising affordable concepts by thinking in terms of the housing costs and the idea of realising a business case for housing associations. Also, much stronger efforts were made to arrive at scalable renovation concepts. The emphasis was on industrialisation and the realisation of building flows instead of working on a project basis. This was achieved by creating an even larger scale than was used for the ‘Slim & Snel’ projects. It is based on a deal in which agreements have been made for large numbers of houses in rapidly increasing steps; 1.000 in 2014, 11.000 in 2016 and 111.000 in 2020. This gave building parties the perspective with which they dared to invest in the development and design of an industrialised production process. By innovation the renovation was to be lowered in price and better suited to the wishes of the tenant. In order to realise a feasible business case for the housing association, the legislation has been adjusted so that from now on, in addition to the rent, they can also collect an energy performance fee for Zero-On-The-Meter houses. This cooperation agreement for ‘De Stroomversnelling’ was signed by four large construction companies and six housing associations. The intention was that during the duration of the agreement other housing associations could join in and the market would pick it up after the industrialisation phase and to realize 111.000 Zero-On-The-Meter dwellings. Actions that contribute to energy neutral renovation concepts In the analysis of the data, the improvements that Energy Leap tried to achieve were considered, as well as the obstacles they took away and the obstacles and opportunities they saw. A total of 78 possible actions were derived from this by the researcher for the development and large scale application of energy neutral renovation concepts, which have been subdivided into six main themes from the inductive analysis; supply and demand development, change amongst involved parties, support among residents, financing options, adjustment of institutional framework and transition management. Based on the main theme of supply and demand development, actions have been formulated for the query of the housing association and the development of renovation concepts. By putting an open request to the market and by combining the demands of similar projects, housing associations can provoke the development of renovation concepts using the request specifications. By simultaneously working on demand and supply development and ensuring openness between the parties involved about possible solutions, both the demand can be tightened and the supply improved. Set up the design process in such a way that the renovation solution can be designed integrally as one system. Make the process a precondition for innovation and provide process support to help avoid existing thinking and working patterns and help with the collaboration. Design a renovation solution in which the house can be made energy neutral, but which is also an integral solution for the overall quality so the lifespan is extended and the house once again meets the current and future housing needs. To this end, expand the scope outside the dwelling. Work on a scalable renovation concept that can be applied for a large number of houses, but can also fulfil the wish for customisation and diversity. As housing associations expand the scale so that a construction building party can set up a new production process. As a building party begin by prototyping to be able to test the renovation solution and the production process. Then industrialise the production process and work from building flows. As a housing association, use an open market approach in the tender process to give new parties and concepts a chance. Buy a renovation concept as a product. Ensure competition and select both on hard and soft values. As a construction company, do market research and pay attention to marketing in order to meet the needs of the housing association and market the developed renovation concepts. As building party, offer the renovation concepts with a performance guarantee. The main theme of change amongst involved parties relates to the role of the client and the contractor, the existing relationships with stakeholders, the cooperation and the change in the organisation. Actions aimed at the division of roles are: shift the design responsibility to the developing party, as a housing association transform to a purchasing company and service provider and as a construction company transform into a product company. Actions in the network of stakeholders are: involve new players for marketing and sales, involve (local) partners in the development, open up existing (supply) contracts and work on new services as an energy supplier. As a building company invest in your own innovation team. Cooperate integrally for the development of the concept and involve the entire chain. Cooperate on the basis of openness and equality. Changing roles means that new competencies are needed and policy and strategy must be adjusted. Actions to create support among residents relate to customer oriented work, communication and the use of the house. To this end, develop the renovation concept based on the resident’s needs and give the resident the opportunity to choose for himself by offering the renovation in a demand oriented manner. Work from a strong brand that appeals to residents. Make joint communications to the residents as housing association and building company. Use a differentiated residents approach to connect with different types of residents and locations. Make the renovation and communication about it as concrete and understandable as possible for residents. Make sure the living expenses for the resident do not increase after the renovation. As a construction party give the resident long term guarantees on the performance of the dwelling. Put these guarantees in a contract, check the production and installation process and monitor the performance during use. In the context of the main theme of financing options, actions are presented that relate to the financing by housing associations and the business case for the provider. Make sure the renovation becomes financially possible for the housing association by letting the money from the energy savings reach the housing association. For the financial assessment, consider the return over the lifespan instead of the initial investment. Ensure that there is a business case for the housing association at project level and ensure that financing can be obtained on the basis of the project returns. The business case of the construction party requires the pre-investment in the development of the renovation concept and setting up the production process. This expenditure is recovered by realising a large cost reduction on the realisation costs of the renovation and the creation of sufficient sales. The main theme of the institutional framework adjustment includes actions relating to legislation, regulations, permits and procedures. For the business case of the housing association, an important action is the amendment to allow the energy performance fee. Also, the current ‘netting arrangement’ (salderingsregeling) limits the financial feasibility. These limitations can be solved by allowing the energy production be netted at the building complex level and to provide certainty about the future of the current netting arrangement. Additionally, let small scale sustainable energy supplies fall under the Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI) and allow for self-sufficiency, because in the case of entirely sustainable production of energy in combination with storage, government regulated security of supply is not always necessary anymore. In the licensing process, the following actions can contribute to the use of renovation concepts: ensure uniform handling of permit applications, enable private quality assurance so that the renovation concept can be tested instead of a project, give a large scale exemption for (a part of) the environmental permit when standard extra measures are taken and provide room for experiments in the environmental permit. Under the main theme of transition control are actions to boost the previous actions and to accelerate the transition. The following actions have been formulated for this approach: steer the transition from a process-oriented approach, work simultaneously to realise the required conditions, set up an intermediary for the link between different levels, stimulate initiatives and test them in practical experiments and use a flexible approach that allows room for adaptation based on new insights. A transition is about long-term changes. Set a perspective for this and steer on an almost impossibly high ambition level to bring about change. At the beginning of the transition, focus on innovators and work with a small number of parties that can actually carry out innovation projects. At the same time, keep the government, umbrella organisations and supervisory parties informed of the ideas for a smooth course of the scale-up. Gradually scale up to larger and more complex situations and issues. Make the front runners ambassadors and ensure that other parties can catch on after the ‘pilot phase’. Provide visibility and awareness and allow the government to facilitate in the entire process. Finally, link the energy neutral renovations to other social goals and use time of ‘crisis’ to make a really big turnaround. Required conditions To derive the necessary conditions, the relationship between the actions in relation to the transition is considered. To this end, a picture of the transition process has first been formed by comparing the lessons from the theoretical concepts on which Energy Leap is founded against the activities of Energy Leap and the derived actions. With this representation of the transition process, events in the transition process are Schematically plotted against scale and time. This Schematic picture shows that the transition takes place at multiple levels – project, network, sector and society level – and that change at all levels is necessary to bring about the transition. In addition, a distinction has been made in this scheme between creating innovation space for the development of innovation on the one hand and building up the new system for large scale application on the other. The actions are placed in this Image of the transition process. Eight sets of coherent actions have been formed by clustering these and making connections, from which the following conditions are derived: the presence of an experimentation space within which a number of parties jointly start, where new parties can join in and within which the parties can adapt; changing the role of housing a
Fatikhudin Pihan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PENAMAAN TEMPAT USAHA BERBAHASA ASING DI SURABAYA: KAJIAN SEMANTIK KOGNITIF
'State University of Malang (UM)', 2018Co-Authors: Fatikhudin PihanAbstract:Penamaan tempat usaha terdiri atas dua unsur, yaitu nama diri dan istilah. Penamaan tempat usaha merupakan lambang bahasa yang melekat pada tempat usaha sebagai informasi atau gagasan mengenai dunia usaha dan pemarkah identitas. Penamaan tempat usaha telah diatur dalam undang-undang bahasa, bendera, dan lambang negara dengan mengutamakan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini berfokus pada (1) pembentukan nama, (2) skema pencitraan, dan (3) pemadanan nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya. Berdasarkan fokus tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan (1) pembentukan nama, (2) skema pencitraan, dan (3) pemadanan nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah nama-nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya yang didapat pada Mei 2015 sampai November 2015. Korpus data berupa nama-nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya yang didapatkan melalui perekaman, pentranskripsian, pemilahan, dan pemilihan sehingga mampu menghasilkan deskripsi pada fokus yang telah diajukan. Instrument penelitian terdiri atas peneliti, internet, dan lembar catatan hasil penelitian. Pengumpulan data penelitian menggunakan metode observasi, simak, dan catat. Penganalisisan data penelitian menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik ganti, lesap, dan perluas. Penganalisisan data menggunakan tiga tahap penelitian, yaitu (1) pereduksian data, (2) penyajian data sesuai fokus, dan (3) penyimpulan atau pemverifikasian hasil penganalisisan data. Keabsahan data diuji dengan beberapa cara, yaitu deskripsi mendalam, triangulasi data, replika data, pemeriksaan teman sejawat, dan mengonsultasikan dengan ahli bahasa.Dari hasil penganalisisan data ditemukan delapan kategori penataan nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya. Kategori tersebut, yaitu (1) asosiasi, (2) penyebutan produk, (3) apelativa, (4) keserupaan (5) sifat khas, (6) harapan (7) tempat asal, 8) pemendekan. Kedua, ditemukan sepuluh skema pencitraan nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya. Skema pencitraan yang ditemukan terdiri atas (1) citra penghasilan, tempat usaha, dan kumpulan, (2) citra penghasilan dan kumpulan, (3) citra refleksif, tempat usaha, dan kumpulan, (4) citra kemilikan, tempat usaha, dan kumpulan, (5) citra kemilikan dan penghasilan, (6) citra lokatif, tempat usaha, dan kumpulan, (7) citra tempat usaha dan penghasilan, (8) citra psikologi dan tempat usaha, (9) citra tempat usaha dan lokatif, (10) citra psikologi dan penghasilan. Ketiga, pemadanan nama tempat usaha berbahasa asing di Surabaya dapat dilakukan dengan penerjemahan dan penyerapan. Penerjemahan nama dapat dilakukan melalui penerjemahan harfiah dan perekaan bahasa atau transkreasi. Penerjemahan yang dianggap kurang memenuhi kriteria padanan nama dapat diganti dengan penyerapan. Penyerapan bahasa asing ke dalam bahasa Indonesia mengacu pada ketentuan penyesuaian ejaan dan pelafalan sesuai dengan kaidah bahasa Indonesia. Penggunaan bahasa asing dalam penamaan tempat usaha mengonseptualisasi ide dan eksklusivitas. Bahasa asing lebih memiliki nilai jual dibanding bahasa Indonesia. Penamaan tempat usaha berbahasa asing menunjukkan tren pembentukan nama dengan mencitrakan entitas di lingkungan tempat usaha yang tanpa disadari pembuat nama.Kata Kunci: penamaan, skema citra, semantik kognitif, pemadanan, tempat usaha di Surabaya AbstractNaming a place of business is composed of two elements, namely the proper name and the term. Naming a business is a symbol of the language attached to the place of business for information or ideas about the world of business and the identity marker. Naming place of business has been set in legislation language, flag and emblem of the state that demanded priority to the use of the Indonesian language.This study focuses on (1) the establishment of nama2) imaging scheme, and (3) matching the name of the place of business of foreign language in Surabaya. Based on that focus, the purpose of this research is to find (1) the establishment name, (2) imaging scheme, and (3) matching the name of the place of business of foreign language in Surabaya.This research is descriptive qualitative. Sources of data in this study are the names of a foreign language in Surabaya businesses acquired in May 2015 to November 2015. The corpus of data such as names of places of business in Surabaya foreign language obtained through recording, transcription, sorting, and selection so as to generate a description of the focus has been filed. Research instrument consisting of researchers, the Internet, and a record sheet research results. Data collection research using observational methods, see, and record. Analyzing data using metode agih research with dressing techniques, vanished, and expand. Analyzing data using three stages of research, namely (1) data reduction, (2) data to the appropriate focus, and (3) inference or verifying the results of analyzing the data. The validity of the data is tested in several ways, namely in-depth descriptions, triangulation of data, replication of data, inspection peers, and consult with linguists.From the results of analyzing the data found Firstly, discovered ten categories of naming the foreign-language name of a place of business in Surabaya. Ten of these categories, namely (1) association, (2) the mention of product, (3) apelativa, (4) similitude, (5) particularity, (6) the mention expectations, (7) the mention of the place of origin, 8) shortening. Secondly, it was found eleven imaging scheme name foreign language place of business in Surabaya. Scheme imaging found to consist of (1) the Schematic Image of the income, place of business, and collection (2) the Schematic Image of income and collection, (3) the Schematic Image of reflexive, place of business, and collection, (4) the Schematic Image of those ownership, a place of business, and collection, (5) the Schematic Image of those ownership and income, (6) the Schematic Image locative, place of business, and collection, (7) the Schematic Image of place of business and income, (8) the Schematic Image of psychology and place of business, (9) the Schematic Image of place of business and locative, (10) the Schematic Image of psychology and income. Third, foreign-language name matching place of business in Surabaya do with translation and absorption. Translation can be done through the name of the literal translation and creation of language or trans creation. Translation is considered as not meeting criteria can be replaced with a name matching the absorption. Absorption of foreign languages into Indonesian language refers to the adjustment provisions spelling and pronunciation according to Indonesian rule. The use of foreign languages in the naming business premises conceptualizing ideas and exclusivity. Foreign language more commercial value than Indonesian. Naming a place of business in foreign languages show naming trend with imaging environment place of business entity unconsciously by maker name.Keywords: naming, Image schema, cognitive semantics, matching, place of business in Surabaya
Nik Zulaiha Zakaria - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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metafora konsepsi dan skema imej sebagai cerminan pemikiran dan kehidupan orang melayu conceptual metaphor and Schematic Image as a reflection of malay thoughts and life
e-Bangi, 2018Co-Authors: Nirwana Sudirman, Zulkifley Hamid, Masitah Mad Daud, Nik Zulaiha ZakariaAbstract:Bahasa Melayu adalah cerminan pemikiran dan kehidupan orang Melayu. Pelbagai unsur kebahasaan bahasa Melayu jelas menggambarkan pelbagai aspek pemikiran dan kehidupan orang Melayu. Kajian ini telah dilakukan untuk melihat perenggu minda orang Melayu sebagaimana yang terpancar dalam pantun Melayu. Data kajian adalah berdasarkan pantun Melayu yang termuat dalam buku Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (2013) terbitan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). Dalam kajian ini, penyelidik menggunakan kaedah penganalisisan teks. Daripada 5653 buah pantun yang terdapat dalam buku ini pengkaji telah memilih 110 pantun berdasarkan pengkategorian yang telah dibuat oleh penulis/penerbit buku ini. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menggunakan Teori Semantik Kognitif yang dicadangkan oleh George Lakoff dan Mark Johnson (1980) sebagai landasan kajian. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan pemikiran Melayu amat terpengaruh oleh alam sekeliling iaitu alam fauna dan alam flora yang melatari kehidupan orang Melayu. Konsep berguru kepada alam jelas tercermin dalam penciptaan pantun Melayu. Dalam pantun yang dikaji, terdapat pelbagai metafora yang jelas menggambarkan perenggu minda orang Melayu tentang kasih sayang, adat, kiasan, nasihat, perantauan, jenaka, peribahasa, budi, agama, kepahlawanan dan juga perniagaan. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini, terdapat tiga jenis metafora konsepsi yang dikesan hadir dalam pantun Kurik Kundi Merah Saga, iaitu metafora ontologi, orientasi dan struktural. Jelas kepada kita bahawa penciptaan pantun dengan pemikiran Melayu adalah saling terkait. Dapatan kajian ini membolehkan kita untuk lebih memahami perenggu minda orang Melayu yang telah diwarisi sejak zaman berzaman, dan tidak banyak berubah. _____________________________ Malay language is a reflection of the thoughts and lives of the Malays. Various linguistic elements in Malay clearly illustrate the various aspects of thought and life of Malay people. This study was conducted to analyze the mindset of the Malays as reflected in Malay poems, known as pantun. This study is based on the data contained in the Malay pantun book, entitled Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (2013) published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). In this study, researchers had applied textual analysis as the main methodology. Out of 5653 pieces of pantun contained in this book, the researchers have selected 110 pantun based on the categorization made by the author/publisher of the book. Researchers had used Cognitive Semantic Theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) specifically as a theoretical framework for this study. The results had indicated that the Malay thinking was highly influenced by their natural surroundings that closely related to flora and fauna; which played an important role in their daily life activities. The concept of learning from the nature is clearly reflected in the creation of Malay pantun. Results had also shown that in the pantuns that were focused in this study, there were many metaphors that had clearly illustrated the Malay mindsets which talked about love, traditions, advices, travelling, jokes, proverbs, wisdom, faith, heroism and economy. Based on these findings, there are three types of conceptual metaphors which were detected present in Kurik Kundi Merah Saga, the metaphor of ontology, orientation and structural. It is clear to us that the creation of pantuns and the mindset of the Malays are interrelated. It is a hoped that the findings of this study will allow us to better understand the mindsets of the Malays which have not undergone much change throughout the time.
Nirwana Sudirman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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metafora konsepsi dan skema imej sebagai cerminan pemikiran dan kehidupan orang melayu conceptual metaphor and Schematic Image as a reflection of malay thoughts and life
e-Bangi, 2018Co-Authors: Nirwana Sudirman, Zulkifley Hamid, Masitah Mad Daud, Nik Zulaiha ZakariaAbstract:Bahasa Melayu adalah cerminan pemikiran dan kehidupan orang Melayu. Pelbagai unsur kebahasaan bahasa Melayu jelas menggambarkan pelbagai aspek pemikiran dan kehidupan orang Melayu. Kajian ini telah dilakukan untuk melihat perenggu minda orang Melayu sebagaimana yang terpancar dalam pantun Melayu. Data kajian adalah berdasarkan pantun Melayu yang termuat dalam buku Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (2013) terbitan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). Dalam kajian ini, penyelidik menggunakan kaedah penganalisisan teks. Daripada 5653 buah pantun yang terdapat dalam buku ini pengkaji telah memilih 110 pantun berdasarkan pengkategorian yang telah dibuat oleh penulis/penerbit buku ini. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menggunakan Teori Semantik Kognitif yang dicadangkan oleh George Lakoff dan Mark Johnson (1980) sebagai landasan kajian. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan pemikiran Melayu amat terpengaruh oleh alam sekeliling iaitu alam fauna dan alam flora yang melatari kehidupan orang Melayu. Konsep berguru kepada alam jelas tercermin dalam penciptaan pantun Melayu. Dalam pantun yang dikaji, terdapat pelbagai metafora yang jelas menggambarkan perenggu minda orang Melayu tentang kasih sayang, adat, kiasan, nasihat, perantauan, jenaka, peribahasa, budi, agama, kepahlawanan dan juga perniagaan. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini, terdapat tiga jenis metafora konsepsi yang dikesan hadir dalam pantun Kurik Kundi Merah Saga, iaitu metafora ontologi, orientasi dan struktural. Jelas kepada kita bahawa penciptaan pantun dengan pemikiran Melayu adalah saling terkait. Dapatan kajian ini membolehkan kita untuk lebih memahami perenggu minda orang Melayu yang telah diwarisi sejak zaman berzaman, dan tidak banyak berubah. _____________________________ Malay language is a reflection of the thoughts and lives of the Malays. Various linguistic elements in Malay clearly illustrate the various aspects of thought and life of Malay people. This study was conducted to analyze the mindset of the Malays as reflected in Malay poems, known as pantun. This study is based on the data contained in the Malay pantun book, entitled Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (2013) published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). In this study, researchers had applied textual analysis as the main methodology. Out of 5653 pieces of pantun contained in this book, the researchers have selected 110 pantun based on the categorization made by the author/publisher of the book. Researchers had used Cognitive Semantic Theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) specifically as a theoretical framework for this study. The results had indicated that the Malay thinking was highly influenced by their natural surroundings that closely related to flora and fauna; which played an important role in their daily life activities. The concept of learning from the nature is clearly reflected in the creation of Malay pantun. Results had also shown that in the pantuns that were focused in this study, there were many metaphors that had clearly illustrated the Malay mindsets which talked about love, traditions, advices, travelling, jokes, proverbs, wisdom, faith, heroism and economy. Based on these findings, there are three types of conceptual metaphors which were detected present in Kurik Kundi Merah Saga, the metaphor of ontology, orientation and structural. It is clear to us that the creation of pantuns and the mindset of the Malays are interrelated. It is a hoped that the findings of this study will allow us to better understand the mindsets of the Malays which have not undergone much change throughout the time.
